| Revision as of 23:42, 21 May 2007 editDigwuren (talk | contribs)11,308 edits Removed duplication and moved the USSR->Russian citizenship conversion option into the 'Citizenship' section.← Previous edit | Revision as of 23:54, 21 May 2007 edit undoPetri Krohn (talk | contribs)Autopatrolled, Extended confirmed users37,089 edits merged versionsNext edit → | ||
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| ⚫ | The '''Congress of Estonia''' was a rival ] set up in the ] during the process of Estonia's separation from the ], to challenge the power and authority of the ] of the ESSR. The Congress claimed to represent the highest authority on questions of Estonian statehood and citizenship, deriving this authority from the consent and initiative of the "citizens of Estonia". The aim of the congress was to "restore Estonian independence" based on a principle of '']'' with the pre-1940 republic of Estonia as established in ].<ref name="restoration"></ref> In practice this would mean ] to Estonia's Soviet migrant population, representing nearly 40% of the total population. | ||
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| ⚫ | The '''Congress of Estonia''' was |
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| == Activity == | == Activity == | ||
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| In February 1990, an election of the Congress was held among citizens so registered. The Congress had 499 delegates from 31 distinct political parties. The ] ({{lang-et|Eesti Rahvusliku Sõltumatuse Partei}}, usually abbreviated as ERSP) won the most seats, other parties represented included the the ], the ] and the ].<ref></ref> The permanent standing committee, the '''Committee of Estonia''' was chaired by ]. | In February 1990, an election of the Congress was held among citizens so registered. The Congress had 499 delegates from 31 distinct political parties. The ] ({{lang-et|Eesti Rahvusliku Sõltumatuse Partei}}, usually abbreviated as ERSP) won the most seats, other parties represented included the the ], the ] and the ].<ref></ref> The permanent standing committee, the '''Committee of Estonia''' was chaired by ]. | ||
| In September 1991, a ] was formed of equal numbers of members of the Supreme Soviet and the Congress of Estonia. |
In September 1991, a ] was formed of equal numbers of members of the Supreme Soviet and the Congress of Estonia. The new constitution was approved by referendum in June 1992. Congress of Estonia and the Supreme Soviet were dissolved in October 1992. In September 1992 the first parliament ''(])'' under the new constitution was elected. The restrictive citizenship laws led to the ] the third of Estonian population who had settled to Estonia during Soviet rule 1945-1991. | ||
| == Politics == | == Politics == | ||
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| == Citizenship == | == Citizenship == | ||
| After the new constitution got established, in ] a new citizenship law recognised the citizenship registrations of the Citizens' Committees as a legal registry of Estonian citizens. Soviet Union's citizens who had filed Citizenship Committee application cards, could receive Estonian citizenship under a simplified procedure. By ] a total of 23,326 people had been ] by this procedure.<ref> Nov. 16-30, 1996 (teia.pu.ru)</ref><ref name="lichr"/> |
After the new constitution got established, in ] a new citizenship law recognised the citizenship registrations of the Citizens' Committees as a legal registry of Estonian citizens. Soviet Union's citizens who had filed Citizenship Committee application cards, could receive Estonian citizenship under a simplified procedure. By ] a total of 23,326 people had been ] by this procedure.<ref> Nov. 16-30, 1996 (teia.pu.ru)</ref><ref name="lichr"/> Other noncitizens had to pass exams in the ], the Estonian history, and the Constitution of the ] in order to naturalise. Alternatively, ] being a ] to the ], all former ] citizens qualified for natural-born citizenship of ], available upon mere request, as provided by the law “On the RSFSR Citizenship” in force up to 2000.<ref>, by ] et al</ref> | ||
| === Later developments === | === Later developments === | ||
Revision as of 23:54, 21 May 2007
The Congress of Estonia was a rival parliament set up in the Estonian SSR during the process of Estonia's separation from the Soviet Union, to challenge the power and authority of the Supreme Soviet of the ESSR. The Congress claimed to represent the highest authority on questions of Estonian statehood and citizenship, deriving this authority from the consent and initiative of the "citizens of Estonia". The aim of the congress was to "restore Estonian independence" based on a principle of legal continuity with the pre-1940 republic of Estonia as established in 1918. In practice this would mean denying citizenship to Estonia's Soviet migrant population, representing nearly 40% of the total population.
Activity
In 1989 independence activists formed the Committees of Citizens of Estonia (Template:Lang-et) and started registering people considered to be Estonian citizens by birth according to the jus sanguinis principle, i.e., the people who held Estonian citizenship in June 1940 (when Estonian independence de facto lapsed) and their descendants. People that did not satisfy these criteria could register applications for citizenship. By February 1990, 790,000 provisional citizens and about 60,000 applicants had been registered.
In February 1990, an election of the Congress was held among citizens so registered. The Congress had 499 delegates from 31 distinct political parties. The Estonian National Independence Party (Template:Lang-et, usually abbreviated as ERSP) won the most seats, other parties represented included the the Popular Front of Estonia, the Heritage Society and the Communist Party of Estonia. The permanent standing committee, the Committee of Estonia was chaired by Tunne Kelam.
In September 1991, a constitutional assembly was formed of equal numbers of members of the Supreme Soviet and the Congress of Estonia. The new constitution was approved by referendum in June 1992. Congress of Estonia and the Supreme Soviet were dissolved in October 1992. In September 1992 the first parliament (Riigikogu) under the new constitution was elected. The restrictive citizenship laws led to the disenfranchisement the third of Estonian population who had settled to Estonia during Soviet rule 1945-1991.
Politics
March 1990 also saw the election of the Estonian Supreme Soviet, the first multi-party national elections in the Estonian SSR. Unlike the previous Soviet, which consisting largely of members of the Communist Party of Estonia, the new Supreme Soviet was dominated by the Estonian Popular Front.
The main distinctions between the political ideas of the Congress of Estonia and the Supreme Soviet were:
- Congress of Estonia supported legal continuity of the Republic over declaring the "Third Republic" (after the First Republic of 1918-1940 and the Soviet Republic of 1940-1991), which was the Supreme Soviet's dominant position;
- Congress of Estonia, as the Citizens' Committees before it, supported continuity in citizenship, as opposed to extending citizenship to all people with propiska in Estonia in 1990 (sometimes called the 'zero option of citizenship' or 'clean state citizenship', Template:Lang-et), including the over 300,000 occupation years' immigrants from other regions of the Soviet Union.
The opposition between the Congress of Estonia and the Supreme Soviet over the first point was the primary reason that the Supreme Soviet didn't "proclaim" or "reestablish" Estonia's independence during the 1991 August Putsch, but instead, as a compromise, decided to "affirm" it. This way, discussions over propriety of the ways could continue, but the independence would be freshly declared.
In later discussions, Congress of Estonia prevailed in both of the above-mentioned points.
Citizenship
After the new constitution got established, in 1992 a new citizenship law recognised the citizenship registrations of the Citizens' Committees as a legal registry of Estonian citizens. Soviet Union's citizens who had filed Citizenship Committee application cards, could receive Estonian citizenship under a simplified procedure. By 1996 a total of 23,326 people had been naturalized by this procedure. Other noncitizens had to pass exams in the Estonian language, the Estonian history, and the Constitution of the Republic of Estonia in order to naturalise. Alternatively, Russia being a successor state to the Soviet Union, all former USSR citizens qualified for natural-born citizenship of Russian Federation, available upon mere request, as provided by the law “On the RSFSR Citizenship” in force up to 2000.
Later developments
Over the years, the conditions of naturalisation were variously changed. As of May 2007, a naturalisation applicant does not need to pass an exam in Estonian history anymore, but has to show preceding legal residence in Estonian territory (at least 8 years, of which last 5 years must be "continuous", defined as spending at least 183 days of every of these years on Estonian soil) and stable legal income.
References
- ^ The Restoration of Estonian Independence
- Soviet Union Cry Independence - Time magazine - August 21, 1989
- ^ National minorities in Estonia - Legal Information Centre for Human Rights, April 1998
- Elections and Referendums in Estonia 1989-1999 - Elections to the Estonian Congress 24.02 - 01.03.1990
- Newsletter Vol. 2, No. 22 - New Data and Statistics Nov. 16-30, 1996 (teia.pu.ru)
- The Policy of Immigration and Naturalization in Russia: Present State and Prospects, by Sergei Gradirovsky et al
- Elektrooniline Riigi Teataja: Kodakondsuse seadus from 2006-07-08 onwards
External links
 Elections and referendums in Estonia | |
|---|---|
| Parliamentary elections | |
| Municipal elections | |
| Presidential elections | |
| European elections | |
| Referendums | |