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| Lebanon's claim that Israel has not fully withdrawn from ] had been explicitly rejected by the UN's Secretary-General's report which led to ]. The twenty nine year Syrian military occupation of Lebanon has led to ] demanding the remaining 14,000 (of 50,000 originally) Syrian troop withdrawal and the dismantling of ] and ] militias. | Lebanon's claim that Israel has not fully withdrawn from ] had been explicitly rejected by the UN's Secretary-General's report which led to ]. The twenty nine year Syrian military occupation of Lebanon has led to ] demanding the remaining 14,000 (of 50,000 originally) Syrian troop withdrawal and the dismantling of ] and ] militias. | ||
| ==Syria withdraws in 2005== | |||
| Following the passage of ] and in the aftermath of the assassination of the former Lebanese Prime Minister ] in 2005 which deeply angered the ], on ], ], after 29 years of ], the last ] left Lebanon. Syrian military and intelligence facilities, were turned over to Lebanese counterparts. "With the completion of the Syrian forces' withdrawal from Lebanon, a new political era in the relations between the two brethren countries starts based on close cooperation in all fields," ] ] said. | |||
| == See also == | == See also == | ||
Revision as of 00:56, 29 April 2005
Template:TotallyDisputed Operation Litani was the official name of the Israel Defense Forces 1978 invasion of Lebanon up to the Litani river. The invasion was a military success, as PLO forces were pushed north of the river. However, an international outcry led to the creation of the UNIFIL peacekeeping force and a partial Israeli retreat.
Background
Operation Litani occurred after many years of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. From 1968 on, the PLO, Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine, and other Palestinian groups established a quasi-state in southern Lebanon, using it as a base for raids on northern Israel. This was exacerbated by a massive influx of PLO militants fleeing a defeat in the Jordanian civil war and regrouping in southern Lebanon. Israel responded with damaging attacks against Lebanese villages and PLO bases and an escalating cycle of violence began, eventually culminating in the Lebanon War of 1982 and the ejection of the PLO from the country. Several notable events preceded the 1978 Operation Litani:
- On 26 December 1968 two Palestinian gunmen travelled from Beirut to Athens, and attacked an El Al jet there killing 1 person. In response, on 28 December 1968, Israel Defense Force (IDF) troops destroyed 13 civilian aircraft at Beirut International Airport.
- On 8 May 1970 three Palestinian gunmen crossed the Lebanese border into the agricultural community of Avivim and ambushed the local schoolbus, killing nine children and three adults, and crippling 19 other children in the Avivim school bus massacre.
- On 10 April 1973 Israeli commandos killed three PLO leaders (Yusef Al Najjar, Kamal Adwan and Kamal Nasserin) in Beirut.
- On 11 April 1974 three members of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine infiltrated Kiryat Shmona from Lebanon, killing eighteen residents of an apartment building, including nine children in the Kiryat Shmona massacre; they were eventually killed in an exchange of fire with IDF forces.
- On 15 May 1974 members of the Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine infiltrated the Israeli border town of Ma'alot from Lebanon, killing five adults and taking grade 11 children in a local school hostage. They eventually shot 21 of the children, before being killed by IDF soldiers, in the Ma'alot massacre.
- On 5 March 1975 eight PLO gunmen travelled from Lebanon to Tel Aviv by sea in a rubber dinghy, entered the Savoy Hotel and took dozens of hostages. During the rescue mission three IDF soldiers were killed and eight hostages wounded; the PLO gunmen retreated to a room and attempted to blow themselves up, killing eight hostages and wounding 11, as well as killing seven of the PLO gunmen.
- On 11 March, 1978, 9 Fatah gunmen killed several tourists and hijacked a bus near Haifa. The bus was stormed by the IDF soldiers. The gunmen and all 37 Israelis were killed.
According to Robert Fisk, the PLO-Israeli conflict increased political tensions between Maronite Christians and the Muslims and Druze, adding to the factors behind the 1975-76 Lebanese Civil War.
Israel attacked Lebanese villages on many occasions like :
- On 7 May 1975, Israeli forces kill 19 in the village of Aytaroun.
- On 21 October 1976, Israeli forces kill 23 in the city of BintJbeil.
- On 16 December 1976, Israeli forces kill 20 in the village of Hanin.
Course of fighting
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On March 14 1978, Israel launched Operation Litani, invading Lebanon and occupying the area south of the Litani River, excepting Tyre, with over 25,000 soldiers. It is estimated that 1,100-2,000 Lebanese were killed in the invasion, almost all civilians (Fisk, p. 124). Its stated goals were to push Palestinian militant groups, particularly the PLO, away from the border with Israel, and to bolster Israel's ally at the time, the South Lebanon Army. The Israeli Defence Forces first captured a belt of land approximately 10 kilometres deep, but later expanded north to the Litani River. The Lebanese government estimated 285,000 refugees were created (Fisk, p. 130). 20 Israelis were killed. Israeli soldiers were court-martialled after several Lebanese peasants were strangled and prisoners were executed (Fisk, p. 131). 50 Shia Muslims were massacred in Khiyam by Christian militiamen (Fisk, p. 137) . The PLO retreated north of the Litani River, continuing to fire at the Israelis.
Outcome of the war
In response to the invasion, the UN Security Council passed Resolution 425 and Resolution 426 calling for the withdrawal of Israeli forces from Lebanon. The UN Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) was created to enforce this mandate, and restore peace and sovereignty to Lebanon. UNIFIL forces arrived in Lebanon on 23 March, 1978, setting up headquarters in Naqoura.
Israeli forces withdrew later in 1978, turning over positions inside Lebanon along the border to their Maronite ally, the South Lebanon Army (SLA) under the leadership of Maj. Saad Haddad. With Israeli aid, the SLA continually harassed UNIFIL. On 19 April, 1978, the SLA shelled UNIFIL headquarters, killing 8 UN soldiers. (Fisk, 138). In April, 1980, two Irish UN soldiers were kidnapped and murdered by Christian gunmen in SLA territory and another Irish soldier was shot by Haddad's men. The Israeli press at the time, particularly the Jerusalem Post, accused the Irish of pro-PLO bias. (Fisk, pp. 152-154). However, the PLO also attacked UNIFIL, killing an Irish UN soldier in 1981 and continuing to occupy areas in southern Lebanon.
Resolution 425
In 2000, the UN Security Council concluded that, as of 16 June 2000, Israel had withdrawn its forces from Lebanon in accordance with resolution 425.
Lebanon has not extended control over south Lebanon, though it was called on to do so by UN Resolution 1391 of 2002 (3 page PDF document:) and urged by UN Resolution 1496. Israel has lodged multiple complaints regarding Lebanon's conduct.
Lebanon's claim that Israel has not fully withdrawn from Shebaa Farms had been explicitly rejected by the UN's Secretary-General's report which led to UN Security Council Resolution 1583. The twenty nine year Syrian military occupation of Lebanon has led to UN Security Council Resolution 1559 demanding the remaining 14,000 (of 50,000 originally) Syrian troop withdrawal and the dismantling of Hezbollah and Palestinian militias.
See also
External links
- Terrorist attacks in Israel, GlobalSecurity
- Conflict in Lebanon, GlobalSecurity