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{{Wiktionary}} {{Wiktionary}}

:''For the jazz band, see: ] :''For the jazz band, see: ]


'''Cosmology''', from the ]: κοσμολογία (κόσμος world + λογια discourse) is the study of the ] in its totality and by extension man's place in it. It describes disparate fields studied by ], ] and ]. Though the word ''cosmology'' is itself of fairly modern origin, first penned in Wolff's ''Cosmologia Generalis'' (1730), the study of the universe has a long history encompassing ], ], and ]. '''Cosmology''', from the ]: κοσμολογία (κόσμος world + λογια discourse) is the study of the ] in its totality and by extension man's place in it. Though the word ''cosmology'' is itself of fairly modern origin, first penned in Wolff's ''Cosmologia Generalis'' (1730), the study of the universe has a long history involving ], ], and ].


==Disciplines==
⚫ The earliest form of cosmology appears in the ]s of many religions as they seek to explain the existance and nature of the world. In many cases, views about the creation (]) and destruction (]) of the universe play a central role for in shaping a framework of ] for understanding man's role in the universe and his relationship to ].

⚫ The earliest form of cosmology appears in the ]s of many religions as they seek to explain the existance and nature of the world. In many cases, views about the creation (]) and destruction (]) of the universe play a central role in shaping a framework of ] for understanding man's role in the universe and his relationship to ].


In recent times, ] and ] have come to play a central role in shaping what is now known as ], i.e. the understanding of the universe as has been described by scientific observation and experiment. This discipline, which focuses on the universe as it exists on the largest scales and at the earliest times, begins by arguing for the ], a sort of cosmic explosion from which the universe itself is said to have erupted ~13.7 &plusmn; 0.2 ] (10<sup>9</sup>) years ago. After its violent beginnings and until its very ], scientists then propose that the entire history of the universe has been an orderly progression governed by ]. In recent times, ] and ] have come to play a central role in shaping what is now known as ], i.e. the understanding of the universe as has been described by scientific observation and experiment. This discipline, which focuses on the universe as it exists on the largest scales and at the earliest times, begins by arguing for the ], a sort of cosmic explosion from which the universe itself is said to have erupted ~13.7 &plusmn; 0.2 ] (10<sup>9</sup>) years ago. After its violent beginnings and until its very ], scientists then propose that the entire history of the universe has been an orderly progression governed by ].
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In between the doctrines of religion and science, stand the ] perspective of ]. This ancient field of study seeks to draw ]al conclusions about the nature of the universe, man, god and/or their connections based on the extension of some set of presumed facts borrowed from religion and/or observation. One example is the ] which is an ] based primarily on the point of view that the mere existence of a universe demands a creator. In between the doctrines of religion and science, stand the ] perspective of ]. This ancient field of study seeks to draw ]al conclusions about the nature of the universe, man, god and/or their connections based on the extension of some set of presumed facts borrowed from religion and/or observation. One example is the ] which is an ] based primarily on the point of view that the mere existence of a universe demands a creator.


===]=== ==]==
Many world ]s have ] that explain the beginnings of the universe and life. Often these are ] beliefs that arise in ]s, but some theologians have tried go give philisophical ]. Many world ]s have ] that explain the beginnings of the universe and life. Often these are derived from ] teachings and held to be part of the faith's ], but in some cases these are also extended through the use of philosophical and metaphysical arguments (e.g. ]). In the vast majority of origin beliefs, the universe was ] by a direct act of a ] who are also responsible for the creation of man. As a conscious creation, the universe is usually assumed to be endowed by its creator with some purpose or design, aspects of which are often used to frame man's role in the world and his relationship with God. In many cases, religious cosmologies also foretell the ], either through another divine act or as part of the original design.

*Both ] and ] accept ]. See also ] and ]. *Both ] and ] accept ]. See also ] and ].
*] in ]'s ]. *] in ]'s ].
The study of the creation of the universe is also called ]. ] is the religious description of the end of the universe.


===]=== ==]==
Physical cosmology is the branch of physics and astrophysics, which deals with the study of the physical origins of the universe and of the universe on its very largest scales. Its meaning and scope have changed over the ages. In its earliest form it was what is now known as ] the study of the ]. The Greek philosophers ], ] and ] proposed different cosmological theories. In particular, the ] ] was the accepted theory to explain the motion of the heavens until ], and subsequently ], ] and ] proposed a ] system in the ]. Physical cosmology is the branch of physics and astrophysics, which deals with the study of the physical origins of the universe and the nature of the universe on its very largest scales. In its earliest form it was what is now known as ], the study of the ]. The Greek philosophers ], ] and ] proposed different cosmological theories. In particular, the ] ] was the accepted theory to explain the motion of the heavens until ], and subsequently ], ] and ] proposed a ] system in the ].


With ] and the 1687 publication of ], the problem of the motion of the heavens was finally solved. Newton provided a physical mechanism for ] and his ] allowed the ] in previous systems, caused by gravitational interaction between the planets, to be resolved. A fundamental difference between Newton's cosmology and those preceding it was the ] that the bodies on earth obey the same ]s as all the celestial bodies. This was a crucial philisophical advance in physical cosmology. With ] and the 1687 publication of ], the problem of the motion of the heavens was finally solved. Newton provided a physical mechanism for ] and his ] allowed the ] in previous systems, caused by gravitational interaction between the planets, to be resolved. A fundamental difference between Newton's cosmology and those preceding it was the ] that the bodies on earth obey the same ]s as all the celestial bodies. This was a crucial philisophical advance in physical cosmology.


Modern scientific cosmology arose in ] with ]'s publication of his theory of ] and the growing ability of ] to study very distant objects. Prior to this, physicists' prejudices had led them to assume that the universe was static and unchanging. The general theory of relativity, however, was the first physical theory in which it was meaningful to address questions of the origins and age of the observable universe, and it was found that the theory was not amenable to a static universe. Thus the ] theory was proposed by ] and confirmed by ]'s discovery of the recession of distant galaxies and the discovery of the ] by ] and ] in ]. Modern scientific cosmology may be considered to begin in ] with ]'s publication of his theory of ] and the growing ability of ] to study very distant objects. Prior to this, physicists' prejudices had led them to assume that the universe was static and unchanging. However, the general theory of relativity was not amenable to a static universe. Thus the ] theory was proposed by ] and confirmed by ]'s discovery of the recession of distant galaxies and the discovery of the ] by ] and ] in ].


===]=== ==]==
In ] and ], cosmology deals with the world as the totality of space, time and all phenomena. It attempts to address questions about the universe which are typically beyond the scope of contemporary science. Historically, the scope of metaphysical cosmology has been quite broad, and in many cases had a religious foundation. However, this field has narrowed somewhat over time as it has attempted to remain compatible with physical observations about the nature of the universe. In so doing, the field has not abandoned the religious implications of the subject it studies, but has tended to recast those views in ways that divine influences (if any) can occur in addition to or explain the existence of physical laws (e.g. ])


Modern metaphysical cosmology is most likely to address questions such as:
] is also a branch of ] and ] that deals with the world as the totality of space, time and all phenomena. It is the attempt to address the metaphysical question of the cause of the universe. No matter how successful a scientific theory, such as the big bang, is, explaining why matter exists in the first place is not a ] question. Therefore, cosmology as a branch of metaphysics is an attempt to address three basic questions:
*What is the origin of the universe? What is its first cause? (see ], ] and ]) *What is the origin of the universe? What is its first cause (i.e. Is there a creator)? (see ], ] and ])
*What are the ultimate material components of the universe? (see ], ], ]) *What are the ultimate material components of the universe? (see ], ], ])
*What is the ultimate reason for the existence of the universe? Do the cosmos have a purpose? (see ]) *What is the ultimate reason for the existence of the universe? Do the cosmos have a purpose? (see ])



] ]

Revision as of 21:46, 16 May 2005

For the jazz band, see: Cosmology (band)

Cosmology, from the Greek: κοσμολογία (κόσμος world + λογια discourse) is the study of the universe in its totality and by extension man's place in it. Though the word cosmology is itself of fairly modern origin, first penned in Wolff's Cosmologia Generalis (1730), the study of the universe has a long history involving science, philosophy, and religion.

Disciplines

The earliest form of cosmology appears in the origin beliefs of many religions as they seek to explain the existance and nature of the world. In many cases, views about the creation (cosmogony) and destruction (eschatology) of the universe play a central role in shaping a framework of religious cosmology for understanding man's role in the universe and his relationship to god or gods.

In recent times, physics and astrophysics have come to play a central role in shaping what is now known as physical cosmology, i.e. the understanding of the universe as has been described by scientific observation and experiment. This discipline, which focuses on the universe as it exists on the largest scales and at the earliest times, begins by arguing for the big bang, a sort of cosmic explosion from which the universe itself is said to have erupted ~13.7 ± 0.2 billion (10) years ago. After its violent beginnings and until its very end, scientists then propose that the entire history of the universe has been an orderly progression governed by physical laws.

In between the doctrines of religion and science, stand the philosophical perspective of metaphysical cosmology. This ancient field of study seeks to draw logical conclusions about the nature of the universe, man, god and/or their connections based on the extension of some set of presumed facts borrowed from religion and/or observation. One example is the cosmological argument which is an argument for the existence of God based primarily on the point of view that the mere existence of a universe demands a creator.

Religious cosmology

Many world religions have origins beliefs that explain the beginnings of the universe and life. Often these are derived from scriptural teachings and held to be part of the faith's dogma, but in some cases these are also extended through the use of philosophical and metaphysical arguments (e.g. argument for the existence of God). In the vast majority of origin beliefs, the universe was created by a direct act of a god or gods who are also responsible for the creation of man. As a conscious creation, the universe is usually assumed to be endowed by its creator with some purpose or design, aspects of which are often used to frame man's role in the world and his relationship with God. In many cases, religious cosmologies also foretell the end of the universe, either through another divine act or as part of the original design.

Physical cosmology

Physical cosmology is the branch of physics and astrophysics, which deals with the study of the physical origins of the universe and the nature of the universe on its very largest scales. In its earliest form it was what is now known as celestial mechanics, the study of the heavens. The Greek philosophers Aristarchus, Aristotle and Ptolemy proposed different cosmological theories. In particular, the geocentric Ptolemaic system was the accepted theory to explain the motion of the heavens until Nicolaus Copernicus, and subsequently Tycho Brahe, Johannes Kepler and Galileo Galilei proposed a heliocentric system in the 16th century.

With Isaac Newton and the 1687 publication of Principia Mathematica, the problem of the motion of the heavens was finally solved. Newton provided a physical mechanism for Kepler's laws and his law of universal gravitation allowed the anomalies in previous systems, caused by gravitational interaction between the planets, to be resolved. A fundamental difference between Newton's cosmology and those preceding it was the Copernican principle that the bodies on earth obey the same physical laws as all the celestial bodies. This was a crucial philisophical advance in physical cosmology.

Modern scientific cosmology may be considered to begin in 1915 with Albert Einstein's publication of his theory of general relativity and the growing ability of astronomers to study very distant objects. Prior to this, physicists' prejudices had led them to assume that the universe was static and unchanging. However, the general theory of relativity was not amenable to a static universe. Thus the big bang theory was proposed by Georges Lemaître and confirmed by Edwin Hubble's discovery of the recession of distant galaxies and the discovery of the cosmic microwave background radiation by Arno Penzias and Robert Woodrow Wilson in 1964.

Metaphysical Cosmology

In philosophy and metaphysics, cosmology deals with the world as the totality of space, time and all phenomena. It attempts to address questions about the universe which are typically beyond the scope of contemporary science. Historically, the scope of metaphysical cosmology has been quite broad, and in many cases had a religious foundation. However, this field has narrowed somewhat over time as it has attempted to remain compatible with physical observations about the nature of the universe. In so doing, the field has not abandoned the religious implications of the subject it studies, but has tended to recast those views in ways that divine influences (if any) can occur in addition to or explain the existence of physical laws (e.g. intelligent design)

Modern metaphysical cosmology is most likely to address questions such as:

Category: