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{{Taxobox_begin | color = pink | name = Turkeys}}
{{otheruses}}
{{Taxobox_image | image = ] | caption = ]}}
The '''Republic of Turkey''' is a country located in ] with a small part of its territory (3%) in southeastern ]. Until ], the country was the center of the ]. The ]n peninsula, between the ] and the ], forms the core of the country.
{{Taxobox_begin_placement | color = pink}}
{{Taxobox_regnum_entry | taxon = ]ia}}
Turkey is bordered to the west by ] and ] and to the east by ], ], ] and ]; to the south by ] and ].
{{Taxobox_phylum_entry | taxon = ]}}
{| border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style="margin: 0.5em 0 1em 1em; background: #ffffff; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"
{{Taxobox_classis_entry | taxon = ]}}
|+<big><big>'''Türkiye Cumhuriyeti'''<br/>Republic of Turkey</big></big>
{{Taxobox_ordo_entry | taxon = ]}}
|-
{{Taxobox_familia_entry | taxon = '''Meleagrididae'''}}
| style="background:#ffffff;" align=center colspan=2 |
{{Taxobox_genus_entry | taxon = '''''Meleagris'''''}}
{| border=0 cellpadding=2 cellspacing=0
{{Taxobox_end_placement}}
|-
{{Taxobox_section_subdivision | color = pink | plural_taxon = Species}}
| align=center width=296 | ]
'']''<br>
|-
'']''
| align=center width=296 | ]
{{Taxobox_end}}
|}
A '''Turkey''' is either of two species of large ]s in the ] family with fan-shaped tails and wattled necks. As with many galliform species, the female is smaller than the male, and less colourful. With their wingspans of 1.5-1.8 metres, the turkeys are by far the largest birds in the open forests in which they live, and are rarely mistaken for any other birds.
|-
| align=center style="vertical-align: top;" colspan=2 | <small>''] (unofficial):<br/>Peace in the Homeland, Peace in the World<br/>(]: Yurtta Sulh, Cihanda Sulh)''</small>
|-
| align=center colspan=2 style="background: #ffffff;" | ]
|-
| ''']''' || ]
|-
| ''']''' || ]
|-
| ''']''' || ]
|-
| ''']''' || ]
|-
| ''']''' || ]
|-
| ''']''' || ]
|-
| ''']'''<br/>&nbsp;&ndash; Total<br/>&nbsp;&ndash; % water || ]<br/>&nbsp;]<br/>&nbsp;1.3%
|-
| ''']'''<br/>&nbsp;&ndash; Total (])<br/>&nbsp;&ndash; ] || ]<br/>&nbsp;68,109,469<br/>&nbsp;86.2/]
|-
| ''']'''<br>Declaration of Republic ||<br/>&nbsp;] ]
|-
| ''']''' || ]<sup>1</sup>
|-
| ''']''' || ] +2
|-
| ''']''' || '']''
|-
| ''']''' || ]
|-
| ''']''' || 90
|-
| colspan=2 align=left|<small><sup>1</sup> Since ] ], the ] (''Yeni Türk Liras&#305;'') replaced the old ].</small>
|}


The species are the ]n ''']''' (''Meleagris gallopavo'') and the ]n ''']''' (''Meleagris ocellata'').
== History (pre Republic)==
{{Main|History of Turkey}}
] (''Asia Minor''), the landmass that is now Turkey, had been a cradle to a wide variety of civilizations and kingdoms in antiquity. The ] were the first ] power to arrive in the ] as conquerors (earlier Turkish peoples such as the Pechenegs had become allies and subordinates of the ]), who proceeded to gradually conquer the existing ] with its ] population and heritage.


This group is related to other members of the gamebird family as follows.
Their Turkish successors, the ], completed this conquest in the ] with the ] in 1453. At its peak under Sultan Suleyman the 'Magnificent' between 1520-1555, the empire stretched from the gates of Vienna to the Persian Gulf, from the Crimea to Morroco.


* '''ORDER ]'''
Throughout the 19th and early 20th century the Ottoman empire began to lose a foothold on its territories, first with Algeria and Tunisia, then ], Egypt, Libya and the Balkans in the 1912 Balkans war. Faced with territorial losses on all sides Turkey forged an alliance with ] who supported it with troops and equipment. In World War I Turkey entered the war on the side of the Triple Alliance (Germany, Italy, Austro-Hungary) and was subsequently defeated.
** Family ]: mound-builders
** Family ]: chachalacas, guans and curassows
** Family ]: grouse
** Family ]: partridges, pheasants, quail, and allies
** Family ]: New World quail
** Family ]: guineafowl
** '''Family Meleagrididae'''
*** ], ''Meleagris gallopavo''
*** ], ''Meleagris ocellata''.
** Family ]: mesites
]]]
They are commonly domesticated and used for ]. The modern ] was developed from the Wild Turkey. The Ocellated Turkey was probably also domesticated by the ]. It has been speculated that this species is more tractable than its northern counterpart, and was the source of the present domesticated stock, but there is no morphological evidence to support this theory. In particular, the chest tuft of domestic turkeys is a clear indicator of descent from the Wild Turkey (the Ocellated Turkey does not have this tuft).


When Europeans first encountered the turkey in the Americas, they incorrectly identified it with the ]n ] (''Numida meleagris''), also known as the turkey-cock from its importation to Europe through ], and the name stuck. It remains also in the scientific name: ''meleagris'' is ] for guinea-fowl.
On October 30th 1918, the Mondros Armistice was signed followed by the ] on August 10th 1920. These sought to break up the Ottoman empire and force large concessions on Turkey in favour of its rival ] who had fought against the Germans. Greece, ] and ] were awarded parts of the coast of Minor Asia. The city of ], with its large Greek population, was awarded to Greece. The Greek army took it over on May 15 1919 and triggered the War of Independence. A nationalist movement led by ], rejected the Sèvres and organised an army which repelled Greece from Turkey. By September 18th 1922 the country was liberated resulting in the ] of 1923, recognising the new borders of Turkey.


Turkey hunting is a popular sport in ]. Although often deemed foolish and easily confused, the turkey is a game animal of considerable cunning.
On October 29th 1923 The Republic of Turkey was proclaimed and ], later taking the last name ''Atatürk'' (meaning <i>father of Turks</i>), would be her first president.


==The name of the game==
==History timeline (post Republic)==
]
Since ], ...
Several other birds which are sometimes called ''turkeys'' are not particularly closely related: the ] is a ], and the bird sometimes known as the ''Australian Turkey'' is in fact the ], a ].


In English, "turkey" is spelled and pronounced exactly like ] (the country of Turkish people), in ] it is called "hindi" which means coming from ].
*] - ] After taking the presidency of the Republic of Turkey, Atatürk would initiate reforms with the aim of westernising Turkey; these included: a secular government and education, introduction of the Latin alphabet and Gregorian calendar, equal rights for women, abolition of the caliphate and Sharia Law, introduction of western attire and adoption of surnames among many others.
Similarly in the ] the turkey is called ''"Tarnegol Hodu''", which literally means "Indian ]" (though some say that ''hodu'' is the adjective form of ''hoda'', meaning thanks or praise, or ''hoda'a'', meaning thanksgiving) and in ], the turkey is called "gall dindi", which literally means "Indian cock". In ] the word for turkey is "peru" which also refers to the country ]. In ] it is called "] bird" and in ] it is "gallapoula" which means "] girl." <br/>
In ] the turkey is called "shichimencho", in ] "chilmyeonjo" which is translated as "seven-faced bird" because of the ability of the bird, especially the male one, to change the form of the face depending on its mood.


== See also ==
*November 10, ] The founder Mustafa Kemal Atatürk dies in Istanbul from cirrhosis of the liver. He is succeeded by Ismet Inonu, a former general who leads Turkey until the first democratic elections in 1950.
* ]


]
*July 7, ] Province of Hatay joins Turkey.
]


]
*] - ] Turkey stays neutral during ].
]

]
*Between ] ] and ] ], Turkey was a part of the joint ] operation against ] during the ].
]

*Since the 1950's, Turkey hosted the ] at the ] as a deterrent against the ].

*]-], ] Jupiter missile crisis: Turkey hosted ] ] for an undisclosed period until the ], when the U.S. agreed to remove her nuclear missiles from Turkey in exchange for the ] removing her missiles from ].

*On ], ], the 1960 Coup d'Etat(1st "Darbe") took place due to the level of influence Islamists had gained in the nation. This clashed with the "separation of religion and state/goverment" which was one of the results of the clash between Inonu's republican party and his opponents, president Celal Bayar and prime minister Adnan Menderes, both former republican party members. Prime minister Adnan Menderes was held responsible and executed.

*On October ], military rule dissolved back into civilian, the political system was reestablished, and a new consitution was drafted that reaffirmed the "separation of religion and state/goverment".

*On ], ], military officials intervened, instead of taking over the goverment, forced an advisory comittee due to the increasing anarchical situation caused by the Right (fascist/capitalist) - Left (communist) clash and ineffective policies in maintaining order. Although the military were not in charge they had significant influence.

*In ], Turkey invades ] in response to an Athens backed coup of the island (see ]). Turkey maintains a garisson in the ''de facto'' ].

*On ], ], the 1980 Coup d'Etat (2nd "Darbe") took place, ending a long bloodshed of anarchical situation due to the Right (fascist/capitalist) - Left (communist) clash, and was welcomed by the general population, martial laws were almost immediately established and 25% of the military (about 475,000) were mobilised to settle the anarchical situation.

*On ], ], military rule dissolved and removed itself from the political scene after the reestablishment of a new "1982 Constitution".

*Between ] and ], international terrorism by the ]n terrorist organisation ]. Attacks start with assassinating Turkish diplomats and bombing consulates in the ] and ], airports in ] and ], the ] in ], in an attempt to force the Turkish government to acknowledge that it committed "]" in ]. The organization ceases to exist after the ] assassinates ASALA leaders.

*Between ] and ], Turkey suffered terrorism again, primarily in form of ] terrorism. Capture of ], the leader of the terrorist organisation, resumed the conflict.

*Since the ending of the 1991 Persian ], ] enforced the ].

*Between ] and ] ], Turkey was a part of the joint ] operation, ], in the ] to end a brutal ] in the region that used to be ].

*Between June ] and February ], Turkey assumed command of the ] in ].

*On ], ], the European Union (EU) agrees to begin negotiations on the eventual accession of Turkey.

*On ], ], Turkey assumed command of the ISAF in Afghanistan for a second time.

*Since the start of ], Turkey had been extremely concerned with the developments in Northern Iraq.

== Culture ==
''Main article: ]''

Turkey has a very diverse culture due to its many ethnic minorities.
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]

=== Sport ===
]
Turkey has risen to prominence in a number of ] in recent decades. Its national sport, ], has seen a rapid transformation earning it third place in the coveted ]. Its domestic teams are dominated by ], ] and ]. Of these, Galatasaray has seen the most success, winning the ] ] and ], as well as fielding many of the players for the international team. In recent years Turkey has exported many of its players into top foreign teams including ], ], ], ] and ] among others. As well as sending players abroad, the Turkish league has also attracted players into Turkey. World class players such as ], ], ], ], ] and many more have played at some point, or continue to play in Turkey.

] has been another successful sport for Turkey, regulary relied upon to provide gold medals in the ]s. Its most famous ] ] and ] are only two of four weightlifters in the world to have won 3 gold medals in 3 olympics.

] is another fast improving sport, ] set the ] world record in ] and ] set a new ] record in ].

Turkey placed a bid to become a candidate for the 2012 olympics but was eliminated in the initial rounds. Part of its bid included the building of the 80,000 seater ] in ]. The stadium will be used for the ] ] final.

Another world event for Turkey will be its addition to the ] season. The ] located at Istanbul will have a planned seating capacity of 155,000 people, is just over 5,340 m long and will run anti-clockwise. The track was designed by ], designer of the ], ] and ] tracks, and will make its debut on the ], ].

See also:
*]
*]
*]
*]

== Politics ==
''Main article: ]''

The Republic of Turkey was created in ] by ], a pragmatic leader who reformed Turkey into a modern, secular, and western-oriented ]. Over the years, fears of a shift from secularity and western orientation led to a left-wing military ] in 1961, and fears of a shift towards the ] have led to two more right-wing military ]s in ] and ]. Democratic rule has since returned. Turkey became a member of ] in ], and is seeking membership of the ]. ] ] marked the official opening of talks for the ], and it remains one of the main issues in Turkish foreign diplomacy.

International disputes such as Turkish involvement in ] and the allegations relating to the ] in the ] era continue to influence international relations. The increasing appeal of ] also continues to fuel public debate in Turkey.

See also:
* ]
* ]

== Geography ==
''Main article: ]''

]
]

Turkey forms a bridge between Europe and ], with the division between the two running from the ] to the north down along the ] strait through the ] and the ] strait to the Aegean Sea and the larger Mediterranean Sea to the south.

The Anatolian ] (also known as Asia Minor) consists of a high central plateau with narrow coastal plains, in between the ] range to the north and the ] to the south. To the east is found a more mountainous landscape (main part of the Armenian Highland), home to the sources of rivers such as the ], ] and the ], as well as ] and ], Turkey's highest point at 5,166 m.

The ] is a Mediterranean ] climate, with hot, dry summers and mild, wet and cold winters, though conditions can be much harsher in the more arid interior. Turkey is also prone to very severe ]s.

The capital city of Turkey is ], but the largest city is ].
Other important cities include ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], and ]. See the ].

== Economy ==
''Main article: ]''

Turkey's economy is a complex mix of modern industry and commerce along with a traditional ] sector that in ] still accounted for 40% of employment. It is estimated that 50% of the population lives under the international standards of poverty, especially in the war torn south-east areas.

Turkey has a strong and rapidly growing private sector, yet the state still plays a major role in basic industry, ], transport, and communication. The most important industry - and largest export - is ] and clothing, which is almost entirely in private hands.

In recent years the economic situation has been marked by erratic economic growth and serious imbalances. Real ] growth has exceeded 6% in many years, but this strong expansion has been interrupted by sharp declines in output in ], ], and 2001.

Meanwhile the public sector fiscal deficit has regularly exceeded 10% of ] - due in large part to the huge burden of interest payments, which in 2001 accounted for more than 50% of central government spending - while ] has remained in the high double digit range.

Perhaps because of these problems, foreign direct investment in Turkey remains low - less than ] 1 billion annually. In late ] and early 2001 a growing ] and serious weaknesses in the banking sector plunged the economy into crisis - forcing Ankara to float the ] and pushing the country into recession.

Results in 2002 were much better, because of strong financial support from the ] and tighter fiscal policy. Continued slow global growth and serious political tensions in the ] cast a shadow over growth prospects in the future.

Turkey has recently adopted a new currency, slashing away many "zeros" from the old currency after years of double digit inflation. For example, a taxi ride would cost a few million liras. Overnight, many "millionaires" were gone.

== Demographics ==
''Main article: ]''

The majority of the Turkish population (around 85-100%) is of ] ethnicity, who speak the official language of the country, ]. Other minorities include ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], and ]<!-- Is roma an ethnicty? Does it refer to a "roman"? ]-->. The term "]" itself remains to be a sensitive issue in Turkey, since the Turkish State does consider only the communities mentioned in the text of ] (namely, ], ], and ] communities) as minorities (''az&#305;nl&#305;k'' or ''ekalliyet''). However the minorities in question do not have special rights as the ] system is based on equality. According to the CIA factbook estimates ] compromising the second largest ethnic group at 8,76% however since a consensus based on race is unheard of in the country, as everyone is considered to be the majority, the accuracy is disputed. Several minorities requested special rights throughout the history of the nation either through ] (see ]) or through political means.

Due to lack of labour force in Europe between ] and ] many Turkish citizens emigrated to ], the ], ] and other ] countries, forming a significant overseas population. Recently, many have also settled in ] and other neighbouring countries.

Nominally, 99.8% of the population is ]. Most belong to the ] branch of Islam. About 15-20% of the population are ] Muslims. There is also a ] ] minority, mainly of ] descent. ], and Christian ], ] (Gregorian), ] and ] minorities are also present.

Although, unlike other majority Islamic nations, there is a strong tradition of ] in Turkey, in practice this means rather the subordination of religion to the state instead of what Westerners would consider separation. The Turkish constitution recognizes ] for ''individuals'', but explicitly states that ''religious communities'' derive no rights at all from this. The mainstream ] school of ] is largely organized by the state, through ''Diyanet &#304;&#351;leri Ba&#351;kanl&#305;&#287;&#305;'' (Department of Religious Affairs). The Diyanet is the main religious framework, successor to the Ulama, Seyh-ul-Islam and ] of the Ottoman Empire. As a consequence, they control all ]s and Muslim clerics. ]s are trained in Imam vocational schools and at an academic level at universities. The department is heavily criticized for not supporting religious beliefs asside from ].

''The major regional ] depend on ], ] (industry and cash crops in coastal regions), and ] (] littoral where summer ] is unknown).''

== Provinces ==
''Main article: ]''

Turkey is subdivided into 81 provinces (''iller'', singular - ''il''):

<table border="0"><tr><td>
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
</td><td>
* ]
* ]
* ]
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* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
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* ]
* ]
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* ]
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* ]
</td><td>
* ]
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</td></tr></table>

== Miscellaneous topics ==

* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]

== External links ==
'''Official:'''
* - Official gateway to Turkish government (in Turkish)
* - Official presidential site (in Turkish)
* - Official prime ministerial site (in Turkish)
* - Official parliamentary site (in Turkish)
* official site (in English)
* - Turkish Ministry of Foreign Affairs
*
* (in Turkish)
'''Unofficial (Tourism):'''
* - Annotated pictures of Turkey
* - High-resolution pictures of cities, nature, and people in Turkey
*
* The result of 12 years of travel all over Turkey, 4700+ pictures, over 90 galleries
*
*
*
*
'''Unofficial (Other):'''
* - Turkish language lessons and pictures, videos and information about Turkey
* Ka&#287;an Tuncay
* - Information about Turkey and pictures
* - Largest Turkish Online Megastore in the US
* - Law Search engine (in Turkish)
* - Health law (in Turkish)
*
*
*
* data as of January 1995
* directory category
* directory category
* directory category
* news headline links


{{EU_countries_and_candidates}}
{{Europe}}
{{Asia}}

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Revision as of 08:34, 25 May 2005

Template:Taxobox begin Template:Taxobox image Template:Taxobox begin placement Template:Taxobox regnum entry Template:Taxobox phylum entry Template:Taxobox classis entry Template:Taxobox ordo entry Template:Taxobox familia entry Template:Taxobox genus entry Template:Taxobox end placement Template:Taxobox section subdivision Meleagris gallopavo
Meleagris ocellata Template:Taxobox end A Turkey is either of two species of large birds in the gamebird family with fan-shaped tails and wattled necks. As with many galliform species, the female is smaller than the male, and less colourful. With their wingspans of 1.5-1.8 metres, the turkeys are by far the largest birds in the open forests in which they live, and are rarely mistaken for any other birds.

The species are the North American Wild Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) and the Central American Ocellated Turkey (Meleagris ocellata).

This group is related to other members of the gamebird family as follows.

File:OccturkeyB6.jpg
Ocellated Turkey

They are commonly domesticated and used for poultry. The modern domesticated turkey was developed from the Wild Turkey. The Ocellated Turkey was probably also domesticated by the Mayans. It has been speculated that this species is more tractable than its northern counterpart, and was the source of the present domesticated stock, but there is no morphological evidence to support this theory. In particular, the chest tuft of domestic turkeys is a clear indicator of descent from the Wild Turkey (the Ocellated Turkey does not have this tuft).

When Europeans first encountered the turkey in the Americas, they incorrectly identified it with the African Helmeted Guineafowl (Numida meleagris), also known as the turkey-cock from its importation to Europe through Turkey, and the name stuck. It remains also in the scientific name: meleagris is Greek for guinea-fowl.

Turkey hunting is a popular sport in North America. Although often deemed foolish and easily confused, the turkey is a game animal of considerable cunning.

The name of the game

Turkeys may occasionally be found in urban areas.

Several other birds which are sometimes called turkeys are not particularly closely related: the Australian Brush-turkey is a megapode, and the bird sometimes known as the Australian Turkey is in fact the Australian Bustard, a gruiform.

In English, "turkey" is spelled and pronounced exactly like Turkey (the country of Turkish people), in Turkish it is called "hindi" which means coming from India. Similarly in the Hebrew language the turkey is called "Tarnegol Hodu", which literally means "Indian chicken" (though some say that hodu is the adjective form of hoda, meaning thanks or praise, or hoda'a, meaning thanksgiving) and in Catalan, the turkey is called "gall dindi", which literally means "Indian cock". In Portuguese the word for turkey is "peru" which also refers to the country Peru. In Arabic it is called "Ethiopian bird" and in Greek it is "gallapoula" which means "French girl."
In Japan the turkey is called "shichimencho", in Korea "chilmyeonjo" which is translated as "seven-faced bird" because of the ability of the bird, especially the male one, to change the form of the face depending on its mood.

See also

Categories: