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Michael Witzel (born July 18, 1943 at Schwiebus, Poland) is Wales Professor of Sanskrit at Harvard University, United States.

Biographical information

He has been teaching Sanskrit since 1972. He studied Indology in Germany under Paul Thieme, H. P. Schmidt, K. Hoffmann and J. Narten as well as in Nepal under the Mīmāmsaka Jununath Pandit. At Kathmandu (1972-1978), he led the Nepal-German Manuscript Preservation Project and the Nepal Research Centre. He has taught at Tübingen (1972), Leiden (1978-1986), and at Harvard (since 1986) and has held visiting appointments at Kyoto, Paris (twice), and Tokyo.

He is noted for his studies of the dialects of Vedic Sanskrit , the development of Vedic religion , and the linguistic prehistory of South Asia . He is editor-in-chief of the Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies (EJVS) , and the Harvard Oriental Series . He has been president of the Association for the Study of Language in Prehistory (ASLIP) since 1999, and has been elected into the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2003.

Research

Witzel’s early philological work (details at: ) deals with the oldest texts of India, the Vedas, their manuscripts and their traditional recitation; it included some editions and translations of unknown texts (1972-).

He studied at length the various Vedic recensions (śākhā) of Vedic culture across North India and beyond. This resulted in book-length investigations of Vedic dialects (1989), the development of the Vedic canon (1997), and of Old India as such (2003).

Shorter papers provide analyses of important religious (2004) and literary concepts of the period, such as the oldest frame story (1986, 1987), prosimetric texts (1997), the Mahabarata (2005), the concept of rebirth (1984), the 'line of progeny' (2000), splitting one's head in discussion (1987), the holy cow (1991), the Milky Way (1984) , the asterism of the Seven Rsis (1995 , 1999), the sage Yajnavalkya (2003), the persistence of some Vedic beliefs , in modern Hinduism (1989 , 2002, with S. Farmer and J.B. Henderson), as well as some modern Indocentric tendencies (2001-) , .

Other work (1976-) deals with the traditions of medieval and modern Nepal , including its linguistic history , Brahmins , rituals, and kingship (1987), as well as with Old Iran and the Avesta (1972-), including its homeland (2000) .

After 1987, he has increasingly focused on the localization of Vedic texts (1987) and the evidence contained in them for early Indian history, notably that of the Rgveda and the following period, represented by the Black Yajurveda Samhitas and the Brahmanas. This work has been done in close collaboration with Harvard archaeologists. Witzel aims at indicating the emergence of the Kuru tribe in the Delhi area (1989, 1995, 1997, 2003), its seminal culture and its political dominance, as well as studying the origin of late Vedic polities and the first Indian empire in eastern North India (1995, 1997, 2003).

The linguistic aspect of earliest Indian history has been explored in a number of papers (1993, 1999 , 2000, 2001) dealing with the pre-Vedic substrate languages of Northern India . These result in a substantial amount of loan words from a prefixing language similar to Austro-Asiatic (Munda, Khasi, etc.) as well as from other unidentified languages. In addition, a considerable number of Vedic and Old Iranian words are traced back to a Central Asian substrate language (1999, 2003, 2004, 2006).

In recent years, he has explored the links between old Indian, Eurasian and other mythologies (1990 , 2001, 2004-6), resulting in a new scheme of historical comparative mythology that covers most of Eurasia and the Americas ("Laurasia", cf. the related Harvard, Kyoto and Beijing conferences, 1999-2006). .

Recently, he has also published (2001-) articles criticizing what he calls "spurious interpretations" of Vedic texts and decipherments of Indus inscriptions such as that of N.S. Rajaram . At times he has questioned the linguistic nature of the so-called Indus Script (Farmer, Sproat, Witzel 2004). While at other times, he has suggested that para-Munda might have been the language of the Indus script.

He has organized a number of international conferences at Harvard such as the first of the intermittent International Vedic Workshops (1989,1999,2004), the first of several annual International Conferences on Dowry and Bride-Burning in India (1995 sqq.), the yearly Round Tables on the Ethnogenesis of South and Central Asia (1999 sqq) .

Criticism

Some authors, such as David Frawley , have criticized Witzel's approach to Vedic texts and history. These critics reject his account of Indo-Aryan migration into India and subscribe to a view of Indian history that stresses a purely Indian and indigenous origin for the Vedas and Vedic civilization.

Following his participation in the heated disagreement over California textbooks, Witzel found it necessary to clarify that he was not "a Hindu hater", feeling that he had been "misrepresented" as such.

Politics

In 2005, several Indian-American groups (the Vedic Foundation, Hindu American Foundation and the Hindu Education Foundation) asked the State of California to modify the content of California textbooks dealing with ancient Indian history and also with Hinduism. Witzel wrote a letter to the Board of Education protesting some of these changes. Many academics and several Indian-American groups, like Friends of South Asia, supported Witzel's letter..

References

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3. ,
8. , and their importance for the geographical spread
18. ,, ,
19. ,
32. , pdf
33. (PDF),
34. page 9 of the pdf http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/~fsouth/LASAcontents.pdf
35. , and the International Conference on Comparative Mythology (Beijing 2006)
37. Rediff.com interview
38. Frontline

Publications

Vedic Texts and Early Indian History

• Michael Witzel, "On the localisation of Vedic texts and schools." In: India and the Ancient world. History, Trade and Culture before A.D. 650. P.H.L. Eggermont Jubilee Volume, ed. by G. Pollet. Leuven: Departement Oriëntalistiek 1987 173-213 , maps at: ,
• Michael Witzel, Tracing the Vedic dialects in Dialectes dans les litteratures Indo-Aryennes ed. Caillat, Paris, 1989, 97-265.
• Michael Witzel, Early Indian History: Linguistic and Textual Parameters, in: Language, Material Culture and Ethnicity. The Indo-Aryans of Ancient South Asia, ed. G. Erdosy, Berlin/New York (de Gruyter) 1995, 85-125.
• Michael Witzel, Rgvedic history: poets, chieftains and politics, in: Language, Material Culture and Ethnicity. The Indo-Aryans of Ancient South Asia, ed. G. Erdosy, Berlin/New York (de Gruyter) 1995, 307-352.
• Michael Witzel, "Early Sanskritization. Origins and development of the Kuru State". B. Kölver (ed.), Recht, Staat und Verwaltung im klassischen Indien. The state, the Law, and Administration in Classical India. München : R. Oldenbourg 1997, 27-52
• Michael Witzel."The Development of the Vedic Canon and its Schools: The Social and Political Milieu." In: Inside the Texts, Beyond the Texts. New Approaches to the Study of the Vedas. Harvard Oriental Series. Opera Minora, vol. 2. Cambridge 1997, 257-345

Later Indian History

• Michael Witzel, Das Alte Indien . München: C.H. Beck 2003
• Michael Witzel, The Vedas and the Epics: Some Comparative Notes on Persons, Lineages, Geography, and Grammar. In: P. Koskikallio (ed.) Epics, Khilas, and Puranas. Continuities and Ruptures. Proceedings of the Third Dubrovnik International Conference on the Sanskrit Epics and Puranas. September 2002. Zagreb: Croatian Academy of Sciences and the Arts 2005: 21-80
• Michael Witzel, Brahmanical Reactions to Foreign Influences and to Social and Religious Change. In: Olivelle, P. (ed.) Between the Empires. Society in India between 300 BCE and 400 CE. Oxford: Oxford University Press 2006: 457-499
• Michael Witzel, On Indian historical writing: The case of the Vamsavalis. Journal of the Japanese Association for South Asian Studies, No. 2, 1990, p.1-57

Linguistic Studies, Substrates

• Michael Witzel, Aryan and non-Aryan Names in Vedic India. Data for the linguistic situation, c. 1900-500 B.C. in : J. Bronkhorst & M. Deshpande (eds.), Aryans and Non-Non-Aryans, Evidence, Interpretation and Ideology. Cambridge (Harvard Oriental Series, Opera Minora 3). 1999, 337-404
• Michael Witzel, "Substrate Languages in Old Indo-Aryan (Rgvedic, Middle and Late Vedic), EJVS Vol. 5,1, Aug. 1999, 1-67
• Michael Witzel, Linguistic Evidence for Cultural Exchange in Prehistoric Western Central Asia. Philadelphia: Sino-Platonic Papers 129, 2003. (Extract on Indo-Iranians and immigrations at )
• Michael Witzel, Loan words in western Central Asia. Indicators of substrate populations, migrations, and trade relations. In: V. Mair (ed.) Contact and Exchange in the Ancient World. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press 2006: 158-190
• Michael Witzel, "The Rgvedic Religious System and its Central Asian and Hindukush Antecedents". In: A. Griffiths & J.E.M. Houben (eds.). The Vedas: Texts, Language and Ritual. Groningen: Forsten 2004: 581-636
• Michael Witzel, South Asian agricultural vocabulary. In: T. Osada (ed.), Proceedings of the Pre-Symposium of RHIN and 7th ESCA Harvard-Kyoto Round Table. Published by the Research Institute for Humanity and Nature (RHIN), Kyoto, Japan 2006: 96-120
• Michael Witzel, Central Asian Roots and Acculturation in South Asia. Linguistic and Archaeological Evidence from Western Central Asia, the Hindukush and Northwestern South Asia for Early Indo-Aryan Language and Religion. In: T. Osada (ed.) Linguistics, Archaeology and the Human Past. Kyoto : Indus Project, Research Institute for Humanity and Nature 2004, 87-211

Textual Studies, Religion

• Michael Witzel, Katha Âranyaka. Critical edition with a translation into German and an introduction. Cambridge: Harvard Oriental Series 65. 2004
• Michael Witzel, Medieval Veda Tradition as Reflected in Nepalese Manuscripts. Journal of the Nepal Research Centre, 12, 2001, 255-299
• Michael Witzel, How to enter the Vedic mind? Strategies in Translating a Brahmana text. Translating, Translations, Translators From India to the West. (Harvard Oriental Series, Opera Minora, 1) Cambridge : Harvard Oriental Series 1996
• Michael Witzel, Macrocosm, Mesocosm, and Microcosm. The persistant nature of 'Hindu' beliefs and symbolical forms . in S. Mittal (ed.), IJHS Symposium on Robert Levy's MESOCOSM, International Journal of Hindu Studies, 1.3 Dec. 1998, 501-53
• Michael Witzel, The Kashmiri Brahmins. in: Studies on the Nilamata-Purana, ed. by Y. Ikari, Kyoto 1995, pp. 211- 268
• Michael Witzel, Meaningful ritual. Structure, development and interpretation of the Tantric Agnihotra ritual of Nepal. Ritual, State and History in South Asia. Essays in honour of J.C. Heesterman, ed. A.W. van den Hoek, D.H.A. Kolff, M.S.Oort, Leiden 1992, 774-827

Comparative mythology

• Michael Witzel, "Comparison and Reconstruction : Language and Mythology." Mother Tongue VI, 2001, 45- 62
• Michael Witzel, "Vala and Iwato. The Myth of the Hidden Sun in India, Japan and beyond." EJVS 12-1, 2005, 1-69
• Michael Witzel, "Creation myths." In: T. Osada (ed.). Proceedings of the Pre-Symposium of RHIN and 7th ESCA Harvard-Kyoto Round Table. Published by the Research Institute for Humanity and Nature (RHIN), Kyoto, Japan 2006: 101-135

Hindutva

• M. Witzel and S. Farmer, "Horseplay in Harappa" Fontline, Oct. 10, 2000.
• Steve Farmer, Richard Sproat, and Michael Witzel, "The Collapse of the Indus-Script Thesis: The Myth of a Literate Harappan Civilization", EVJS, vol. 11 (2004), issue 2 (Dec)
• Michael Witzel,Indocentrism: Autochthonous visions of ancient India. In: The Indo-Aryan controversy : evidence and inference in Indian history / edited by Edwin F. Bryant and Laurie L. Patton. London & New York : Routledge, 2005: 341-404
• Michael Witzel, Ein Fremdling im Rgveda. Journal of Indo-European Studies (JIES) 31, No. 1-2 (2003), 107-185
• Michael Witzel, Rama's Realm: Indocentric Rewritings of Early South Asian Archaeology and History. In: Archaeological Fantasies. How Pseudoarchaeology Misrepresents the Past and Misleads the Public, ed. by G. G. Fagan.London/New York: Routledge 2006:203-232

• 1943 births
• Living people
• Indologists