| Revision as of 03:35, 11 July 2007 editGiovanni33 (talk | contribs)10,138 edits I'm restoring material that has been removed, which in effect white-washes this article. This restored material restores the proper balance.← Previous edit | Revision as of 09:09, 11 July 2007 edit undoUltramarine (talk | contribs)33,507 edits rv unsourced materialNext edit → | ||
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| ==Controversy== | ==Controversy== | ||
| The school has been at the center of numerous human rights controversies. | |||
| The school has been at the center of numerous ]. Repeated efforts led by Representative ] in Congress to curtail training at WHINSEC have failed. In 1999, after the mysterious disappearance of ] (a graduate from the school) and disclosures about ] manuals being used in the training, the ] adopted a bill to abolish the school, but its passage was stymied in a House-Senate conference committee. As a cosmetic gesture,{{Fact|date=June 2007}} in 2001 the Pentagon changed the name of the school. A bill to abolish the school with 123 co-sponsors was introduced to the House Armed Services Committee in ]. <ref>{{cite web | author = The Library of Congress | title = H.R.1217 | url = http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d109:h.r.01217: | accessdate = May 6 | accessyear = 2006 }}</ref> | |||
| ===US Training Manual=== | ===US Training Manual=== | ||
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| ===Human rights abuses=== | ===Human rights abuses=== | ||
| The SOA has been accused of training members of governments guilty of serious ] and of advocating techniques that violate accepted international standards, particularly the ]. Graduates of the SOA include men such as ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and ]. <ref>{{cite web | author = School of the Americas Watch | title = Notorious Graduates | url = http://www.soaw.org/article.php?id=205&cat=63 | accessdate = May 6 | accessyear = 2006 }}</ref> Because many of its students have been associated with ]s, and coups in Latin American countries, the school's acronym is reparsed by its detractors as the "School of the ]s". | The SOA has been accused of training members of governments guilty of serious ]. Graduates of the SOA include men such as ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and ]. <ref>{{cite web | author = School of the Americas Watch | title = Notorious Graduates | url = http://www.soaw.org/article.php?id=205&cat=63 | accessdate = May 6 | accessyear = 2006 }}</ref> Because many of its students have been associated with ]s, and coups in Latin American countries, the school's acronym is reparsed by its detractors as the "School of the ]s". | ||
| Defenders argue that no school should be held accountable for the actions of only some of its graduates.<ref>http://www.ciponline.org/facts/soa.htm.</ref> | Defenders argue that no school should be held accountable for the actions of only some of its graduates.<ref>http://www.ciponline.org/facts/soa.htm.</ref> | ||
| ===South Americans refuse to send soldiers=== | ===South Americans refuse to send soldiers=== | ||
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| === Opposition in Congress === | === Opposition in Congress === | ||
| Representative ] and 123 co-sponsors introduced a bill to abolish the school in ]. The bill was referred to the ], but never made it to consideration before the full house. <ref>{{cite web | author = The Library of Congress | title = H.R.1217 | url = http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d109:h.r.01217: | accessdate = May 6 | accessyear = 2006 }}</ref> Representative McGovern has since reintroduced the bill in the ] with 112 cosponsors. The bill is currently pending before the ]. <ref>{{cite web | author= The Library of Congress | title = H.R. 1707 | url = http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/D?d110:1:./temp/~bd0bJh:@@@L&summ2=m&|/bss/d110query.html | accessdate = July 7 | accessyear = 2007 }}</ref> | Representative ] and 123 co-sponsors introduced a bill to abolish the school in ]. The bill was referred to the ], but never made it to consideration before the full house. <ref>{{cite web | author = The Library of Congress | title = H.R.1217 | url = http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d109:h.r.01217: | accessdate = May 6 | accessyear = 2006 }}</ref> Representative McGovern has since reintroduced the bill in the ] with 112 cosponsors. The bill is currently pending before the ]. <ref>{{cite web | author= The Library of Congress | title = H.R. 1707 | url = http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/D?d110:1:./temp/~bd0bJh:@@@L&summ2=m&|/bss/d110query.html | accessdate = July 7 | accessyear = 2007 }}</ref> | ||
| ===Demonstrations=== | |||
| Annual demonstration have been held at the main entrance to Ft. Benning in late November since 1990. In 2005, the demonstration drew 19,000 people. <ref>{{cite web | author = Independent World Television | title = 19,000 people rise up against the School of the Americas | url = http://www.iwtnews.com/soa_protest/ | accessdate = May 6 | accessyear = 2006 }}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=June 2007}} The date for the annual demonstration commemorates a Latin American massacre linked to the SOA, which was on ], ]. Six ] ] priests, their housekeeper, and her teenage daughter were murdered at the ] (UCA). Of the 27 soldiers cited for that massacre by a ] ] ], 19 were SOA graduates. The School itself officially denies that its curriculum teaches tactics contrary to human rights standards. | |||
| The November anniversary of the UCA massacre continues to be an important focus for the growing ] movement to close the SOA/WHISC. Indeed, the original band of ten resisters who gathered at the main gate of Ft. Benning in 1990, to commemorate the first anniversary of the UCA massacre, has grown in recent years to an attendance of thousands. People attend to honor victims of SOA graduates – as well as their survivors – with music, words, educational workshops, puppets and theatre. Estimates for the 2004 ] attendance was 16,000 and for the 2005 vigil, nearly 20,000. | |||
| Traditionally, the vigil and memorial service concludes with a mock funeral procession, using the ], onto Ft. Benning, with all who choose to march onto the post technically at risk for arrest. Subsequent to the ] and the erecting of a security fence at the main gate of Ft. Benning in 2001, protesters who wish to take their mourning onto the post need to go over, under, or around that fence, as opposed to the simple marching of the past. Over the years, hundreds and even thousands have chosen to risk arrest for criminal trespassing.{{Fact|date=June 2007}} | |||
| At the 2002 protest, the city of Columbus began requiring all attending the event to submit to a metal detector search at the designated entrance. After a lengthy legal battle, however, in October, 2004, the ] ruled unanimously that the forced search was unconstitutional. | |||
| ==Changes== | ==Changes== | ||
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| According to the website for the ] <ref>{{cite web | author = Center for International Policy | title = Western Hemisphere Institute for Security Cooperation | url = http://www.ciponline.org/facts/soa.htm | accessdate = May 6 | accessyear = 2006 }}</ref>, the new law codified the old SOA's decade-old practice of inviting a "Board of Visitors" to review and evaluate "curriculum, instruction, physical equipment, fiscal affairs, and academic methods." the Board of Visitors "must include the chairmen and ranking minority members of both houses' ]s (or surrogates), the senior Army officer responsible for training (or a surrogate), one person chosen by the ], the head of the ] (or a surrogate), and six people chosen by the Secretary of Defense ('including, to the extent practicable, persons from academia and the religious and human rights communities')." | According to the website for the ] <ref>{{cite web | author = Center for International Policy | title = Western Hemisphere Institute for Security Cooperation | url = http://www.ciponline.org/facts/soa.htm | accessdate = May 6 | accessyear = 2006 }}</ref>, the new law codified the old SOA's decade-old practice of inviting a "Board of Visitors" to review and evaluate "curriculum, instruction, physical equipment, fiscal affairs, and academic methods." the Board of Visitors "must include the chairmen and ranking minority members of both houses' ]s (or surrogates), the senior Army officer responsible for training (or a surrogate), one person chosen by the ], the head of the ] (or a surrogate), and six people chosen by the Secretary of Defense ('including, to the extent practicable, persons from academia and the religious and human rights communities')." | ||
| ==Notable graduates== | |||
| <div style="font-size:90%"> | |||
| {| class="wikitable" | |||
| ! Country | |||
| ! Graduates | |||
| |- | |||
| |{{flagcountry|Argentina}} | |||
| |], ] | |||
| |- | |||
| |{{flagcountry|Bolivia}} | |||
| |] | |||
| |- | |||
| |Cuban exile | |||
| |]<ref>, NLG press release, ], ]. Accessed ] ].</ref> | |||
| |- | |||
| |{{flagcountry|Ecuador}} | |||
| |] | |||
| |- | |||
| |{{flagcountry|El Salvador}} | |||
| |] | |||
| |- | |||
| |{{flagcountry|Guatemala}} | |||
| |] | |||
| |- | |||
| |{{flagcountry|Panama}} | |||
| |], ] | |||
| |- | |||
| |{{flagcountry|Peru}} | |||
| |], ] | |||
| |- | |||
| |{{flagcountry|Venezuela}} | |||
| |] | |||
| |} | |||
| </div> | |||
| {{Fact|date=June 2007}} | |||
| ==Trivia== | ==Trivia== | ||
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| == See also == | == See also == | ||
| *] | *] | ||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| ==External links== | ==External links== | ||
Revision as of 09:09, 11 July 2007
The Western Hemisphere Institute for Security Cooperation (WHISC or WHINSEC), formerly School of the Americas (SOA; Spanish: Escuela de las Américas), is a United States Department of Defense facility at Fort Benning in Columbus, Georgia. Its motto is Libertad, Paz y Fraternidad (Liberty, Peace and Brotherhood). The school has a controversial history of teaching the techniques of torture, and according to UN commissions, many of its graduates have been linked to the most egregious human rights crimes perpetrated in the western hemisphere, who were trained at the school at U.S. taxpayer expense. Because of this, the school has been reorganized as the WHINSEC, and a human rights program is now taught at the beginning of all of the Institute's more than twenty classes. Instruction consists of human rights training in law, ethics, rule of law and practical applications in military and police operations.
The institute teaches primarily in the Spanish language, especially for Latin American military personnel, but is also open for civilian and persons from outside Latin America. Close to 60,000 people attended the facility when it it was under the name of the School Of The Americas. Presently roughly 1,000 students per year attend WHINSEC which was created as part of the National Defense Authorization Act.
History
The Latin American Training Center – U.S. Ground Forces was first established in Panama during 1946 and trained more than 8,000 U. S. military members. Many Latin Americans trained along with their U.S. counterparts. During 1949 the Latin American Training Center expanded and became the U.S. Army Caribbean Training Center with the additional mission to help modernize Latin American and Caribbean militaries. During 1963, under President John F. Kennedy's Alliance for Progress, the training center expanded again and was renamed the U. S. Army School of the Americas (USARSA). During 1984, the school moved to Fort Benning, near Columbus, Ga., under the terms of the Panama Canal Treaties. More than 61,000 officers, non-commissioned officers, and soldiers have graduated from or attended courses at these U. S. Army schools.
Congress withdrew the Secretary of the Army’s authority to operate USARSA in the FY01 National Defense Act thereby forcing the school to close at the end of 2000. Instead, the Western Hemisphere Institute for Security Cooperation was created.
Controversy
The school has been at the center of numerous human rights controversies.
US Training Manual
See also: Torture manualsOn September 20, 1996, the Pentagon released seven training manuals prepared by the U.S. military and used between 1987 and 1991 for intelligence training courses in Latin America and at the U.S. Army School of the Americas (SOA). According to the Third World Traveler, these manuals show how U.S. agents taught repressive techniques and promoted the violation of human rights throughout Latin America and around the globe. Amnesty International describes the contents of the document to contain instructions in motivation by fear, bounties for enemy dead, false imprisonment, torture, execution, and kidnapping a target's family members.
Human rights abuses
The SOA has been accused of training members of governments guilty of serious human rights abuses. Graduates of the SOA include men such as Hugo Banzer Suárez, Leopoldo Galtieri, Manuel Noriega, Vladimiro Montesinos, Guillermo Rodríguez, Omar Torrijos, Roberto Viola, Roberto D'Aubuisson, Victor Escobar and Juan Velasco Alvarado. Because many of its students have been associated with death squads, and coups in Latin American countries, the school's acronym is reparsed by its detractors as the "School of the Assassins".
Defenders argue that no school should be held accountable for the actions of only some of its graduates.
South Americans refuse to send soldiers
In 2004, a School of the Americas Watch delegation began visiting government officials in Central and South America to request they send no more troops to be trained at WHINSEC. Venezuela ceased all training of Venezuelan soldiers at the School of the Americas in 2004. On March 28, 2006, the government of Argentina, headed by President Nestor Kirschner, decided to stop sending soldiers to train at the School of the Americas, and the government of Uruguay affirmed that it will continue its current policy of not sending soldiers to the WHINSEC. In 2007, Oscar Arias, president of Costa Rica, decided to stop sending Costa Rican police to the WHINSEC. Costa Rica has no military, but had sent some 2,600 police officers to the school.
SOA Watch
Main article: School of the Americas WatchCiting the call of slain Archbishop Óscar Romero, that "we who have a voice must speak for the voiceless", Maryknoll Fr. Roy Bourgeois and a small group of supporters formed School of the Americas Watch in 1990. They began to research the SOA, educate the public, lobby Congress, and practice nonviolent resistance at Ft. Benning. Each year a number of protesters are arrested and prosecuted for acts of civil disobedience including trespassing onto federal property in an attempt to create more awareness for the School of the Americas Watch.
Opposition in Congress
Representative Jim McGovern and 123 co-sponsors introduced a bill to abolish the school in 109th Congress. The bill was referred to the Committee on Armed Services, but never made it to consideration before the full house. Representative McGovern has since reintroduced the bill in the 110th Congress with 112 cosponsors. The bill is currently pending before the Committee on Armed Services.
Changes
As a result of the controvery, after the legal authorization for the former School of the Americas was repealed in 2001 the Western Hemisphere Institute for Security Cooperation was established.
The School of the Americas was operated by the US Army, and WHISC by the Department of Defence. The student body includes now law enforcement officers, governmental and nongovernmental civilians, as well as military representatives of Western hemispheric nations.
The curriculum now includes classes in the areas of peace support operations such as disaster relief, peacekeeping operations, democratic sustainment, international operational law, intelligence, oversight of the military, support to law enforcement and civilian operations, information operations, and advanced counterdrug operations. The institute offers professional military education courses for the leadership development needs of military officers and non-commissioned officers. There is a command and general staff officer course, as well as officer advanced courses and NCO development courses.
Before coming to WHINSEC each student is “vetted” by his/her nation. Students are first screened by their own government and then screened by the U. S. embassy in that country. If there is any hint of wrongdoing in the student’s past, the student is not permitted into the United States to attend WHINSEC.
All students are now required to receive a between eight and over forty hours of instruction, at beginning of each of the more than twenty classes, in "human rights training in law, ethics, rule of law and practical applications in military and police operations."
According to the website for the Center for International Policy , the new law codified the old SOA's decade-old practice of inviting a "Board of Visitors" to review and evaluate "curriculum, instruction, physical equipment, fiscal affairs, and academic methods." the Board of Visitors "must include the chairmen and ranking minority members of both houses' Armed Services Committees (or surrogates), the senior Army officer responsible for training (or a surrogate), one person chosen by the Secretary of State, the head of the United States Southern Command (or a surrogate), and six people chosen by the Secretary of Defense ('including, to the extent practicable, persons from academia and the religious and human rights communities')."
Trivia
 | This article contains a list of miscellaneous information. Please relocate any relevant information into other sections or articles. (June 2007) |
- The words Uno para todos y todos para uno (one for all, and all for one!) are taken from Dumas' The Three Musketeers. They are also the official motto of Switzerland.
- The band Bobot Adrenaline released a song titled "School of the Americas."
- The hardcore band Kaospilot, from Norway, released a song titled "School of Assassins" on their 2003 self-titled album on Level Plane Records.
- The band Anti-Flag released a song titled "The School of Assassins" on the 2004 Rock Against Bush album.
- David Rovics has a song entitled "Song for the SOA #2," discussing the theoretical shutting down of the School of the Americas.
- When the SOA was established in Panama at Fort Gulick, it was at what is now called the Melia Hotel.
Sources
- Western Hemisphere Institute for Security Cooperation. "A Welcome from the Commandant". Retrieved May 16.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|accessdate=(help); Unknown parameter|accessyear=ignored (|access-date=suggested) (help) - Western Hemisphere Institute for Security Cooperation. "FAQ".
- Western Hemisphere Institute for Security Cooperation. "FAQ".
- Western Hemisphere Institute for Security Cooperation. "FAQ".
- Third World Traveller. "US Training Manuals Declassified". Retrieved May 6.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|accessdate=(help); Unknown parameter|accessyear=ignored (|access-date=suggested) (help) - "Unmatched Power, Unmet Principles: The Human Rights Dimensions of US Training of Foreign Military and Police Forces 2002 Report of Amnesty International USA (Amnesty International USA)" (PDF). Amnesty International. 2002. Retrieved April 14.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|accessdate=(help); Unknown parameter|accessyear=ignored (|access-date=suggested) (help)
*"Pentagon Investigation Concludes that Techniques in SOA manuals were 'mistakes.'". SOA Watch. February 21, 1997. Retrieved April 14.{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|accessdate=(help); Unknown parameter|accessyear=ignored (|access-date=suggested) (help)CS1 maint: year (link) - School of the Americas Watch. "Notorious Graduates". Retrieved May 6.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|accessdate=(help); Unknown parameter|accessyear=ignored (|access-date=suggested) (help) - http://www.ciponline.org/facts/soa.htm.
- School of the Americas Watch. "National Venezuela Solidarity Conference". Retrieved May 6.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|accessdate=(help); Unknown parameter|accessyear=ignored (|access-date=suggested) (help) - School of the Americas Watch. "Argentina & Uruguay abandon SOA!". Retrieved May 6.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|accessdate=(help); Unknown parameter|accessyear=ignored (|access-date=suggested) (help) - School of the Americas Watch. "¡No Más! No More!". Retrieved May 6.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|accessdate=(help); Unknown parameter|accessyear=ignored (|access-date=suggested) (help) - School of the Americas Watch. "Costa Rica to Cease Police Training at the SOA/WHINSEC". Retrieved May 31.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|accessdate=(help); Unknown parameter|accessyear=ignored (|access-date=suggested) (help) - School of the Americas Watch. "About SOA Watch". Retrieved May 6.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|accessdate=(help); Unknown parameter|accessyear=ignored (|access-date=suggested) (help) - Paul Mulshine. "The War in Central America Continues". Retrieved 6 November.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|accessdate=(help); Unknown parameter|accessyear=ignored (|access-date=suggested) (help) - The Library of Congress. "H.R.1217". Retrieved May 6.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|accessdate=(help); Unknown parameter|accessyear=ignored (|access-date=suggested) (help) - The Library of Congress. "H.R. 1707". Retrieved July 7.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|accessdate=(help); Text "/bss/d110query.html" ignored (help) - Western Hemisphere Institute for Security Cooperation. "FAQ".
- Western Hemisphere Institute for Security Cooperation. "FAQ".
- Western Hemisphere Institute for Security Cooperation. "FAQ".
- Center for International Policy. "Western Hemisphere Institute for Security Cooperation". Retrieved May 6.
{{cite web}}:|author=has generic name (help); Check date values in:|accessdate=(help); Unknown parameter|accessyear=ignored (|access-date=suggested) (help) - George Davies, ‘I’ll take the CIA torture suite’, The First Post, dated August 16, 2006, accessed August 14, 2006.
Further reading
- Danner, Mark (2004). Torture and Truth: America, Abu Ghraib, and the War on Terror. New York Review Books. ISBN 1-59017-152-7.
{{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - Harbury, Jennifer K. (2005). Truth, Torture, and the American Way. Beacon Press. ISBN 0-8070-0307-7.
{{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) Review, "Highlights parallels in the practices of U.S. government operatives and their local “assets” in the current conflict and in the civil wars that wracked Central America in the 1980s and early 1990s." - Ireland, Doug (2004). "Teaching Torture: Despite a lot of talk about torture being "un-American," Congress is quietly keeping alive the School of the Americas, our country's infamous torture-training school". LA Weekly.
{{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help); Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help) - Monbiot, George (2001). "Backyard terrorism: The US has been training terrorists at a camp in Georgia for years - and it's still at it". The Guardian.
{{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help); Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help) - O'Neill, Patrick (February 18). "SOA protesters headed for prison: Sister, students among 14 charged with trespass at Army school". National Catholic Reporter.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|year=(help); Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help); Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help)CS1 maint: year (link) - Priest, Dana (1996). "U.S. Instructed Latins On Executions, Torture; Manuals Used 1982-91, Pentagon Reveals". The Washington Post: Section: A Pg. A01.
{{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help); Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help) - Quigley, Bill. "The Case for Closing the School of the Americas" (PDF). BYU Journal of Public Law (20 BYU J. Pub. L. 1). 20 (1).
{{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters:|month=and|coauthors=(help) - Inside the School of the Assassins (VHS). 1996.
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- Hidden in Plain Sight. 2003.
{{cite AV media}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|distributor=(help); Unknown parameter|Medium=ignored (|medium=suggested) (help)
- Leah Wells (2003). "Hidden in Plain Sight Review". Common Dreams NewsCenter. Retrieved April 14.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|accessdate=(help); Unknown parameter|accessyear=ignored (|access-date=suggested) (help) - Hidden in Plain Sight at IMDb
- Leah Wells (2003). "Hidden in Plain Sight Review". Common Dreams NewsCenter. Retrieved April 14.
- Unknown, Author (2005). "More than an image problem: During the familiar annual processing ritual for School of the Americas protesters this year, new information surfaced about a comprehensive plan devised by the U.S. Army to deflect criticism of the school". National Catholic Reporter.
{{cite journal}}:|first=has generic name (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help); Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help)
See also
External links
Official government websites
- Western Hemisphere Institute for Security Cooperation. "Official website". Retrieved April 14.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|accessdate=(help); Unknown parameter|accessyear=ignored (|access-date=suggested) (help) - US Army War College. "School of the Americas (defunct website)". Retrieved April 14.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|accessdate=(help); Unknown parameter|accessyear=ignored (|access-date=suggested) (help)
Other websites
- Center for International Policy. "Western Hemisphere Institute for Security Cooperation". Retrieved April 14.
{{cite web}}:|author=has generic name (help); Check date values in:|accessdate=(help); Unknown parameter|accessyear=ignored (|access-date=suggested) (help) - World History Archives. "History of the School of the Americas". Retrieved April 14.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|accessdate=(help); Unknown parameter|accessyear=ignored (|access-date=suggested) (help) - Info Anarchy Wiki. "School of the Americas". Retrieved July 10.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|accessdate=(help); Unknown parameter|accessyear=ignored (|access-date=suggested) (help) - School of the Americas Watch. "Updates & Actions". Retrieved April 14.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|accessdate=(help); Unknown parameter|accessyear=ignored (|access-date=suggested) (help) - Axis of Logic. "20,000 demonstrate against US military torture training center". Retrieved April 14.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|accessdate=(help); Unknown parameter|accessyear=ignored (|access-date=suggested) (help) - Latin America Working Group. "Military Training Manuals". Retrieved April 14.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|accessdate=(help); Unknown parameter|accessyear=ignored (|access-date=suggested) (help) - Council on Hemispheric Affairs. "Torture is Un-American: The SOA and its Devastating Legacy".
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|acessdate=ignored (|access-date=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|acessyear=ignored (help)