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| '''Pedophilia''' (]) or '''paedophilia''' (]), from the ] παιδοφιλια ''(paidophilia)'' < παις ''(pais)'' "boy, child" and φιλια ''(philia)'' "friendship", (] F65.4) is the condition of people (either adult or adolescent) whose primary ] is toward ] ]. It is a ], i.e. a ] in which the paraphile's sexuoerotic age is discordant with his or her actual chronological age and is concordant with the age of the partner. '''Pedosexuality''' is used as a synonym. It is sometimes used informally to describe sex offenders or child pornographers. | |||
| In the United States and some other countries, the term is also sometimes used (incorrectly) to describe people attracted to adolescents. In cultures or countries where love relationships or dates between adults and adolescents are socially or legally accepted (at least with parental consent) or are viewed with tolerance, such as France or Brazil, the word pedophilia is almost never used in this sense, either formally or informally. | |||
| In most countries of the world, adolescents above a certain age can be legally emancipated through marriage, economic self-sufficiency, pregnancy or by other means. The ] is generally below the age of majority and in some cases below the legal ]. Sexual relations with emancipated minors are not considered pedophilia. | |||
| ==Definitions== | |||
| The term ''Paedophilia erotica'' was coined in 1896 by the Vienna psychiatrist ] in his writing ''Psychopathia sexualis''. The following characteristics are given: | |||
| *the sexual interest is toward children, either prepubescent or at the beginning of puberty | |||
| *the sexual interest is the primary one, i. e. exclusively or mainly toward children | |||
| *the sexual interest remains over time | |||
| Occasionally definitions additionally require an age difference of at least five years. On the other hand, a pedophilic sexual orientation often develops during puberty or childhood. (See ].) | |||
| Some sexologists such as Dr. John Money assert that not only adults but also any postpubescent adolescents may qualify as possible pedophiles. | |||
| A person is not necessarily a pedophile simply because he can be sexually aroused by children; rather, a pedophile is defined as someone whose primary sexual ''attraction'' is toward children. There is evidence that at least a quarter of all adult men may have feelings of sexual arousal in connection with children (Freund & Costell 1970, Hall et al. 1995, Quinsey et al. 1975). Note that pedophilia can be diagnosed solely in the presence of ''fantasies'' or ''sexual urges'' on the subject's part — it need not involve sexual acts with children. | |||
| The '']'' 4th edition, Text Revision, ] includes a ''Diagnostic criteria for 302.2 Pedophilia'': | |||
| :* A. ''Over a period of at least 6 months, recurrent, intense sexually arousing fantasies, sexual urges, or behaviors involving sexual activity with a prepubescent child or children (generally age 13 years or younger).'' | |||
| :* B. ''The person has acted on these urges, or the sexual urges or fantasies cause marked distress or interpersonal difficulty.'' | |||
| :* C. '' The person is at least age 16 years and at least 5 years older than the child or children in Criterion A.'' | |||
| :Note: ''Do not include an individual in late adolescence involved in an ongoing sexual relationship with a 12- or 13-year-old.'' | |||
| The actual boundaries between ] and ] may vary in individual cases and are difficult to define in rigid terms of age. The ], for instance, defines ] as the period of life between 10 and 20 years of age. | |||
| Pedophiles often refer to themselves as ''boylovers'' or ''girllovers'', though most of them are not both; collectively they are sometimes referred to as '']s''. | |||
| ==Related terms== | |||
| ===Child sexual abuse=== | |||
| A perpetrator committing ] is commonly (and often but not always mistakenly) assumed to be a pedophile, and referred to as such, but there are often other motivations, much as adult ] can have non-sexual motivations. Most perpetrators of child sexual abuse are not primarily interested in children - a fact which has been recognized by law enforcement (Lanning: ''Child Molesters: A Behavioral Analysis'') They are sometimes referred to as ''pseudo-pedophilies'' or '']'', whereas pedophiles primarily attracted toward children are called ''structured pedophiles'' or ''fixated pedophiles'', as their orientation is fixed by the structure of their personality. | |||
| ''Pedophile'' is not a legal category or term. Although the acts that molesters carry out are criminal in most jurisdictions, they are not legally referred to as ''pedophilia''. However, newspapers and other news media frequently make erroneous use of the terms ''accused pedophile'' or ''convicted pedophile'' in reference to individuals accused or convicted of sexual abuse of children. | |||
| ===Ephebophilia=== | |||
| ''']''', also known as '''hebephilia''', is the condition in which adults are dependent on the sexual attraction to postpubescent ]s. '']'' refers to attraction toward ''male'' adolescents. Attraction to female adolescents is sometimes referred to as "Lolita syndrome" or "Lolita Complex" (an equivalent term for males is the uncommon "Shota Complex"). These terms are used in contrast with pedophilia; however ] is sometimes used more broadly in the ] to describe both ephebophilia and attraction to younger children, i.e. any person younger than the legal ]. | |||
| Sexual desires including youths are common among adults with a heterosexual or homosexual orientation, though their attraction is not specifically to persons that young. Only when it is a specific and exclusive attraction, is it labeled ] as a sexual condition or orientation. It should also be noted that unlike pedophilia, attraction to adolescents has never been regarded by psychologists as pathological. In fact, it has often been considered normative in some societies, such as those in which adolescent girls have been married to adult men. Nonetheless, it is often illegal for adults to act on an attraction to adolescents below a certain age, and such activity is disapproved of in many societies. | |||
| ===Infantophilia=== | |||
| Some researchers have suggested a distinction between pedophilia and ] (also called nepiophilia), because interest in a 10-year old and a 2-year old seem rather different preferences. At the same time it is unusual for pedophiles to prefer ]. | |||
| ==Cultural norms== | |||
| In ]ese society the attraction towards teenage girls (high-school students) is a widespread cultural phenomenon. The manifestations of such attraction, such as ] art, ] fetishes and sexual relations with teenage girls (e.g. ]) are more tolerated by society than in the West, but are often illegal. | |||
| In France and in most of the Francophone world, this kind of relationship is also accepted. Movies like ''Brodeuses'' ("A common thread") (2003) usually show these relationships in a casual way, not giving much importance or attention to the difference of age. Nabokov´s "]" - the book - was first released in France (1955), while Adrian Lyne´s "]" (1997) - the movie - faced no restrictions in Europe, including France; and Celine Dion's "Lolita" - the song - was released only in French by the Canadian bilingual singer. The movie "Pretty baby" (1978) - depicting 13-year old Brooke Shields playing a preteen prostitute - was filmed by a Frenchman ]. | |||
| In Brazilian culture tolerance sets the tone as well. In 1999 28-year old ], a nationally famous and good-looking actor, dated 14-year old model Daniella Sarahyba for over a year and the relationship was assimilated by the Brazilian mainstream media and by the TV network which he worked for. Also in the nineties 13-year old Kelly Key, who would become a famous singer, started dating 23-year old singer Latino, whom she married later on. Before that, in 1982, 40-year old Caetano Veloso - a very famous Brazilian singer and composer - began a love relationship with 13-year old Paula Lavigne, at the time he was married to someone else. Soon he divorced and 3 years later they married. Their marriage lasted 19 years, ending only in 2004. The relationship was respected and he was never persecuted by the media nor by the phonographic industry or boycotted by radio stations. None of them was ever called a pedophile, an accusation that could be construed as slander in Brazil. | |||
| Reactions to adult-adolescent relationships may be considered by some as a prejudice like racism or the hatred against immigrants : ]. In the 80s, 15-year old Brazilian student Eliane Maciel searched for judicial help against her conservative parents. She wanted the judge to rule that she had the right to date a 33-year old man with whom she was in love, and she won. They eventually married. Her drama was told in the self-biographical best-seller ''"Com licença, eu vou à luta - É ilegal ser menor ?"'' ("Excuse me, I'm gonna fight - Is it illegal to be a minor ?") (1983), which turned into a prize-winning homonymous movie (1986). Since 1988 prejudice on the grounds of age has been forbidden by the Brazilian Constitution. | |||
| Cultures are also influenced by ]. The ], for example, systematically preaches the concept of ] among different individuals and social groups (and ] between different religions) as a fundamental principle. All forms of ] are condemned, provided that they don't collide with legal or cultural norms (see ], ] and section "'''Other legal aspects'''"). According to the ] at the ] Conference on Tolerance and the Fight against Racism, Xenophobia and Discrimination (September, 2004), "the roots of ], ], ] and intolerance are found in ignorance, ] and hatred, which may often arise from faulty and inadequate education and also from the misuse of the ]" (see ]). ] is considered a form of ]. | |||
| In many countries, sexual attraction, desires or fantasies in adults towards underage adolescents is quite common. A sign of this is that, in the adult porn industry, a reasonable market share goes to movies that show young women dressed in uniforms, characterized as high-school students. Some of these movies are regularly aired on adult channels like ''Playboy TV'' and others. | |||
| == Underage sex and criminality == | |||
| Sexual acts between adults and prepubescent children are both a ] and a ] in many cultures because, among other reasons: | |||
| #children are seen as unable to understand the physical, emotional, and social consequences of sexual acts and are therefore unable to give ]; | |||
| #sexual acts can involve ] and abuse of power, which can break bonds of trust; | |||
| #sexual acts can, for girls at ], lead to ], a condition for which they may well be unprepared emotionally; and | |||
| #religious or pseudo-religious faith often prevents scientific inquiry, as illustrated when the U.S. Congress voted unanimously to condemn ] | |||
| There are other also other medical reasons that sex (especially for pre-pubescent females) is more dangerous: | |||
| #the lining of the uterus and other parts of a pre-pubertal female's reproductive organs does not contain the same bacteria as an adult female's would, thus leaving them more prone to infection. | |||
| It must be stated however that the term "child" varies from culture to culture. Some set the upper limit of this figure at puberty, while others set it higher, to coincide with legal definitions of "majority" for their country, which is usually around 18 or 21. | |||
| Sexual acts between adults and postpubescent adolescents are also seen as a ] in some cultures, while in others they are viewed naturally or with ]. Cultures are influenced by the local ], ] and language. | |||
| The percentage of pedophile perpetrators in cases of ] is estimated to be 2 to 10 percent (Kinsey-Report, Lautmann, Brongersma, Groth). Abuse is mainly a phenomenon of heterosexual and homosexual orientation. | |||
| Statistics from the United States Bureau of Justice Statistics (http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pub/press/rsorp94pr.htm "5 percent of sex offenders rearrested for another sex crime within 3 years of prison release") indicate that while sex offenders in general reoffend 5.3 percent of the time, child molesters reoffend only 3.3 percent of the time (though the latter statistic only counts child sexual abuse as opposed to all sex crimes). | |||
| Most cases of father-daughter ] are believed to involve fathers who are situational offenders, rather than pedophiles. Some have argued that these cases are triggered by the withdrawal of the mother from the family, often due to physical or mental illness. | |||
| '''Other legal aspects''' | |||
| Legally, relationships between adults and adolescents do not necessarily include sex. Most of them involve sexual attraction. Just dating a teenager below the ] is legal in some jurisdictions, specially when the adolescent's age is above the ]. In other jurisdictions, this may be illegal. | |||
| == Advocacy of pedophilia == | |||
| There are a number of organizations and web-based communities together referred to as the '']'' that seek to remove the stigma from pedophilia. Goals for these organisations and communities range from wanting to legalize sexual relationships between adults and children or teenagers, to merely offering a place for support and advice to those with a sexual attraction to children. | |||
| * The ] (NAMBLA) advocates legalization of consensual sexual relationships between boys and men. | |||
| * ] is a ]-based advocate of adult-child sex. | |||
| * is a support forum for male-attracted pedophiles. | |||
| * is a support forum for female-attracted pedophiles. | |||
| * is an organization of conscientious pedophiles opposed to child abuse, neglect, and exploitation. | |||
| * is a support forum like ''Girl Chat'' featuring personal testimonies, on-topic debates (both pro and anti), and coverage of related news/media. | |||
| See ] for the historical relationship between pedophilia advocates and the ] movement. | |||
| == Literature == | |||
| There is quite a large amount of literature related to child sexual abuse, and sex offenders. However, what is lacking is proper authoritative peer-reviewed research into pedophiles in general, who may not have offended. Such information is of course hard to gather given the contraversial nature of such research, and the fact that any research that gives a pro-adult/child sex outcome being condemned at large by various governing bodies, and children's charities. | |||
| * Ames, A. & Houston, D.A. "Legal, social, and biological definitions of pedophilia." ''Archives of Sexual Behavior'', vol. 19, 1990, pp. 333-342. | |||
| * Fagan PJ, Wise TN, ''et al'', JAMA. 2002; 288: 2458-2465 (requires registration) | |||
| * Archives of sexual behavior vol. 31 no. ] ], ''Is pedophilia a mental disorder?'', - Discussion among scientists about whether pedophilia really is a disorder, and a discussion of the moral aspects of ] | |||
| * ], a controversial 1998 study of the effects of child sexual abuse | |||
| * ], a film documentary about a family troubled by pedophilia | |||
| * '']'', a book by ] which, among other issues of ], discusses the perception and reality of pedophilia | |||
| * . Book about a court reporter who had sexual relationships with 2500 adolescent males; includes interviews with the later adults who reflect on these relationships. | |||
| * '''French movies''' (showing normal love relationships between adults and adolescents) - are available (usually for free) at the cultural center of the French Embassy in Washington, D.C. | |||
| * In J. Ziskin (ed.), Coping With Psychiatric and Psychological Testimony, Fifth Edition (Out of Print) (pp. 1315-1370). Los Angeles, CA: Law and Psychology Press. Ralph Underwager and Hollida Wakefield (f1) | |||
| == Movies == | |||
| * - tries to present a balanced and multifaceted approach to the issue of pedophilia. Kevin Bacon plays a 45-year old man that is attracted to 10-to-12 year-old prepubescent girls, trying to wrestle with his past offences. | |||
| == External links == | |||
| * - Italian Association fighting against child molestation, sexual abuse and child pornography on the web. | |||
| * - Article regarding child sexual abuse, and related threats over the internet. | |||
| * - BBC article. | |||
| * - A discussion forum of pedophilia. Takes a pro-pedophilia viewpoint. | |||
| * - A campaign to prevent child sexual abuse by calling on potential abusers to seek help. | |||
| * | |||
| * - Based on the books of Dr. John Money, sexologist. | |||
| * - A sexuality support forum. | |||
| * - Americans for a Society Free from Age Restrictions. | |||
| * ''(section "cultural norms")''. | |||
| * - includes articles relating to pedophilia from a tolerant perspective, and a large discussion forum. | |||
| ==See also== | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] (e.g., ]) | |||
| * ], ], ] | |||
| * ] | |||
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Revision as of 00:58, 6 June 2005
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