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| '''Biological warfare''', also known as '''germ warfare''', is the use of ], ] or other disease-causing organism as a weapon of ]. | '''Biological warfare''', also known as '''germ warfare''', is the use of ], ] or other disease-causing organism as a weapon of ]. | ||
| Biological warfare is believed to have been practised in the ], often by flinging victims of the ] over castle walls using ]. Its use has also been documented in the ] when British troops distributed blankets infected by ] to ]. | Biological warfare is believed to have been practised in the ], often by flinging victims of the ] over castle walls using ]. Its use has also been documented in the ] when British troops distributed blankets infected by ] to ]. | ||
Revision as of 21:21, 28 June 2002
Biological warfare, also known as germ warfare, is the use of bacteria, virus or other disease-causing organism as a weapon of war.
Biological warfare is believed to have been practised in the Middle Ages, often by flinging victims of the Black Death over castle walls using catapults. Its use has also been documented in the French and Indian War when British troops distributed blankets infected by smallpox to Native Americans.
Use of such weapons was banned in international law by the Geneva Protocol of 1925. The 1972 Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention extended the ban to almost all production, storage and transport. However, since the signing of the convention, it is believed that the number of countries capable of producing such weapons has only increased.
Research carried out in Britain during World War II left a Scottish Island contaminated with anthrax for the next 48 years. Considerable research on the topic was performed by the United States, the Soviet Union, and probably other major nations throughout the Cold War era, though it is generally believed such weapons were never used.
The Washington Post reported on December 13, 2001 that the United States Army has been developing weapons-grade anthrax spores at a biological and chemical weapons facility in Utah at least since 1992. However, the United States had and maintains a stated policy of never using biological weapons under any circumstances.
Diseases likely to be considered for use as biological weapons include anthrax, pneumonic plague, cholera and smallpox. These disease are contenders because of their lethality (if delivered efficiently), and robustness (making aerosol delivery feasible).
A successful biowarfare attack could theoretically result in thousands, possibly even millions of deaths (though such a catastrophic attack would be difficult to mount with currently-known diseases), and could result in severe disruptions to societies and economies. However, mounting such an attack is extremely difficult due to problems in delivering the agent. For example, a mass attack using anthrax would require the creation of aerosol particles of a precise size.
The military usefulness is extremely limited for state actors due to the fact that any biological attack would require several days to be effective and that the disease used can easily spread back to the attacker. Most of the concern on biological warfare has therefore focused on bioterrorism by non-state actors.
2001 anthrax attack
Numerous cases of anthrax broke out in the United States in the fall of 2001, caused deliberately. They may well be the first use of biological warfare since the signing of the convention, and possibly the first act of bioterrorism.
See also Chemical warfare
External links
Naval Toxicology Manual http://braddock.com/library/nstm/470v0r3.pdf
Nerve Agents http://www.opcw.nl/chemhaz/nerve.htm
Potomac Institute Course Notes http://www.potomacinstitute.org/pubs/bt1proc.pdf
Survival-Mindset.com http://www.survival-mindset.com/survival_g4.htm
The Terrorist Threat, Parts I, II & III http://www.sgaus.org/dahlke.htm
US Army Treatment Summary Sheet http://www.emergency.com/2001/bio-treatment.htm
WHO: Health Aspects of Biological and Chemical Weapons http://www.who.int/emc/pdfs/BIOWEAPONS_FULL_TEXT2.pdf