Misplaced Pages

Revision as of 02:46, 5 August 2007

Federative Republic of BrazilRepública Federativa do Brasil
Flag Coat of arms
Motto: Ordem e Progresso  (Portuguese) "Order and Progress"
Anthem: Hino Nacional Brasileiro
Capital	Brasília
Largest city	São Paulo
Official languages	Portuguese.
Demonym(s)	Brazilian
Government	Presidential Federal republic
• President	Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva
• Vice President	José Alencar Gomes da Silva
Independence from Portugal
• Declared	September 7 1822
• Recognized	August 29 1825
• Republic	November 15 1889
• Water (%)	0.65
Population
• 2007 estimate	190,010,647 (5th)
• 2000 census	169,799,170
GDP (PPP)	2005 estimate
• Total	$1.803 trillion (9th)
• Per capita	$9,108 (68th)
GDP (nominal)	2006 estimate
• Total	$1.067 trillion (10th)
• Per capita	$5,717 (64th)
Gini (2004)	54 high inequality
HDI (2004)	0.792 high (69th)
Currency	Real (BRL or R$)
Time zone	UTC−2 to −5 (officially −3) (BRT)
• Summer (DST)	UTC−2 to −5 (BRST)
Calling code	55
ISO 3166 code	BR
Internet TLD	.br

Brazil (IPA: /bɹə.zɪl/), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Template:Lang-pt or República Federativa do Brasil, Audio file "Brazil.ogg" not found ), is the largest and most populous country in Latin America, and the fifth largest in the world in both area and population. Its territory covers 8,514,877 km² between central South America and the Atlantic Ocean, and it is the eastern-most country of the Americas.

It borders Venezuela, Suriname, Guyana and the department of French Guiana to the north, Uruguay to the south, Argentina and Paraguay to the southwest, Bolivia and Peru to the west, and Colombia to the northwest. The only South American countries not bordered by Brazil are Ecuador and Chile. The Brazilian coastline covers 7,367 km to the east. Numerous archipelagos are part of the Brazilian territory, such as Penedos de São Pedro e São Paulo, Fernando de Noronha, Trindade e Martim Vaz and Atol das Rocas.

A tropical climate is predominant. In the south of the country, subtropical climate prevails . Brazil is cut through by the Equator and Tropic of Capricorn. It is home to the world´s largest varied fauna and flora and extensive natural resources.

Brazil was colonized by Portugal from 1500 until its independence in 1822. The republican system has been adopted since 1889, however its parliament dates back to 1824, when its first constitution was ratified. Its current Constitution defines Brazil as a Federal Republic. The Federation is formed by the indissoluble association of the States, the Federal District, and the Municipalities. There are currently 26 States and 5,564 Municipalities.

The Brazilian population tends to concentrate along the coastline in large urban centers. While Brazil has one of the largest populations in the world, population density is low and the inner continental land has large areas of low population. It is a multiracial country composed of European, Amerindian, African and Asian elements. The official language is Portuguese, and it is the only Portuguese-speaking country in the Americas. Catholicism is the predominant religion, though Protestant communities have experienced significant growth in the last decades. Brazil has the largest Roman Catholic population in the world.

During the '90s Brazil revolutionized its economy by opening its market for a free trade , implementing a large scale privatization program, and expanding the large and well-developed agricultural , mining, manufacturing, and service sectors; Brazil's economy outweighs that of all other South American countries, and is expanding its presence in world markets.

Etymology

Named after the brazilwood tree, so-named because its reddish wood resembled the color of red-hot embers (brasil in Portuguese). The Tupi people call it "ibirapitanga", which means literally 'red wood'. The wood of the tree was used to color clothes and fabrics.

Another theory stands that the name of the country is related to the Irish myth of Hy-Brazil, a phantom island similar to St. Brendan's Island, situated southwest of Ireland. The legend was so strong that during the 15th century many expeditions tried to find it, the most important being John Cabot. As the Brazilian lands were reached by Pedro Álvares Cabral in 1500 C.E., the Irish myth would have influenced the late name given to the country (after "Island of Real Cross" and "Land of Holy Cross"). The proof that the legend was popular among Iberic people may be verified by the name of the Azorean Terceira Island, registered in the 14th century in the Atlas Catalan and around 1436 on the Venetian map of Andrea Bianco.

History

Fossil records found in Minas Gerais show evidence that the area now called Brazil has been inhabited for at least 8,000 years by indigenous populations. It is generally accepted that Brazil was first discovered by Europeans on April 22, 1500, when Pedro Álvares Cabral reached the territory, claimed it for Portugal, and named it Vera Cruz (True Cross), though this is contested by some.

Colony

Until 1530, Portugal had little interest in Brazil, mainly due to the high profits gained through commerce with Indochina. This lack of interest led to several "invasions" by different countries, such as France in Rio de Janeiro, and the Netherlands in Recife, so the Portuguese Crown devised a system to effectively occupy Brazil, without paying the costs. Through the Hereditary Captaincies system, Brazil was divided into strips of land that were donated to Portuguese noblemen, who were in turn responsible for the occupation of the land and answered to the king. Later, the Portuguese realized the system was a failure (only two lots were successfully occupied) and took direct control of the failed captaincies.

After the initial attempts to find gold and silver failed, the Portuguese colonists adopted an economy based on the production of agricultural goods that were to be exported to Europe. Tobacco, cotton, cachaça and some other agricultural goods were produced, but sugar became by far the most important Brazilian colonial product until the early eighteenth century. The first sugarcane farms were established in the mid-16th century and were the key for success of the captaincies of São Vicente and Pernambuco, leading sugarcane plantations to quickly spread to other coastal areas in colonial Brazil. The period of sugar-based economy (1530-c.1700) is known as the "Sugarcane Cycle" in Brazilian history. Even though Brazilian sugar was reputed as being of high quality, the industry faced a crisis during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries when the Dutch and the French started producing sugar in the Antilles, located much closer to Europe, causing the sugar prices to fall.

During the eighteenth century, private explorers who called themselves the Bandeirantes found gold and diamond mines in the state of Minas Gerais. The exploration of these mines ended up financing the Portuguese Royal Court's debts for a long time. However, the predatory way in which such riches were explored by the Portuguese Crown harmed colonial Brazil with excessive taxes (at some point, taxes amounted up to one fifth of all the gold and diamonds mined in the country, or 20 percent of total production, named the quinto). Some popular movements supporting independence came about against the abusive taxes established by the metropolis, such as the Tiradentes incident in 1789, but they were often dismissed with violence by Portugal. Gold production declined towards the end of the eighteenth century, starting a period of relative stagnation of the Brazilian hinterland.

Empire

In 1808, the Portuguese court, fleeing from Napoleon’s troops which had invaded the territory of Portugal, moved aboard a large fleet, escorted by British men-of-war, with all the government apparatus to its then-colony, Brazil, establishing themselves in the city of Rio de Janeiro. From there the Portuguese king João VI ruled his huge empire for 13 years, and there he would have remained for the rest of his life if it were not for the turmoil aroused in Portugal due, among other reasons, to his long stay in Brazil after the end of Napoleon's reign.

After João VI returned to Portugal in 1821 due to the Liberal Revolution of 1820 that had erupted in the city of Porto, his heir-apparent Pedro became regent of the Kingdom of Brazil. Following a series of political events and disputes, Brazil achieved its independence from Portugal on September 7 1822. On October 12 1822, Dom Pedro was acclaimed as the first Emperor of Brazil. He was crowned on December 1 1822. Brazil was one of only two countries among those of the 'new world' that housed an effective legal monarchical state (the other was Mexico), for a period of almost 90 years.

Organizing the new government quickly brought the differences between the Emperor and his leading subjects to the fore. In 1824, Pedro closed the Constituent Assembly that he had convened because he believed that body was endangering liberty. Pedro then produced a constitution modeled on that of Portugal (1822) and France (1814). It specified indirect elections and created the usual three branches of government but also added a fourth, the "moderating power", to be held by the Emperor. Pedro's government was considered economically and administratively inefficient. Political pressures eventually made the Emperor step down in April 7, 1831. He returned to Portugal leaving behind his five-year-old son Pedro. Brazil was then to be governed by regents from 1831 to 1840 until Pedro was old enough to assume his royal duties. The regency period was turbulent and marked by numerous local revolts including the Male Revolt, the largest urban slave rebellion in the Americas, which took place in Bahia, 1835.

On July 23 1840, Pedro II was crowned Emperor. His government was highlighted by a substantial rise in coffee exports, the War of the Triple Alliance, and the end of slave trade from Africa in 1850, although slavery in Brazilian territory would only be abolished in 1888. When slavery was finally abolished, a large influx of European immigrants took place . By the 1870s, the Emperor's grasp on domestic politics had started deteriorating in face of crisis with the Roman Catholic Church, the Army and the slaveholders. The Republican movement slowly gained strength. In the end, the empire fell because the dominant classes no longer needed it to protect their interests. Indeed, imperial centralization ran counter to their desire for local autonomy. By 1889 Pedro II had stepped down and the Republican system had been adopted.

Republic

Pedro II was deposed on November 15, 1889 by a Republican military coup led by general Deodoro da Fonseca, who became the country’s first de facto president through military ascension. The country’s name became the Republic of the United States of Brazil (which in 1967 was changed to Federative Republic of Brazil). From 1889 to 1930, the government was a constitutional democracy, with the presidency alternating between the dominant states of São Paulo and Minas Gerais. However, several requirements had to be fulfilled for people to be eligible to vote. Thus, democracy was actually restricted to a small portion of the population.

A military junta took control in 1930. Getúlio Vargas took office soon after, and would remain as dictatorial ruler (with a brief democratic period in between), until 1945. He was re-elected in 1951 and stayed in office until his suicide in 1954. After 1930, the successive governments continued industrial and agriculture growth and development of the vast interior of Brazil.

Provisional president Getúlio Dorneles Vargas ruled as dictator (1930–1934), congressionally elected president (1934–1937), and again dictator (1937–1945), with the backing of his revolutionary party coalition. He also served as a senator (1946–1951) and the democratically elected president (1951–1954). Vargas was a member of the gaucho oligarchy whose riches were based on land property, and rose to power through a system of patronage and clientelism, but he had a fresh vision of how Brazilian politics could be shaped to support national development. He understood that with the breakdown of direct relations between workers and employers in the ever-growing factories in Brazil, workers could eventually become the platform of a new form of political power — populism. By applying such insights inspired on Italian fascism, he would gradually establish such mastery over the Brazilian political world that he would stay in power for fifteen years. Vargas was responsible for Brazil's military role in World War II on the side of the Allies.

Juscelino Kubitschek's office years (1956-1961) were marked by the political campaign motto of plunging "50 anos em 5" (English: fifty years (of development) in five). Kubitschek sought to achieve this progress with the aid of foreign investment, which in turn would be given generous incentives such as profit remittances abroad, low taxes, privileges for the import of industrial machinery, and government grants of land. Kubitschek was responsible for the construction of Brasília, Brazil's ultra-modern capital, in the 1960s.

The military forces took office in Brazil in a coup d'état in 1964, and remained in power until March 1985, when it fell from grace because of political struggles between the regime and the Brazilian elites. Some historians may argue that the dismantling of the military dictatorship was merely a consequence of the regime's opening policy in the final years, but others will find that internal struggles for power within the government, combined with a strong popular disapproval of the dictatorship, were also partially responsible for the end of the regime. Just as the Brazilian regime changes of 1889, 1930, and 1945 unleashed competing political forces and caused divisions within the military, so too did the 1964 regime change. Tancredo Neves was elected president in an indirect election in 1985, as Brazil returned to civil government regime. He died before taking office, and the vice-president, José Sarney, was sworn in as president in his place.

Democracy was re-established in 1988 when the current Federal Constitution was enacted. Fernando Collor de Mello was the first president truly elected by popular vote after the military regime. Collor took office in March 1990. In September 1992, the National Congress voted for Collor's impeachment after a sequence of corruption scandals were discovered by the media.

The vice-president, Itamar Franco, took office as the president. Assisted by the Minister of Finance at that time, Fernando Henrique Cardoso, Itamar Franco's administration implemented the Plano Real economic package, which included a new currency pegged to the U.S. dollar, the real. The new-found economic stability in the country after years of undergoing hyperinflation scenarios increased the popularity of Fernando Henrique Cardoso as a politician. In the elections held on October 3, 1994, Fernando Henrique Cardoso ran for president and won. Cardoso followed a neoliberal scheme that included the privatization of various state-owned companies, limited intervention in employment relationships and, after the financial downturns in the late 1990s, a floating monetary exchange rate regime. Reelected in 1998, Cardoso guided Brazil through a wave of financial crises, including the Asian financial crisis in 1997 and the Russian default in 1998. In 2000, Cardoso demanded the disclosure of some classified military files concerning Operation Condor, a network of South American military dictatorships that kidnapped and assassinated political opponents.

Government and politics

The Brazilian Federation is based on the indissoluble association of three autonomous political entities: the States, the Municipalities and the Federal District. A fourth entity originated in the aforementioned association: the Union. There is no hierarchy among the political entities. The Federation is set on five fundamental principles: sovereignty, citizenship, dignity of the people, social value of labor, freedom of enterprise, and political pluralism.

The classic tripartite division of power, encompassing the Executive, Legislative and Judiciary branches under the checks and balances system, is formally established by the Constitution. The Executive and Legislative are organized independently in all four political entities, whilst the Judiciary is organized only in the Federal and State levels.

Practically all governmental and administrative functions are exercised by authorities and agencies affiliated with the Executive. The form of government is Republican and democratic, and the system of government is Presidential. The President is Head of State and Head of Government of the Union and is elected for a four-year term, with the possibility of re-election for a second successive term. Currently the President of Brazil is Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva. He was elected in October 27, 2002, and re-elected in October 29, 2006. The President appoints the Ministers of State and is assisted by them. Governors head the government in States and the Federal District, whilst Mayors are responsible for the government of Municipalities. Governors and Mayors are assisted by Secretaries.

Legislative houses in each political entity are the main source of laws in Brazil. The National Congress is the Union’s Legislative. It is a bicameral house formed by the House of Representatives and the Federal Senate. Representatives are elected every four years in a system of proportional representation, and represent the people. Senators are elected for eight-year terms, and represent the interests of the States. The ordinary law making process is described in detail by the Federal Constitution. The Executive participates by analyzing and eventually vetoing laws before they are formally enacted. Vetoes can be overturned by the Legislative. On certain matters, the Executive and Judiciary authorities may have exclusive prerogatives for legislative initiative. In the States and Municipalities, the Legislative is organized in unicameral houses named, respectively, Legislative Assemblies and Municipal Houses. Legislative houses may pass legal judgment in exceptional cases, and have administrative functions related to their personnel.

Judiciary authorities exercise jurisdictional duties almost exclusively. They can also enact laws related to internal court proceedings. Also, the Judiciary has administrative functions regarding its personnel. The Union’s Judiciary relates to the Federal Justice system. States have their own Justice system, and so does the Federal District. Municipalities rely upon the State or Federal Justice depending on the lawsuit nature. Both the Federal and State Justice systems are interconnected when appeals reach higher courts. By historical tradition, Brazilian Justice is also divided according to the specialized courts, so there are also labor, military and election courts.

The President, Governors, and Mayors are elected by direct vote in the Executive . Likewise, the Legislative members are also elected by direct vote . No judicial authorities are elected. Judges are appointed after passing rigorous entry exams . Voting is compulsory for those aged 18 or older. For people older than 70 and aged between 16 and 18 voting is optional. Voting is also optional for illiterate people. Candidates must have Brazilian nationality, be affiliated with a political party, and fulfill minimum age requirements as well as basic administrative conditions. No formal education is required, as long as the candidate is alphabetized. Four political parties stand out among several small ones: PT, PSDB, PMDB and DEM, formerly PFL.

Brazil faces an uphill task in organizing its public administrative structure. Reforms have been undertaken in each administration, with mixed results. Public institutions are widely regarded as inefficient. Unprepared and underpaid civil service personnel, bureaucracy, underinvestment in infrastructure, illiteracy, informality in employment relations, social inequality, and rampant corruption are some of the major problems still requiring attention from authorities and reformists. Recent political scandals on corruption have further marred the reputation of public authorities in all branches of government, especially the Legislative.

Nonetheless, since the mid-1990s Brazil has been improving in some macroeconomic and social aspects, such as the taming of a soaring hyperinflation (up to 80 percent a month in the late 1980s), the overcoming of an economic downturn, and a currency crisis in the late 1990s following the Asian financial crisis, and the full repayment of IMF's financial rescue packages in 2005, a decision that was followed shortly after by Argentina. Several reforms have helped raise per capita growth and the general quality of life in Brazil since the mid-1990s. A tax reform aiming at unifying the value-added tax in the country is currently being voted at the National Congress, and its approval and implementation are currently in the government policy agenda.

Foreign relations and the military

Brazil is a political and economical leader in Latin America. However, deep-seated social and economic problems have imposed difficulties regarding its efforts of becoming an effective global power. Between World War II and 1990, both democratic and military governments sought to expand Brazil's influence in the world by pursuing a state-led industrial policy and an independent foreign policy. More recently, the country has aimed to strengthen ties with other South American countries, engage in multilateral diplomacy through the United Nations and the Organization of American States, and act at times as a countervailing force to U.S. political and economic influence in Latin America. Brazil's current foreign policy is based on the country's unique position as a regional power in Latin America, a leader among developing countries, and an emerging world power. According to the Brazilian Constitution, ten principles govern Brazilian foreign relations: national independence, prevalence of human rights, self-determination of each nation, non-intervention, equality among nations, protection of peace, peaceful resolution of conflicts, repudiation of terrorism and racism, cooperation among nations for the progress of mankind, and the granting of political asylum. Indeed, Brazilian foreign policy has generally reflected multilateralism, peaceful dispute settlement, and nonintervention in the affairs of other countries. The Brazilian Constitution also determines. the country shall seek the economic, political, social and cultural integration of the nations of Latin America.

The Armed forces of Brazil comprise the Brazilian Army, the Brazilian Navy, and the Brazilian Air Force. The Military Police (State's Military Police) is described as an ancillary force of the Army. Brazilian armed forces are the largest in Latin America. All military branches are part of the Ministério da Defesa (Ministry of Defence). The Brazilian Air Force is the aerial warfare branch of the Brazilian armed forces. Força Aérea Brasileira was formed when the air divisions of the Army and Navy were merged into a single military force, initially called "National Air Force". Both air divisions transferred their equipments, installations and personnel to the new armed force. The FAB is the largest air force in Latin America, with about 700 manned aircraft in service, and as of July 8, 2005, had 66,020 personnel on active duty. An additional 7,500 civilian personnel are employed by the Air Force. The Brazilian Navy is responsible for naval operations and for guarding Brazilian territorial waters. It is the oldest of the Brazilian Armed forces and the largest navy in Latin America, with a 27,307-ton aircraft carrier, the NAeL São Paulo (formerly FS Foch of the French Navy), some American and British-built frigates, a few locally-built corvettes, coastal diesel-electric submarines and many other river and coastal patrol craft. Finally, the Brazilian Army is responsible for land-based military operations, with a strength of approximately 190,000 soldiers.

Law

Brazilian Law is based on Roman-Germanic traditions. Thus, civil law concepts prevail over common law practices. Most of Brazilian law is codified, although non-codified statutes also represent a substantial part of the system, playing a complementary role. Court decisions set out interpretation guidelines; however, they are not binding towards other specific cases but in very few exceptional situations. Doctrinal works and comments of legal academic pundits have strong influence in law creation and in legal cases.

The Federal Constitution, promulgated on October 5, 1988, is the fundamental law of Brazil and it rules the system. All other legislation and court decisions must conform to its rules. As of April 2007, it has been through 53 Amendments. States also adopt their own Constitutions, but they must also not contradict the Federal Constitution. Municipalities and the Federal District do not have their own Constitutions; instead, they adopt "organic laws" ( Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)).

Legislative entities are the main source of statutes, although in certain matters judiciary and executive bodies may also enact legal norms. The Federation enacts federal laws by means of the two houses of the National Congress, the Senate and the House of Representatives. The States, Municipalities and Federal District enact, respectively, state, municipal and district laws through local legislative houses. There is no hierarchy among federal, state, municipal and district laws. To avoid possible contradictions, the Federal Constitution determines which law fields each entity may legislate upon. Therefore, a certain law may be deemed unconstitutional if it invades a subject or territory reserved for laws of another legislative house.

Jurisdiction is administered by the judiciary entities, although in rare cases, the Federal Constitution allows the Federal Senate to pass on legal judgments. The Judiciary is organized in the Federal and State levels, though not in Municipalities. There are also specialized military, labor, and elections courts. The highest court is the Supreme Federal Tribunal.

The main criticism this system met over the last decades relates to the slow pace at which final decisions are passed. Lawsuits on appeal may take several years to resolve, and in some cases more than a decade to see definitive judgment.

Administrative divisions

Atlantic Ocean Pacific Ocean North Northeast Central-West Southeast South Acre Amazonas Pará Roraima Amapá Rondônia Tocantins Maranhão Bahia Piauí Ceará Rio Grande do Norte Paraíba Pernambuco Alagoas Sergipe Mato Grosso Mato Grosso do Sul Federal District Goiás Minas Gerais São Paulo Rio de Janeiro Espírito Santo Paraná Santa Catarina Rio Grande do Sul Argentina Bolivia Chile Colombia French Guiana Guyana Paraguay Peru Suriname Uruguay Venezuela

Geographically, mainland Brazil is commonly divided into five regions: North, Northeast, Central-West, Southeast and South. Also, Brazil is a federation consisting of twenty-six states ( Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)) and one federal district ( Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)), making a total of twenty-seven "federate units".

Regions

The North constitutes 45.27% of the surface of Brazil, and it is the region with the lowest number of inhabitants. With the exception of Manaus, which hosts a tax-free industrial zone, and Belém, with the biggest metropolitan area of the region, it is a fairly unindustrialized and undeveloped region. It accommodates most of the largest rainforest of the world and many indigenous tribes. The Northeast has about 30% of Brazil's population. The region is culturally diverse, with roots from the Portuguese colonial period, Afro-Brazilian culture and some Brazilian Indian influence. It is also the poorest region of Brazil, and has long periods of dry climate. It is well-known for its beautiful coast. The largest cities are Salvador, Recife and Fortaleza. The Central-West has a low demographic density compared to the other regions , mostly because of the Pantanal, the world’s largest marshlands area, and a small part of the Amazon rainforest, in the northwest. However, much of the region is covered by Cerrado, the largest savanna in the world. It is also an very important area for agriculture in the country. The largest cities of this region are: Brasília (the capital), Goiânia, Campo Grande and Cuiabá.

The Southeast is the richest and most densely populated region. It has more inhabitants than any other South American country, and hosts one of the largest megalopolis of the world, whereof the main cities are the country's two biggest ones; São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro. The region is very diverse, including the major business centre of São Paulo, the historical cities of Minas Gerais and its capital Belo Horizonte, the third-largest metropolitan area in Brazil, the world famous beaches of Rio de Janeiro, and the acclaimed coast of Espírito Santo. The South is the wealthiest region by GDP per capita and has the best standard of living in the country. It is also the coldest region of Brazil, with occasional occurrences of frosts and snow in some of the higher altitude regions. The region has been heavily settled by European immigrants, mainly of Italian, German, Portuguese and Slavic ancestry, and shows clear influences from these cultures. The largest cities of this region are: Curitiba, Porto Alegre, Florianópolis, Londrina, Caxias do Sul and Joinville.

States

The Brazilian states enjoy a significant autonomy of government, law making, public security and taxation . The government of a state is headed by a Governor ( Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)) , elected by popular vote , and also comprises its own legislative body ( Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)). Each state is divided into municipalities ( Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)) with their own legislative council ( Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)) and a mayor ( Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)), which are autonomous and hierarchically independent from both federal and state government Cite error: The opening <ref> tag is malformed or has a bad name (see the help page).. A municipality may include other towns ( Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)) besides the municipal seat; those, however, have no separate government.

The judiciary is organized at the state and federal levels within districts called Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help). The Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) in the state judiciary are called Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help). Each Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) may include one or several municipalities. In the federal judiciary the Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) are called Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help). One Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) corresponds to the area of one State or the Federal District, according to article 110 of the Federal Constitution. Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) may be divided in smaller units, called Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help).

Geography and climate

Brazil is characterized by the extensive low-lying Amazon Rainforest in the north and a more open terrain of hills and low mountains to the south — home to most of the Brazilian population and its agricultural base. Along the Atlantic coast are also found several mountain ranges, reaching roughly 2,900 meters (9,500 ft) high. The highest peak is the 3,014 meter (9,735 ft) Pico da Neblina (Misty Peak) in Guiana's highlands. Major rivers include the Amazon, the largest river in the world in flowing water volume, and the second-longest in the world; the Paraná and its major tributary, the Iguaçu River, where the Iguaçu Falls are located; the Negro, São Francisco, Xingu, Madeira and the Tapajós rivers.

A number of islands in the Atlantic Ocean are part of Brazil: Saint Peter and Saint Paul Archipelago, Rocas Atoll, Fernando de Noronha and Trindade and Martim Vaz.

Located mainly within the tropics, Brazil's climate has little seasonal variation. Southern Brazil, however, has a subtropical temperate weather, occasionally experiencing frost and snow in the higher regions. Precipitation is abundant in the humid Amazon Basin, but more arid landscapes are found as well, particularly in the northeast.

Although 90% of the country is within the tropical zone, the climate of Brazil varies considerably from the mostly tropical North (the equator traverses the mouth of the Amazon) to temperate zones below the Tropic of Capricorn (23°27' S latitude), which crosses the country at the latitude of the city of São Paulo. Brazil has five climatic regions: equatorial, tropical, semiarid, highland tropical, and subtropical.

Temperatures along the equator are high, averaging above 25 °C, but not reaching the summer extremes of up to 40 °C in the temperate zones. There is little seasonal variation near the equator, although at times it can get cool enough for wearing a jacket, especially in the rain. At the country's other extreme, there are frosts south of the Tropic of Capricorn during the winter (June-August), and in some years there is snow in the mountainous areas, such as Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina. Temperatures in the cities of São Paulo, Belo Horizonte, and Brasília are moderate (usually between 15 °C and 30 °C), despite their relatively low latitude, because of their elevation of approximately 1,000 meters. Rio de Janeiro, Recife and Salvador on the coast have warm climates, with average temperatures ranging from 23 °C to 27 °C. The southern cities of Porto Alegre and Curitiba have a subtropical climate similar to that in parts of the United States and Europe, and temperatures can fall under zero degrees Celsius in the winter.

Precipitation levels vary widely. Most of Brazil has moderate rainfall of between 1,000 and 1,500 millimeters a year, with most of the rain falling in the summer (between December and April) south of the Equator. The Amazon region is notoriously humid, with rainfall generally more than 2,000 millimeters per year and reaching as high as 3,000 millimeters in parts of the western Amazon and near Belém. It is less widely known that, despite high annual precipitation, the Amazon rain forest has a three- to five-month dry season, the timing of which varies according to location north or south of the equator.

Environment

Brazil's immense area is subdivided into different ecosystems, which together sustain some of the world's greatest biodiversity. Due to the relatively explosive economic and demographic rise of the country in the last century, Brazil's ability to protect its environmental habitats has increasingly come under threat. Extensive logging in the nation's forests, particularly the Amazon, both official and unofficial, destroys areas the size of a small country each year, and potentially a diverse variety of plants and animals.

There is general consensus, that Brazil has the highest number of both terrestrial vertebrates and invertebrates of any country in the world. Brazil has the highest primate diversity of any country in the world, it also claims the highest number of mammals, the second highest number of amphibian and butterflies, the third highest number of bird, and fifth number of reptile. There is a high number of endangered species, many of them live in threatened habitats such as the Atlantic Forest.

Brazil's environment is under threat because of the (quick) economic and demographic rise. Extensive logging, official and unofficial, destroys forests the size of a small country per year, and with it a diverse series of species. Between 2002 and 2006, an area of the Amazon Rainforest the size of South Carolina was completely decimated, for the purposes of raising cattle and woodlogging.

Economy

Possessing large and well-developed agricultural, mining, manufacturing, and service sectors, as well as a large labour pool, Brazil's GDP (PPP) outweighs that of any other Latin American country, being the core economy of Mercosul. The country has been expanding its presence in international financial and commodities markets, and is regarded as one of the group of four emerging economies called BRIC. Major export products include aircraft, coffee, automobiles, soybean, iron ore, orange juice, steel, ethanol, textiles, footwear, corned beef and electrical equipment.

According to the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank, Brazil has the ninth largest economy in the world by purchasing power parity (PPP) and tenth largest at market exchange rates. Brazil has a diversified middle income economy with wide variations in development levels. Most large industry is agglomerated in the Southern and South East states. The Northeast is the poorest region of Brazil, but it has attracted new investments in infrastructure for the tourism sector and intensive agricultural schemes.

Brazil's diverse industries range from automobiles, steel and petrochemicals to computers, aircraft, and consumer goods and amount to one-third of the GDP. With the increased economic stability provided by the Plano Real economic package, both Brazilian and multinational corporations have invested heavily in new equipment and technology, a large proportion of which has been purchased from American enterprises.

Brazil had pegged its currency, the real, to the U.S. dollar in 1994. However, after the East Asian financial crisis, the Russian default in 1998 and the series of adverse financial events that followed it, the Brazilian central bank has temporarily changed its monetary policy to a managed-float scheme while undergoing a currency crisis, until definitively changing the exchange regime to free-float in January 1999. Brazil received an IMF rescue package in mid-2002 in the amount of USD 30.4 billion, a record sum at that time. The IMF loan was paid off early by Brazil's central bank in 2005 (the due date was scheduled for 2006).

Brazil has a diverse and sophisticated services industry as well. During the early 1990s, the banking sector amounted to as much as 16% of GDP. Although undergoing a major overhaul, Brazilian financial services industry provides local businesses with a wide range of products and is attracting numerous new market players, including U.S. financial institutions and overseas firms issuing and trading Brazilian Depositary Receipts (BDRs). The São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro stock exchanges are undergoing a merger.

One of the issues the Brazilian central bank ("Bacen") is currently dealing with is the excess of speculative short-term capital inflows to the country in the past few months, which might explain in part the recent downfall of the U.S. dollar against the real over the past months. Nonetheless, foreign direct investment (FDI), related to long-term, less speculative investment in production, is estimated to be USD 193.8bn for 2007. Inflation monitoring and control currently plays a major role in Brazil's Central Bank activity in setting out short-term interest rates as a monetary policy measure. The IPCA index, measured and calculated by the IBGE on a monthly basis, is the most commonly used index for inflation, although other indices such as the IPC-Fipe and IGP-M (FGV) are also widely used.

As a core country of both G20 industrial nations and G20 developing nations, Brazil has been expanding its influence in global economic negotiations, such as the currently debated Doha Round. Barriers of Brazil's economy to high and fast growth are complex and often debated.

Demographics

File:Adriana lim a.jpg
Brazilian people

Brazil's population is very diverse, comprising many races and ethnic groups. In general, Brazilians trace their origins from four sources of migration:

• Amerindians, Brazil's indigenous population, who are believed by some archeologists to be human groups that migrated from Siberia across the Bering Strait around 9000 BC.
• Portuguese colonists and settlers, arriving from 1500 onward.
• Africans brought to the country from 1530 until the end of the slave trade in 1850.
• Diverse groups of immigrants from Europe, Asia and the Middle East arriving in Brazil during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.

It is believed that the Americas were settled by three migratory waves from Northern Asia. The Native Brazilians are thought to descend from the first wave of migrants, who arrived in the region around 9000 BC. The main Native Brazilian groups are the Tupi-Guarani, the Jê, the Arawaks and the Caraibas (Caribs). The Tupi-Guarani nation, originally from the Paraná river basin and also the main of Native-Paraguayan nations, had spread all along the Brazilian coastline from South to North and got to be known by the Portuguese as "Os Índios da Língua Geral" ("The Indians of the General Language"); the Jê nation occupied the most of the interior of the country from Maranhão to Santa Catarina. The Arawaks and the Caribs, the last ones to get in contact with the Portuguese, lived in the North and Northwest of Brazil.

The European immigration to Brazil started in the sixteenth century, with the vast majority of them coming from Portugal. In the first two centuries of colonization, 100,000 Portuguese arrived in Brazil (around 500 colonists per year). In the eighteenth century, 600,000 Portuguese arrived (6,000 per year). The first region to be settled by the Portuguese was Northeastern Brazil, followed by the Southeast region. The original Amerindian population of Brazil (between two and five million) has in large part been exterminated or assimilated into the Portuguese population. The Mamelucos (or Caboclos, a mixed race between Whites and Amerindians) have always been present in many parts of Brazil.

Another important ethnic group, Africans, first arrived as slaves. Many came from Guinea, or from West African countries - by the end of the eighteenth century many had been taken from Congo, Angola and Mozambique (or, in Bahia, from Nigeria). By the time of the end of the slave trade in 1850, around three to five million slaves had been brought to Brazil–37% of all slave traffic between Africa and the Americas. Nowadays, there are still immigration waves coming from the African continent, from countries such as Cape Verde and Sierra Leone.

The largest influx of European immigrants to Brazil occurred in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. According to the Memorial do Imigrante statistics data, Brazil attracted nearly 5 million immigrants between 1870 and 1953. These immigrants were divided in two groups: a part of them was sent to Southern Brazil to work as small farmers. However, the biggest part of the immigrants was sent to Southeast Brazil to work in the coffee plantations. The immigrants sent to Southern Brazil were mainly Germans (starting in 1824, mainly from Rhineland-Palatinate, Pomerania, Hamburg, Westphalia, etc) and Italians (starting in 1875, mainly from the Veneto and Lombardia). In the South, the immigrants established rural communities that, still today, have a strong cultural connection with their ancestral homelands. In South East Brazil, most of the immigrants were Italians (mainly from the Veneto, Campania, Calabria and Lombardia), Portuguese (mainly from Beira Alta, Minho and Alto Trás-os-Montes), Spaniards (mainly from Galicia and Andalusia).

Notably, the first half of the twentieth century saw a large inflow of Japanese (mainly from Honshū, Hokkaidō and Okinawa) and Arab (from Lebanon and Syria) immigrants. These Arab immigrants were - and still are - wrongly called "Turks" by many Brazilians because their original countries were still under Turkish rule back in the day Arab immigration to Brazil began. The number of actual Turks who immigrated to Brazil was in fact very small.

Ethnic groups

Brazilians are mostly descendants of Brazil's indigenous peoples, colonial Portuguese settlers, African slaves, along with several groups of immigrants who arrived in Brazil mostly from the 1820's until the 1970's. Most of the immigrants were Italians and Portuguese, but also significant numbers of Germans, Spaniards, Japanese and Syrian-Lebanese.

The Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) classify the Brazilian population among five categories: white, black, pardo (brown), yellow (Asian) or Indigenous, based on skin color or race. The last PNAD (National Research for Sample of Domiciles) census found Brazil to be made up of 93 million Whites, 80 million brown people, 11.7 million Blacks and 1.3 million Asian or Amerindian.

Compared to other census realized in the last two decades, for the first time the number of White Brazilians did not exceed 50% of the population. In 2000, Whites were 53.7% in the census. In comparison, the number of brown people went up of 38.5% for 43.2% and the Black one from 6.2% to 6.3%. According to the IBGE, this trend is mainly because of the revaluation of the identity of historically discriminated ethnic groups.

The ethnic composition of Brazilians is not uniform across the country. Due to its large influx of European immigrants in the 19th century, the Southern Region has a large White majority, composing 80.8% of its population. The Northeastern Region, as a result of the large numbers of African slaves working in the sugar cane engenhos, has a majority of brown and black peoples, respectively 63.1% and 7%. Northern Brazil, largely covered by the Amazon Rainforest, is 71.5% brown, due to its strong Amerindian component. Southeast and Central-Western Brazil have a more balanced ratio among different ethnic groups.

According to the Brazilian Constitution of 1988, racism is a crime for which bail is not available, and must be met with imprisonment.

Immigration and emigration

Immigration has been a very important demographic factor in the composition, structure and history of human population in Brazil, with all its attending factors and consequences, such as culture, economy, education, racial issues, etc. Brazil has received the second largest number of immigrants in the Western Hemisphere, after the United States.

Brazil's receiving structure, legislation and settlement policies for immigrants were much less organized than in Canada and the United States at the time. Nevertheless, an Immigrant's Hostel (Hospedaria dos Imigrantes) was built in 1886 in São Paulo, and quick admittance and recording routines for the throngs of immigrants arriving by ship at the seaports of Vitória, Rio de Janeiro, Santos, Paranaguá, Florianópolis and Porto Alegre were established. The São Paulo site alone processed more thar 2.5 million immigrants in its almost 100 years of continuous operation. People of more than 70 different nationalities were recorded.

As happened with several other countries in the Americas, which encouraged immigration from many countries, Brazil quickly became a melting pot of races and nationalities, probably the second largest in the world after the USA, but being peculiar in the sense of having the highest degree of intermarriage in the world. Immigrants found there a strong social and cultural tolerance toward inter-racial marriage, with large numbers of mulattoes (white and black), mestizos (Indian and white) and mixed European, African and Indian people. Correspondingly, this free disposition of Brazilians toward inter-racial and inter-ethnic reproduction, though it was not accompanied by an entire lack of racism, reflected in low psychological and social barriers to intermarriage between Europeans, Middle Easterners and Asians of several origins, as well as between people of different religions.

In the second half of the 1980s, Brazilians from various socioeconomic levels started to emigrate to other countries in search of economic opportunities. High inflation and low economic growth in the 1980s, signs of what became known as the "lost decade" in Latin America, followed by the government's unsuccessful liberal economic policies in the 1990s, meant that even educated Brazilians could make more money doing low-skilled work abroad.

In the 1990s, near 1.9 million Brazilians were living outside the country, mainly in the United States, Paraguay and Japan, but also in Italy, Portugal, the United Kingdom, France, Canada, Australia, Switzerland, Germany, Belgium, the Netherlands and Israel. However, there were no specific policies implemented by the government to encourage or discourage this emigration process.

The 2000 Brazilian Census provides some information about the high number of migrants returning to Brazil. Of those who reported residing in another country less than 10 years before the 2000 census, 66.9 percent were Brazilians. If only the returning migrants (former Brazilian immigrants) are considered, 26.8 percent of Brazilians came from Paraguay, 17 percent came from Japan, and 15.8 percent came from the United States.

Largest cities

Cities in Brazil, except for the state of São Paulo, are usually not arranged in a single network, but rather on various export paths to seaside ports. Some geographers have called this an "archipelago" of cities , and the most important cities are on the coast or close to it. State capitals are also each the largest city in its state, except for Palmas, the new capital of the recently created state of Tocantins, and Florianópolis, the capital of Santa Catarina. There are also non-capital metropolitan areas in São Paulo state (Campinas, Santos and Paraíba Valley), Minas Gerais (Steel Valley), Rio Grande do Sul (Sinos Valley), and Santa Catarina (Itajaí Valley).

v t e Largest urban agglomerations in Brazil 2017 Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics estimates
	Rank	Name	State	Pop.	Rank	Name	State	Pop.
São Paulo Rio de Janeiro	1	São Paulo	São Paulo	21,314,716	11	Belém	Pará	2,157,180
	2	Rio de Janeiro	Rio de Janeiro	12,389,775	12	Manaus	Amazonas	2,130,264
	3	Belo Horizonte	Minas Gerais	5,142,260	13	Campinas	São Paulo	2,105,600
	4	Recife	Pernambuco	4,021,641	14	Vitória	Espírito Santo	1,837,047
	5	Brasília	Federal District	3,986,425	15	Baixada Santista	São Paulo	1,702,343
	6	Porto Alegre	Rio Grande do Sul	3,894,232	16	São José dos Campos	São Paulo	1,572,943
	7	Salvador	Bahia	3,863,154	17	São Luís	Maranhão	1,421,569
	8	Fortaleza	Ceará	3,594,924	18	Natal	Rio Grande do Norte	1,349,743
	9	Curitiba	Paraná	3,387,985	19	Maceió	Alagoas	1,231,965
	10	Goiânia	Goiás	2,347,557	20	João Pessoa	Paraíba	1,168,941

São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro are far larger than any other Brazilian city. São Paulo's influence in most economic aspects can be noted in a national (and even international) scale; other Brazilian metropolises are second tier, even though Rio de Janeiro (partially due to its former status as the national capital) still host various large corporations' headquarters, besides being the Brazil's cultural center with respect to soap operas and film production.

Languages

Portuguese is the only official language of Brazil . It is spoken by nearly the entire population and is virtually the only language used in schools, newspapers, radio, TV and for all business and administrative purposes. Moreover, Brazil is the only Portuguese-speaking nation in the Americas, making the language an important part of Brazilian national identity.

Portuguese as spoken in Brazil has developed independently of the European mother tongue, and it has undergone fewer phonetic changes than the language spoken in Portugal, thus it is often said that the "language of Camões", who lived in the fifteenth century, sounded closer to modern Brazilian Portuguese, than to the language spoken in Portugal today, and that his work is poetically more perfect when read the Brazilian way.

Many Amerindian languages are spoken daily in indigenous communities, primarily in Northern Brazil. Although many of these communities have significant contact with Portuguese , today there are incentives for teaching and preserving native languages. According to SIL International, 133 native American languages are currently endangered. Some of the largest indigenous language groups include Arawak, Carib, Macro-Gê and Tupi. In 2006, the City of São Gabriel da Cachoeira in the region of Cabeça do Cachorro (Northwestern region of the State of Amazonas), has adopted some indigenous languages as some of its other official languages along with Portuguese.

Other languages are spoken by descendants of immigrants, who are usually bilingual, in small rural communities in Southern Brazil. The most important are the Brazilian German dialects, such as Riograndenser Hunsrückisch and the Pomeranian language, and also the Talian, based on the Italian Venetian language. In the city of São Paulo, Japanese, Chinese and Korean can be heard in the immigrant neighborhoods, such as Liberdade.

English is also part of the official high school curriculum in most of the Brazilian states, but very few Brazilians are fluent. Spanish is understood to varying degrees by many Brazilians, especially on the borders with Colombia, Peru, Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay. The same applies to French which is spoken and understood in the cities bordering French Guiana.

Education and health

The Federal Constitution of 1988 and the 1996 General Law of Education in Brazil (LDB) attributed to the Federal Government, states, Federal District and municipalities the responsibility of managing the Brazilian educational system, considering three educational public systems as a basis for collaboration between these federal systems. Each of these public educational systems is responsible for its own maintenance, which manages funds as well as mechanisms and sources for financial resources. The new Constitution reserves 25% of state and municipal taxes and 18% of federal taxes for education.

As set out by the Brazilian Constitution, the main responsibility for basic education is attributed to the states and municipalities. Hence, a historical feature of Brazilian basic education is its extremely decentralized nature, which gives great organizational autonomy to sub-national governments (27 states and 5,546 municipalities) in organizing their educational systems. Early childhood education, from 0-6 years, is under exclusive responsibility of the municipalities. Responsibility for compulsory primary education from 1st to 9th grades is shared between states and municipalities. Kindergarten and pre-school education are the responsibility of local levels of government, whereas secondary schools are under the responsibility of the states. Maintenance of the system, including salaries, the definition of teacher career structures and supervision of early childhood, primary, and secondary levels (which make up basic education) is decentralized, and these levels are responsible for defining their respective curriculum content.

Higher education starts with undergraduate or sequential courses, which may offer different specialization choices such as academic or vocational paths. Depending on the choice, students may improve their educational background with Stricto Sensu or Lato Sensu postgraduate courses. Higher education has three main purposes: teaching, research and extension, each with their own specific contribution to make to a particular course. Diplomas and certificates are proof of having passed through higher education.

In 2003, the literacy rate was at 88 percent of the population, and the youth literacy rate (ages 15–19) was 93.2 percent.

According to Brazilian Government, the most serious health problems are:

• Childhood mortality: about 2.51% of childhood mortality, reaching 3.77% in the northeast region.
• Motherhood mortality: about 73.1 deaths per 100,000 born children in 2002.
• Mortality by non-transmissible illness: 151.7 deaths per 100,000 habitants caused by heart and circulatory diseases, along with 72.7 deaths per 100,000 habitants caused by cancer.
• Mortality caused by external causes (transportation, violence and suicide): 71.7 deaths per 100,000 habitants (14.9% of all deaths in the country), reaching 82.3 deaths in the southeast region.

Social issues

According to Fundação Getúlio Vargas, in June 2006 the rate of poverty based on labour income was of 18.57% of the population — a 19.8% reduction during the previous four years. The rate of poverty is in part attributed to the country's economic inequality. Brazil ranks among the world's highest nations in the Gini coefficient index of inequality assessment.

Poverty in Brazil is most visually represented by the various favelas, slums in the country's metropolitan areas and remote upcountry regions that suffer with economic underdevelopment and below-par standards of living. There are also great differences in wealth and welfare between regions. While the Northeast region has the worst economic indicators nationwide due to low comprehensiveness and quality of public services, seasonal drought in rural areas, and widespread corruption, many cities in the South and Southeast enjoy First World socioeconomic standards. In 2005, Brazil had more than 15 million (10.2%) people that were considered to be illiterate.

A recent attempt to mitigate these problems is the "Fome Zero" hunger-eradication program implemented by President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva. Part of this is "Bolsa Família", a major anti-poverty program that gives money directly to impoverished families.

Violence is also a part of life in Brazil, due to many social issues such as the blatant inequality between haves and have nots, which generates crime and petty thefts. Muggings, robberies and kidnappings are quite common in many cities.

Culture

The Brazilian culture is a Latin American culture of a very diverse nature. Its chief early influence was Portuguese culture, due to strong colonial ties with the Portuguese empire that spread the Portuguese language, legal system and other cultural inheritances. Other important influences came from other parts of Europe, the Native South American people (such as the Tupi), Africa and Asia creating a diverse multicultural and multiethnic society.

The core culture of Brazil is rooted in the culture of Portugal. The Portuguese colonists and immigrants brought the Roman Catholic faith, the Portuguese language and many traditions and customs that still influence the modern-day Brazilian culture.

As a multiracial country, its culture also absorbed other influences. The Amerindian peoples influenced Brazil's language and cuisine and the Africans, brought as slaves, largely influenced Brazil's music, dance, cuisine, religion and language. The Yoruba traditions, from nowadays Southwest Nigeria had made its way strongly into Afro-Brazilian religion and into Brazilian religiousness as a whole. Ancient Yoruba Orishas (gods) like Shango and Oxum are largely worshipped in Brazil, while samba and capoeira (musical rhythm and martial art, respectively) were originally contributions from the Bantu peoples from Angola and Congo.

Italian, German and other European immigrants came in large numbers and their influences are felt closer to the Southeast and South of Brazil.

Brazilian Carnival (Template:Lang-pt) is an annual celebration in Brazil held 40 days before Easter and marks the beginning of Lent. During Lent, Roman Catholics, which constitute the majority in Brazil, are to abstain from bodily pleasures. The carnival, which is celebrated as a profane event, can thus be considered an act of farewell to the pleasures of the flesh. Brazilian Carnival as a whole exhibits some differences with its counterparts in Europe and other parts of the world, and within Brazil it has distinct regional manifestations. Other regional festivals include the Boi Bumbá and Festa Junina (June Festivals).

Brazil's rich cultural tradition extends to its musical styles, which include samba, bossa nova, forró, frevo, maracatu, among others. Brazilian contributions to the genres of classical music can be seen in the works of composers José Maurício Nunes Garcia (1767-1830), Antonio Carlos Gomes, Elias Álvares Lobo, Heitor Villa-Lobos, Camargo Guarnieri, Cláudio Santoro and Osvaldo Lacerda.

In the 1950's, Antônio Carlos Jobim, Vinícius de Moraes, Baden Powell de Aquino, and João Gilberto popularized the Bossa Nova style, which was followed by Música Popular Brasileira (literally "Brazilian Popular Music," often abbreviated to MPB). Elis Regina, Milton Nascimento, Chico Buarque and Nara Leão are artists with an important role in shaping the MPB style. In the late 1960s, the tropicalismo was popularized by Caetano Veloso and Gilberto Gil.

Religion

According to the IBGE census: 74% are Roman Catholics (about 139 million); 15.4% are Protestants (about 28 million); 7.4% consider themselves agnostics, atheists or without a religion (about 12 million); 1.3% are followers of Spiritism (about 2.2 million); 0.3% are followers of African traditional religions such as Candomblé and Umbanda; 1.7% are members of other religions. Some of these are Jehovah's Witnesses (1,100,000), Latter-day Saints (600,000), Buddhism (215,000), Judaism (150,000), and Islam (27,000) and some practice a mixture of different religions, such as Catholicism, Candomblé, and indigenous American religions.

Brazil has the largest Roman Catholic population in the world.

Followers of Protestantism are rising in number. Until 1970, the majority of Brazilian Protestants were the ones of "traditional churches", mostly Lutherans, Presbyterians and Baptists. Since then, numbers of Pentecostal and Neopentecostal adherents have increased significantly.

Islam in Brazil was first practiced by African slaves. Today, the Muslim population in Brazil is made up of mostly Arab immigrants. A recent trend has been the increase in conversions to Islam among non-Arab citizens.

The largest population of Buddhists in Latin America lives in Brazil. This is mostly because Brazil has the largest Japanese population outside Japan.

Brazil appears as a devout country to outsiders yet in an IBOPE poll, about 8% of Brazilians declared themselves to be non-religious (with 2% declaring themselves atheists) and 58% of Catholics considered themselves "not very practicing" or "not at all practicing".

Sports

Football (soccer) is the most popular sport in Brazil. Basketball, volleyball, auto racing, and martial arts also attract large audiences. Though not as regularly followed or practiced as the previously mentioned sports, tennis, team handball, swimming, and gymnastics have found a growing number of enthusiasts over the last decades.

The Brazilian national football team (Seleção) has been victorious in the World Cup tournament a record five times, in 1958, 1962, 1970, 1994 and 2002. As of July, 2007, it is ranked the best in the world by FIFA. Brazilian football clubs have also experienced significant international success, winning the most prestigious South American competition (Copa Libertadores) on thirteen occasions.

Regarding auto racing, Brazilian drivers have won the Formula 1 world championship eight times: Emerson Fittipaldi (1972 and 1974), Nelson Piquet (1981, 1983 and 1987) and Ayrton Senna (1988, 1990 and 1991). The circuit located in São Paulo, Autódromo José Carlos Pace, hosts the annual Grand Prix of Brazil, which has been in the Formula 1 calendar since 1973. In Indy 500, Brazilian drivers have achieved victory five times: Fittipaldi won in 1989 and 1993, Helio Castroneves in 2001 and 2002 and Gil de Ferran in 2003. In the World Sportscar Championship, Raul Boesel was champion in 1987. In Moto GP, Alex Barros has the highest number of starts (259) and seven wins.

In basketball, Brazil’s men’s team has won the Basketball World Championship twice, in 1959 and 1963. The women’s team has won the FIBA World Championship for Women only once, in 1994. Currently though, both national teams have become less competitive; as of June, 2007, FIBA ranks the men's team 17th in the world and the women's team as 4th. In volleyball, the country didn’t enjoy much success until the early 1990s, but as of 2006, Brazil’s men’s national team is on top of the FIVB rank with various championship victories. The women’ team also won several competitions and is currently ranked second in the world by FIVB.

Brazil has had disappointing results in the Olympic Summer Games, considering the size of its population and economy. It currently ranks 39th in the all-time medal table, having won only 17 gold medals in all events. In Athens 2004, Brazil finished 16th in the rank with 5 gold medals Brazil’s poor Olympic record relates to a lack of heavy governmental investments in sport and to a general overemphasis on team sports. The government, through its Ministry of Sport, has established a number of programs to try and revert the situation, such as "Programa Bolsa-Atleta", "Projetos Esportivos Sociais", and "Descoberta de Talento Esportivo", albeit effective improvements remain to be seen. Due to its tropical nature, Brazil usually does not take part in the Olympic Winter Games, although ten athletes were sent to 2006 Winter Olympics.

Some sport variations have their origins in Brazil. Beach soccer, futsal (official version of indoor soccer) and footvolley emerged in the country as variations of soccer. In martial arts, it is attributed to Brazilians the invention of Capoeira, Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu,Muay Thai and Vale Tudo.

Brazil already experienced the organization of large-scale sporting events in the history: Brazil organized and hosted the 1950 FIFA World Cup and is organizing a bid to host the 2014 FIFA World Cup event. Subsequently, due to the continental rotation policy taken by FIFA that will place the 2014 FIFA World Cup in South America, CONMEBOL has unanimously nominated Brazil as its candidate to host the 2014 FIFA World Cup, with FIFA making its final decision sometime in 2008. Also, São Paulo city organized the IV Pan American Games in 1963 and Rio de Janeiro hosted the XV Pan American Games in 2007. Brazil also tries for the fourth time to host the Summer Olympics (Brasilia 2000, Rio de Janeiro 2004, Rio de Janeiro 2012 and currently, Rio de Janeiro 2016 ).

Science and technology

Brazil has today a well developed plan of science and technology. Basic research is largely carried out in public universities and research centers and institutes, and partly in private institutions, especially in non-profit non-governmental organizations. Despite governmental regulations and incentives, investment in research and development has been growing in private universities and companies as well since the 1990s. Nonetheless, more than 90% of funding for basic research still comes from governmental sources.

Some of Brazil's most important technological hubs are located in São José dos Campos, Campinas, São Carlos, Rio de Janeiro, Curitiba, Porto Alegre, Belo Horizonte, Recife and São Paulo.

Brazilian information technology is comparable in quality to other countries that play a major role in the international market, much like India and China, but because Brazil possesses a larger internal market, the exports of software are still very limited. Catering for the internal market, Brazilian IT is particularly efficient in providing solutions to financial services, defense, CRM, eGovernment, and healthcare. The Brazilian government as an institution has plans to switch its operating systems, replacing the current proprietary software scheme for the free software scheme.

Major Brazilian scientific research institutions with worldwide recognition include the Oswaldo Cruz Institute, the Butantan Institute, the Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica and the Brazilian Enterprise of Agropecuary Research.

The Brazilian Space Agency (Agência Espacial Brasileira) is the civilian authority in Brazil that is in charge of the country's burgeoning space program. It operates a rocket launch site at Alcântara, Maranhão.

International Rankings

See also

Template:Brazil-related topics

Template:Life in Brazil

v t e Foreign relations of Brazil
Bilateral relations Africa Algeria Angola Cape Verde DR Congo Egypt Ethiopia Guinea-Bissau Kenya Mozambique Namibia Nigeria São Tomé and Príncipe South Africa Tanzania Americas Argentina Barbados Bolivia Canada Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Guyana Haiti Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Paraguay Peru Suriname Trinidad and Tobago United States Uruguay Venezuela Asia Armenia Azerbaijan Bangladesh China East Timor Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Kazakhstan Lebanon Malaysia North Korea Pakistan Palestine Philippines Qatar Saudi Arabia South Korea Taiwan Thailand Turkey Europe Albania Austria Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Holy See Hungary Ireland Italy Lithuania Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia Serbia Slovenia Spain Sweden Ukraine United Kingdom Oceania Australia New Zealand Former Yugoslavia
Multilateral relations European Union United Nations G4 G8+5 G20 BRICS IBSA CPLP Mercosur Unasul
Diplomacy Ministry of Foreign Affairs Diplomatic missions of Brazil Diplomatic missions in Brazil UNSC reform Brazilian Antarctica Wars involving Brazil Treaties of Brazil Brazil and weapons of mass destruction Presidential visits by Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva Ambassadors of Brazil

v t e World Heritage Sites in Brazil
North Region	Central Amazon Conservation Complex
Northeast Region	Brazilian Atlantic Islands Fernando de Noronha and Atol das Rocas Reserves Discovery Coast Atlantic Forest Reserves Historic Centre of São Luís Historic Centre of Salvador de Bahia Historic Centre of the Town of Olinda Lençóis Maranhenses National Park São Francisco Square in São Cristóvão Serra da Capivara National Park
Central-West Region	Brasília Cerrado Protected Areas Chapada dos Veadeiros and Emas National Park Historic Centre of the Town of Goiás Pantanal Conservation Area
Southeast Region	Atlantic Forest South-East Reserves Discovery Coast Atlantic Forest Reserves Historic Centre of the Town of Diamantina Historic Town of Ouro Preto Pampulha Modern Ensemble, Minas Gerais Paraty and Ilha Grande – Culture and Biodiversity Rio de Janeiro: Carioca Landscapes between the Mountain and the Sea Sanctuary of Bom Jesus de Matosinhos Sítio Roberto Burle Marx Valongo Wharf Archaeological Site
South Region	Atlantic Forest South-East Reserves Iguaçu National Park Jesuit Missions of the Guaranis Ruins of São Miguel das Missões
Shared with other region/s Shared with Argentina

Template:Brazilian states lists

References

Footnotes

1. Some possible pronunciations: IPA: , , , , . Brazilian Portuguese has no official standard pronunciation, so may change from region to region. The European Portuguese pronunciation of the official name of Brazil is: . See Portuguese Phonology for more details.
2. "Official government data". IBGE. 2002-10-11. Retrieved 2007-05-17. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
3. Projeto de Ensino de Geografia. Editora Moderna. 2004. p. 11. ISBN 85-16-02766-X. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
4. "Official government data "Location and Extension"". IBGE. 2002-10-11. Retrieved 2007-05-17. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
5. Projeto de Ensino de Geografia. Editora Moderna. 2004. p. 50. ISBN 85-16-02766-X. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
6. "Brazilian Federal Constitution, article 1". Brazilian Government (official text). Retrieved 2007-05-17. See also: "Brazilian Federal Constitution in English", text translated to English (unofficial). Retrieved on 2007-05-17.
7. Brazilian Federal Constitution, article 1 "Constituição Federal", Brazilian Government (official text). Retrieved May 17, 2007
8. Official government data "Indicadores Sociais Municipais", IBGE: 2000. Retrieved May 17, 2007. The table indicates 5,561 municipalities as of 2000, but since then the number increased to 5,564, according to other official sources "Tabela de Municípios", Ministry of Health. Retrieved May 17, 2007
9. Théry & de Mello; Atlas do Brasil; Editora USP, 2005, p. 90, ISBN 85-314-0869-5 (EDUSP)
10. Brazilian Federal Constitution, article 13 "Constituição Federal", Brazilian Government (official text). Accessed May 17, 2007
11. Factfile: Roman Catholics around the world BBC
12. A Economia Brasileira nos Anos 90 (outubro/1999) Template:Pt icon
13. Librery of Congress Country Studies
14. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul)
15. Britannica
16. Fundação Maria e Oscar Americano website, "Colonial Brazil", retrieved 12 June 2007.
17. CasaHistória website, "Colonial Brazil", retrieved 12 June 2007.
18. JSTOR: Anglo-Portuguese Trade, 1700-1770
19. Lecture 34
20. The Development of Agriculture in Colonial Latin America History.pdx.edu
21. Maxwell, Kenneth R. Conflicts and Conspiracies: Brazil and Portugal 1750-1808. Cambridge University Press: 1973.
22. Minas Gerais, Brazil: History
23. CasaHistória website, "Independence and Empire", retrieved 12 June 2007
24. Reis, João José. Slave Rebellion in Brazil - The Muslim Uprising of 1835 in Bahia. Translated by Arthur Brakel. Johns Hopkins University Press.
25. "Slavery and Abolition". Retrieved 2007-07-19. A Journal of Comparative Studies
26. "Links between Brazil & Ireland". 2004. Retrieved 2007-07-19. Aspects of an Economic and Political Controversy between Great Britain and Brazil, 1865-1870.
27. "JSTOR". Retrieved 2007-07-19. The Independence of Brazil and the Abolition of the Brazilian Slave Trade: Anglo-Brazilian Relations, 1822-1826
28. "CIAO Atlas". Retrieved 2007-06-23. The Empire, 1822-89
29. U.S. Library of Congress, Federal Research Division, Country Studies: Brazil, "The Republican Era, 1889-1985"
30. CasaHistória website, "Republic", retrieved 12 June 2007
31. U.S. Library of Congress, Federal Research Division, Country Studies: Brazil, "The Era of Getúlio Vargas, 1930-54"
32. Library of Congress website, Country Studies, "The Era of Getúlio Vargas, 1930-54", retrieved 12 June 2007
33. CasaHistória website, "Republic 1889-1964", retrieved 12 June 2007
34. Valença, Márcio M. "Patron-Client Relations and Politics in Brazil: A Historical Overview". Retrieved 16 June 2007
35. CasaHistória website, "Republic 1889-1964", retrieved June 12, 2007
36. CasaHistória website, "Military Rule", retrieved June 12 2007
37. Manuel Álvarez-Rivera (October 30, 2006). "Election Resources on the Internet: Federal Elections in Brazil". Retrieved 2007-06-20.
38. "Brazilian Government website". Retrieved 2007-06-20. 20th Century (1990-1992 The Collor Government)
39. "GloboAware website". Retrieved 2007-06-20. Brazil History
40. "Brazilian Government website". Retrieved 2007-06-20. 20th Century (1992 - The impeachment of the president)
41. "JSTOR". Retrieved 2007-07-19. The Rise and Fall of President Collor and Its Impact on Brazilian Democracy
42. "Brazilian Government website". Retrieved 2007-06-20. 20th Century (1994 - The Real Plan)
43. "Brazilian Government website". Retrieved 2007-06-20. 20th Century (1995-1998 Constitutional Reforms)
44. "Brazilian Government website". Retrieved 2007-06-20. 20th Century (1995-1998 Fernando Henrique Government)
45. Latin America in the 1970s: "Operation Condor", an International Organization for Kidnapping Opponents, L'Humanité in English, December 2, 2006, transl. January 1, 2007
46. Brazilian Federal Constitution, article 1 "Constituição Federal", Brazilian Government (official text). Accessed May 17,2007
47. Brazilian Federal Constitution, article 18 "Constituição Federal", Brazilian Government (official text). Accessed May 17, 2007
48. Brazilian Federal Constitution, article 1, I, II, III, IV, V "Constituição Federal", Brazilian Government (official text). Accessed May 17, 2007
49. Brazilian Federal Constitution, article 2 "Constituição Federal", Brazilian Government (official text). Accessed May 17, 2007
50. Brazilian Federal Constitution, article 1 "Constituição Federal", Brazilian Government (official text). Accessed May 17, 2007
51. Brazilian Federal Constitution, article 76 "Constituição Federal", Brazilian Government (official text). Accessed May 17, 2007
52. Brazilian Federal Constitution, article 82 "Constituição Federal", Brazilian Government (official text). Accessed May 17, 2007
53. "Leftist Lula wins Brazil election" BBC News. Accessed May 17, 2007
54. "Brazil re-elects President Lula" BBC News. Accessed May 17, 2007
55. Brazilian Federal Constitution, articles 84, I and 87 "Constituição Federal", Brazilian Government (official text). Accessed May 17, 2007
56. Brazilian Federal Constitution, article 45 "Constituição Federal", Brazilian Government (official text). Accessed May 17, 2007
57. Brazilian Federal Constitution, article 46"Constituição Federal", Brazilian Government (official text). Accessed May 17, 2007
58. Brazilian Federal Constitution, articles 59-69"Constituição Federal", Brazilian Government (official text). Accessed May 17, 2007
59. Brazilian Federal Constitution, article 52"Constituição Federal", Brazilian Government (official text). Accessed May 17, 2007
60. Brazilian Federal Constitution, article 96, I, a "Constituição Federal", Brazilian Government (official text). Accessed May 17, 2007
61. Brazilian Federal Constitution, articles 125 and 126"Constituição Federal", Brazilian Government (official text). Accessed May 17, 2007
62. Brazilian Federal Constitution, article 92"Constituição Federal", Brazilian Government (official text). Accessed May 17, 2007
63. "Embassy of Brazil - Ottawa". Retrieved 2007-07-19. Political Institutions - The Executive
64. "City Mayors". Retrieved 2007-07-19. Brazil federal, state and local government
65. "JSTOR". Retrieved 2007-07-19. Brazilian Politics
66. "Embassy of Brazil - Ottawa". Retrieved 2007-07-19. Political Institutions - Voting System
67. "Embassy of Brazil - Ottawa". Retrieved 2007-07-19. Political Institutions - The Judiciary
68. Brazilian Federal Constitution, article 14, § 1°, I "Constituição Federal", Brazilian Government (official text). Accessed May 17, 2007
69. Brazilian Federal Constitution, article 14, § 1°, II "Constituição Federal", Brazilian Government (official text). Accessed May 17, 2007
70. Brazilian Federal Constitution, article 14, § 3° and § 4°"Constituição Federal", Brazilian Government (official text). Accessed May 17, 2007
71. Batley, Richard, Power through bureaucracy : urban political analysis in Brazil, New York : St. Martin's Press, 1983
72. FT.com, "Brazil ‘must lift barriers’ to new infrastructure" retrieved February 28, 2007
73. World Bank report, "How to Revitalize Infrastructure Investments in Brazil", vol.1, retrieved 28 Feb 2007
74. World Bank report, "How to Revitalize Infrastructure Investments in Brazil", vol.2, retrieved 28 Feb 2007
75. Japan Bank for International Cooperation report, November 2005, "Sector Study for Education in Brazil", retrieved 28 Feb 2007
76. World Bank, "Informality in LAC", retrieved 05 June 2007
77. BBC News website, "Brazil lawmakers face expulsion", retrieved May 17, 2007
78. Goldstein, Morris (2003) "Debt sustainability, Brazil and the IMF", Institute for International Economics Working Paper
79. IMF Press Release, "Brazil Announces Intention to Complete Early Repayment of Entire Outstanding Obligations to the IMF", published Dec 13, 2005. Retrieved 09 June 2006.
80. IMF: Adrogué, Ricardo, Martin Cerisola, Gaston Gelos, "Brazil's Long-Term Growth Performance -Trying to Explain the Puzzle", working paper, retrieved June 5 2007
81. Souza, Celina (2005) "Brazil's Tax System: The Dilemmas of Policy Reform", Focal: Canadian Foundation for the Americas Policy Paper.
82. Lima, Maria Regina Soares; Hirst, Mônica. "Brazil as a regional power" Blackwell Synergy Journal. Accessed June 22, 2007.
83. Bandeira, Luiz Alberto Moniz. "Brazil as a regional power" Sage Journals Online. Accessed June 22, 2007.
84. Zibechi, Raúl "Difficult Path" Funder's Network on Trade and Globalization. Accessed June 22, 2007.
85. Universia Knowledge at Wharton website, "Can Brazil Play a Leadership Role in the Current Round of Global Trade Talks?". Wharton School, Pennsylvania. Accessed June 22, 2007.
86. U.S. Congressional Report on Brazil
87. Brazilian Federal Constitution, article 5 "Constituição Federal", Brazilian Government (official text). Accessed June 22, 2007.
88. Georges D. Landau, "The Decisionmaking Process in Foreign Policy: The Case of Brazil," Center for Strategic and International Studies: Washington DC: March 2003
89. Brazilian Federal Constitution, paragraph of article 5 "Constituição Federal", Brazilian Government (official text). Accessed June 22, 2007.
90. www.fntg.org
91. www.blackwell-synergy.com
92. lap.sagepub.com
93. www.brazzilmag.com
94. Brazilian Federal Constitution, article 142 "Constituição Federal", Brazilian Government (official text). Accessed June 22, 2007.
95. Brazilian Federal Constitution, article 144, § 6º. "Constituição Federal", Brazilian Government (official text). Accessed June 22, 2007.
96. See List of countries and federations by military expenditures
97. See List of countries by number of active troops
98. Ministry of Defence Structure "Defence" Ministério da Defesa. Accessed June 22, 2007.
99. Sala de imprensa - FAB em números
100. El Universal
101. "The Brazilian Legal System", Organization of American States. Accessed May 17, 2007.
102. Silva, José Afonso da; Curso de Direito Constitucional Positivo; Malheiros, 2004, p. 46, ISBN 85-7420-559-1
103. Silva, José Afonso da; Curso de Direito Constitucional Positivo; Malheiros, 2004, p. 592, ISBN 85-7420-559-1
104. Brazilian Federal Constitution, articles 29 and 32 "Constituição Federal", Brazilian Government (official text). Accessed May 17, 2007.
105. "Government structure" Brazilian Government. Accessed May 17, 2007.
106. Brazilian Federal Constitution, article 96, I, a "Constituição Federal", Brazilian Government (official text). Accessed May 17, 2007
107. Brazilian Federal Constitution, articles 62 and 84, VI "Constituição Federal", Brazilian Government (official text). Accessed May 17, 2007
108. Brazilian Federal Constitution, articles 22, 24, 25, and 30, I, II "Constituição Federal", Brazilian Government (official text). Accessed May 17, 2007
109. Brazilian Federal Constitution, article 52 "Constituição Federal", Brazilian Government (official text). Accessed May 17, 2007
110. Brazilian Federal Constitution, article 92 "Constituição Federal", Brazilian Government (official text). Accessed May 17, 2007.
111. Glugoski, Miguel; Medauar, Odete. "Nossos direitos nas suas mãos", USP Journal, 24-30 November, 2003. Retrieved May 17, 2007.
112. See List of Brazilian states by area
113. See List of Brazilian states by population
114. "IBGE - Estatísticas da população" (PDF) (in Portuguese). 2006-07-01. Retrieved 2007-06-19.
115. See List of Brazilian states by GDP
116. See List of Brazilian states by GDP per capita
117. Template:PDFlink
118. See List of Brazilian states by population density
119. "Brazilian Ministry of External Relations". Retrieved 2007-06-20. Centre-West Region
120. Vânia R. Pivello. "Cerrado" (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2007-06-22.
121. See List of Brazilian states by GDP
122. See List of Brazilian states by population density
123. See List of Brazilian states by GDP per capita
124. See List of Brazilian states by HDI
125. "Brazilian Ministry of External Relations". Retrieved 2007-06-20. Brazil and Its Regions
126. "Brazilian Ministry of External Relations". Retrieved 2007-06-20. South Region
127. Template:PDFlink
128. "Government structure". Brazilan Government official website. Retrieved 2007-08-04.
129. "Government system". Brazilan Government official website. Retrieved 2007-08-04.
130. "Direct free vote". Brazilan Government official website. Retrieved 2007-08-04.
131. "Government system". Brazilan Government official website. Retrieved 2007-08-04.
132. "Juridical order". Brazilan Government official website. Retrieved 2007-08-04.
133. "Ke Adventure". Retrieved 2007-06-20. Adventure in Brazil
134. "Amateur-Hikers website". Retrieved 2007-06-20. Highest Peaks In Brazil
135. El-DMC website, "Climate in Brazil", retrieved 03 January 2006.
136. "World66". Retrieved 2007-07-28. São Paulo climate chart
137. "World66". Retrieved 2007-07-28. Belo Horizonte climate chart
138. "Brazil Travel". Retrieved 2007-07-28. Weather in Brasilia
139. "BBC Weather Centre". Retrieved 2007-06-20. Average Conditions of Rio de Janeiro
140. "World66". Retrieved 2007-07-28. Rio de Janeiro climate chart
141. "BBC Weather Centre". Retrieved 2007-06-20. Average Conditions of Recife
142. "World66". Retrieved 2007-07-28. Salvador climate chart
143. "BBC Weather Centre". Retrieved 2007-06-20. Average Conditions of Porto Alegre
144. "World66". Retrieved 2007-07-28. Curitiba climate chart
145. El-DMC website, "Climate in Brazil", retrieved 03 January 2006.
146. USDA Forest Service website, Forest Service International Programs: Brazil, retrieved February 2007.
147. ^ Marco Lambertini (2000). "A Naturalist's Guide to the Tropics". Retrieved 2007-06-19.
148. Ministério do Meio Ambiente. "Lista Nacional das Espécies da Fauna Brasileira Ameaçadas de Extinção" (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2007-06-20.
149. "National Academic Press website". 1998. Retrieved 2007-06-12.
150. Central Intelligence Agency website, "CIA Factbook", retrieved 09 June 2005.
151. The Economist survey on Brazil, "The economy of heat", published April 12 2007, retrieved 11 June 2007.
152. Siegel et al. (2205) "Public Investments in Tourism in Northeast Brazil: Does a Poor-area Strategy Benefit the Poor?", IMF Sustainable Development Working Paper No. 22
153. Brazilian Government webpage "Economy and Business"
154. Beintema et al. (2001) "Agricultural R&D in Brazil - Policy, Investments, and Institutional Profile". Washington, D.C.: International Food Policy Research Institute , August 2001.
155. Template:PDFlink
156. "Gateway to South America". Retrieved 2007-06-24. Brazil
157. Baig et al. (2000) "The Russian default and the Contagion to Brazil", IMF Working Paper
158. Fraga, Arminio "Monetary Policy During the Transition to a Floating Exchange Rate: Brazil's Recent Experience", Finance & Development, IMF, March 2000, retrieved 10 June 2007
159. Business Week website, "Brazil: When an IMF Bailout Is Not Enough", Sept 2, 2002. Retrieved 12 June 2007.
160. Stiglitz, Joseph (August 2002) "A second chance for Brazil and the IMF", retrieved 12 June 2007.
161. BBC News website, "Brazil to pay off IMF debts early", retrieved 12 June 2007.
162. Official Bovespa's "Guide to BDRs"
163. Economy and business Brazilian Government
164. Economic Quarterly March 2007, IPEA official report.
165. The Institute of International Finance, "Capital Flows to Emerging Markets Set at Close to Record Levels", retrieved 06 June 2007
166. Central Bank of Brazil, "IPCA, IPC-FIPE and IPC-BR: Methodological and Empirical Differences" (2004), retrieved 18 June 2007.
167. "Council on Hemispheric Affairs". Retrieved 2007-06-24. India-Brazil-South Africa: The Southern Trade Powerhouse Makes its Debut
168. Fernando Scheller (23/09/2006). ""O Brasil tem Jeito?" discute rumos para a economia brasileira com artigos de Miriam Leitão, Merval Pereira e Gustavo Franco". G1.Globo.com. Retrieved 2007-06-18. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
169. Sapo.pt Imigrantes
170. Contry Studies Brazil
171. "Entrada de imigrantes no Brasil - 1870/1907" (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2007-06-20.
172. "Entrada de imigrantes no Brasil - 1908/1953" (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2007-06-20.
173. ^ "PNAD" (PDF) (in Portuguese). 2005. Retrieved 2007-06-20. Cite error: The named reference "PNAD 2005" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
174. The Phylogeography of Brazilian Y-Chromosome Lineages
175. News IBGE
176. German Genealogy: Brazil
177. Brazil and the African Slave Trade
178. SocioAmbiental.org
179. FT.com, "Signs betray ‘hidden workers’ of Japan", retrieved 20 July 2007.
180. ^ Amaral, Ernesto F. (2005) "Shaping Brazil: The Role of International Migration", Migration Policy Institute website. Retrieved 13 June 2007.
181. "Karen Dialogue". Retrieved 2007-07-19. The Latitude of the Fiction Writer: A Dialogue
182. "Mais da metade da população vive em 294 arranjos formados por contiguidade urbana e por deslocamentos para trabalho e estudo" (in Portuguese). Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2017.
183. "Arranjos Populacionais e Concentrações Urbanas do Brasil" (PDF) (in Portuguese). Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. p. 148. Retrieved 16 March 2017.
184. "Estimativas da população residente no Brasil e Unidades da Federação com data de referência em 1º de julho de 2017" (PDF) (in Portuguese). Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. Retrieved 14 May 2018.
185. "Portuguese, the official language of Brazil". Brazilan Government official website. Retrieved 2007-08-04.
186. Although Brazilian Portuguese was influenced by the coastal Tupi language, African languages brought by slaves, and other immigrant languages, it was isolated from the French influence on Iberian Portuguese in the eighteen century. See "The Portuguese Language in the Americas," retrieved 4 July 2007.
187. "Portuguese throughout the world". Brazilan Government official website. Retrieved 2007-08-04.
188. SIL International, "Línguas Indígenas do Brasil", retrieved 12 June 2007.
189. Japan Bank for International Cooperation report, November 2005, "Sector Study for Education in Brazil", retrieved 28 Feb 2007
190. Japan Bank for International Cooperation report, November 2005, "Sector Study for Education in Brazil", retrieved 28 Feb 2007
191. Ministério do Planejamento website, "Saúde" (fact sheet, 2002), retrieved 12 June 2007.
192. Fundação Getúlio Vargas, "FGV - Gráfico da Miséria", p.23, retrieved 12 June 2007
193. IBGE website, ""PIB dos municípios revela concentração e desigualdades na geração de renda"". IBGE. 2000. Retrieved 2007-02-22. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
194. Fundação Joaquim Nabuco - Research report
195. "IBGE: Trabalho e Rendimento - Pnad 2005"
196. World Bank website, The Nuts and Bolts of Brazil’s Bolsa Família Program: Implementing Conditional Cash Transfers in a Decentralized Context, IBRD 2007 paper, retrieved 08 June 2007
197. Igreja no Brasil
198. "Religion in Brazil" (pdf). IBGE. 2000. Retrieved 2007-04-24. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
199. Lovejoy, Paul E., Muslim Encounters With Slavery in Brazil, Markus Wiener Pub., 2007. ISBN 1558763783.
200. US Department of State, "International Religious Freedom Report 2006", retrieved 05 June 2007
201. "MOFA: Japan-Brazil Relations". January 2007. Retrieved 2007-06-18. Population of Japanese descent: 1.3 million (estimated)
202. "Pesquisa de Opinião dos Católicos Brasileiros sobre Direitos Reprodutivos, Relação Igreja-Estado e temas Relacionados" (pdf). Retrieved 2007-02-19. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
203. "Sport in Brazil" Embassy of Brazil in London. Accessed June 22, 2007.
204. FIFA/Coca-Cola World Ranking FIFA. Accessed July 18, 2007.
205. Copa Libertadores finals "Libertadores Finals" RSSSF (Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation). Accessed June 22, 2007.
206. FIA website, "Grand Prix of Brazil". Retrieved June 22, 2007.
207. FIBA website, "Men's World Ranking". Retrieved June 22, 2007.
208. FIBA website, "Women's World Ranking". Retrieved June 22, 2007.
209. FIVB website, "Men's World Ranking". Retrieved June 22, 2007
210. FIVB website, "Women's World Ranking". Retrieved June 22, 2007
211. International Olympic Committee website, "IOC Athens 2004 Medal Table". Retrieved June 22, 2006.
212. Brazilian Ministry of Sport "Bolsa-Atleta" Ministério do Esporte. Accessed June 22, 2007
213. Brazilian Ministry of Sport "Projetos Esportivos Sociais" Ministério do Esporte. Retrieved June 22, 2007.
214. Brazilian Ministry of Sport "Descoberta do Talento Esportivo" Ministério do Esporte. Retrieved June 22, 2007.
215. "1950 FIFA World Cup Brazil". FIFA.com. Retrieved 2007-07-31.
216. ^ "Brazil seeks total involvement". FIFA.com. Retrieved 2007-07-31.
217. "History". Rio 2007 Games official website. Retrieved 2007-07-29.
218. "Rio 2007 Games official website". Retrieved 2007-07-31.
219. See 2000 Summer Olympics bids
220. See 2004 Summer Olympics bids
221. "London 2012 Election". Olympic Games. International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 2007-03-24.
222. "Brazil Selects Rio As 2016 Bid Candidate City". GamesBids.com. Retrieved 2007-07-30.
223. "COB confirma candidatura do Rio" (in Portuguese). Globoesporte.com. Retrieved 2007-07-30.
224. Brazilian Government website, "Science and technology"
225. Staub, Eugenio (2004) "Panorama da Indústria Brasileira de Eletro-Eletrônica e Software", BNDES slides.
226. BBC News website, "Brazil adopts open-source software"., retrieved 02 June 2005

Further reading

1. "Background Note: Brazil". US Department of State.
2. "The World Factbook: Brazil". Central Intelligence Agency.
3. Wagley, Charles (1963). An Introduction to Brazil. New York, New York: Columbia University Press.
4. The World Almanac and Book of Facts: Brazil. New York, NY: World Almanac Books. 2006.
5. Costa, João Cruz (1964). A History of Ideas in Brazil. Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press.
6. Fausto, Boris (1999). A Concise History of Brazil. Cambridge: CUP.
7. Furtado, Celso. The Economic Growth of Brazil: A Survey from Colonial to Modern Times. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
8. Leal, Victor Nunes (1977). Coronelismo: The Municipality and Representative Government in Brazil. Cambridge: CUP.
9. Prado Júnior, Caio (1967). The Colonial Background of Modern Brazil. Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press.
10. Schneider, Ronald (1995). Brazil: Culture and Politics in a New Economic Powerhouse. Boulder Westview.
11. Bethell, Leslie (1991). Colonial Brazil. Cambridge: CUP.
12. Alves, Maria Helena Moreira (1985). State and Opposition in Military Brazil. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.
13. Amann, Edmund (1990). The Illusion of Stability: The Brazilian Economy under Cardoso. World Development (pp. 1805-1819).
14. Martinez-Lara, Javier (1995). Building Democracy in Brazil: The Politics of Constitutional Change. Macmillan.
15. Costa, João Cruz (1964). A History of Ideas in Brazil. Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press.
16. Skidmore, Thomas E. (1974). Black Into White: Race and Nationality in Brazilian Thought. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

External links

Government and administration

• Template:En icon Template:Pt icon Brasil.gov.br — Brazilian Federal Government web portal
• Template:En icon Template:Pt icon The President of Brazil official website
• Template:En icon Template:Pt icon House of Representatives website
• Template:Pt icon Senate website
• Template:Pt icon AEB - Brazilian Space Agency website

Information and statistics

• Template:En icon Congressional Research Service (CRS) - Reports regarding Brazil
• Template:En icon Template:Pt icon IBGE - Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatistica
• Template:Pt icon IPEA - Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada
• Template:En icon Library of Congress — A Country Study: Brazil
• Template:En icon Encyclopaedia Britannica: "Brazil"
• Template:En icon Template:Pt icon BNDES - Banco Nacional de Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social
• Template:En icon Template:Pt icon Brazilian National Library
• Template:En icon "Brazil". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). Central Intelligence Agency.

Economy and business

• Template:En icon Bacen Central Bank of Brazil
• Template:En icon Bovespa - São Paulo Stock Exchange website
• Template:En icon International Finance Corporation's "Doing Business in Brazil 2007" report
• Template:En icon Brazilian-American Chamber of Commerce, Inc.
• Template:En icon Template:Pt icon Britcham in Brazil
• Template:En icon Template:Pt icon Brazilian Chamber of Commerce in Great Britain

News and opinion

• Template:En icon The Council on Hemispheric Affairs An independent source of news and opinion on Latin America.
• Template:En icon Brazil Political Comment
• Template:En icon Latin Lawyer A guide to Latin America's leading business law firms.
• Template:En icon Biodiversity Hotspots - Brazil, a biodiversity hotspot
• Template:En icon UK House of Commons Trade and Industry Committee, "Trade with Brazil and Mercosur", retrieved 15 June 2007.
• Template:En icon UK House of Commons' Minutes of evidence taken before Trade and Industry Committee
• Template:En icon Center for Economic and Policy Research, "Brazil’s Presidential Election: Background on Economic Issues", retrieved 10 June 2007.
• Template:En icon European Commission, Brazil: Country Strategy Paper 2007-2013

Sports

• Template:En icon All about Brazilian Football - Football+Brazil

Tourism

• Template:En icon Official Brazilian Tourism Webpage
• Template:En icon Accommodation in Brazil — Guide courtesy of the Brazilian embassy in London, UK
• Template:En icon About Brazil Photography, History, Geography, Culture, Facts
• Template:En icon Morro de Sao Paulo A site about islands and beaches of Brazil
• Template:En icon Satellite images of Brazil's main cities
• Template:En icon Brazil Brasil.com General information on Brazil for foreign visitors.
• Template:Wikitravel

Communities

• Template:En icon Template:Pt icon Brazilian Community Council of Australia (BraCCA)
• Template:En icon Template:Pt icon Florida Brasil (Brazilian Community in Florida)

Templates

Geographic locale v t e Countries and dependencies of South America Sovereign states Entire Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Guyana Paraguay Peru Suriname Uruguay Venezuela In part France French Guiana Dependencies Falkland Islands / South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands UK International membership and history Template:Latin Union v t e Community of Portuguese Language Countries (CPLP) Membership Members Angola Brazil Cape Verde Equatorial Guinea Guinea-Bissau Mozambique Portugal São Tomé and Príncipe Timor-Leste Observers Andorra Argentina Canada Chile Czech Republic France Georgia Greece Hungary India Italy Ireland Ivory Coast Japan Luxembourg Mauritius Organization of Ibero-American States Namibia Peru Qatar Romania Senegal Slovakia Spain Serbia Turkey United Kingdom United States Uruguay Organization Executive Secretariat Flag of the CPLP CPLP Games CPLP Summits I – Lisbon II – Praia III – Maputo IV – Brasília V – São Tomé VI – Bissau VII – Lisbon VIII – Luanda IX – Maputo X – Díli XI – Brasília XII – Ilha do Sal XIII – Luanda XIV – São Tomé XIV – Bissau Culture Portuguese language Portuguese literature Lusophone Lusophone music ACOLOP Lusophony Games Countries with Portuguese as an official language International organizations with Portuguese as an official languages Category Template:Union of South American Nations (Unasur\Unasul) Template:Mercosur\Mercosul (Southern Common Market) v t e Organization of American States (OAS) Members Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Bahamas Barbados Belize Bolivia Brazil Canada Chile Colombia Costa Rica Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Guyana Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Panama Paraguay Peru Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Suriname Trinidad and Tobago United States Uruguay Venezuela Organization General Assembly Secretariat for Political Affairs Secretariat for Integral Development Secretariat for Multidimensional Security Inter-American Commission of Women Inter-American Commission on Human Rights Inter-American Telecommunication Commission Inter-American Court of Human Rights Pan American Union Building Politics Charter Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man American Convention on Human Rights Pan-American Conference Summit of the Americas v t e Group of Eight (G8) and Group of Eight + Five (G8+5) G8 members Canada France Germany Italy Japan Russia (suspended) United Kingdom United States Representative European Union G8+5 Brazil China India Mexico South Africa See also G6 G7 G7+1 G4 (Europe) G4 (UN) v t e Nations in the Group of 15 (G-15) Summits 1990 1991 1992 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2004 2006 2010 2012 Members Algeria Argentina Brazil Chile Egypt India Indonesia Iran Jamaica Kenya Malaysia Mexico Nigeria Senegal Sri Lanka Venezuela Zimbabwe v t e BRICS Membership  Brazil  Russia  India  China  South Africa  Egypt  Ethiopia  Iran  United Arab Emirates Summits Yekaterinburg 2009 Brasília 2010 Sanya 2011 New Delhi 2012 Durban 2013 Fortaleza 2014 Ufa 2015 Goa 2016 Xiamen 2017 Johannesburg 2018 Brasília 2019 Saint Petersburg 2020 New Delhi 2021 Beijing 2022 Johannesburg 2023 Kazan 2024 TBD 2025 Bilateral relations Brazil–China Brazil–India Brazil–Russia Brazil–South Africa China–India China–Russia China–South Africa India–Russia India–South Africa Russia–South Africa Leaders Lula Putin Modi Xi Ramaphosa Sisi Ahmed Pezeshkian Al Nahyan Sports BRICS U-17 Football Cup 2016 Goa 2018 Johannesburg BRICS Games 2024 Kazan Athletics Badminton Gymnastics Related BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement BRICS Cable BRICS Universities League New Development Bank BRICS PAY v t e Portuguese Empire North Africa 15th century 1415–1640 Ceuta 1458–1550 Alcácer Ceguer (El Qsar es Seghir) 1471–1550 Arzila (Asilah) 1471–1662 Tangier 1485–1550 Mazagan (El Jadida) 1487–16th century Ouadane 1488–1541 Safim (Safi) 1489 Graciosa 16th century 1505–1541 Santa Cruz do Cabo de Gué (Agadir) 1506–1525 Mogador (Essaouira) 1506–1525 Aguz (Souira Guedima) 1506–1769 Mazagan (El Jadida) 1513–1541 Azamor (Azemmour) 1515–1541 São João da Mamora (Mehdya) 1577–1589 Arzila (Asilah) Sub-Saharan Africa 15th century 1455–1633 Arguim 1462–1975 Cape Verde 1470–1975 São Tomé 1471–1975 Príncipe 1474–1778 Annobón 1478–1778 Fernando Poo (Bioko) 1482–1637 Elmina (São Jorge da Mina) 1482–1642 Portuguese Gold Coast 1498–1540 Mascarene Islands 16th century 1500–1630 Malindi 1501–1975 Portuguese Mozambique 1502–1659 Saint Helena 1503–1698 Zanzibar 1505–1512 Quíloa (Kilwa) 1506–1511 Socotra 1508–1547 Madagascar 1557–1578 Accra 1575–1975 Portuguese Angola 1588–1974 Cacheu 1593–1698 Mombassa (Mombasa) 17th century 1645–1888 Ziguinchor 1680–1961 São João Baptista de Ajudá, Benin 1687–1974 Bissau 18th century 1728–1729 Mombassa (Mombasa) 1753–1975 Portuguese São Tomé and Príncipe 19th century 1879–1974 Portuguese Guinea 1885–1974 Portuguese Congo Part of São Tomé and Príncipe from 1753. Or 1600. A factory (Anosy Region) and small temporary coastal bases. Part of Portuguese Guinea from 1879. Part of Portuguese Angola from the 1920s. Middle East 16th century 1506–1615 Gamru (Bandar Abbas) 1507–1643 Sohar 1515–1622 Hormuz (Ormus) 1515–1648 Quriyat 1515–? Qalhat 1515–1650 Muscat 1515?–? Barka 1515–1633? Julfar (Ras al-Khaimah) 1521–1602 Bahrain (Muharraq • Manama) 1521–1529? Qatif 1521?–1551? Tarut Island 1550–1551 Qatif 1588–1648 Matrah 17th century 1620–? Khor Fakkan 1621?–? As Sib 1621–1622 Qeshm 1623–? Khasab 1623–? Libedia 1624–? Kalba 1624–? Madha 1624–1648 Dibba Al-Hisn 1624?–? Bandar-e Kong South Asia 15th century 1498–1545 Laccadive Islands (Lakshadweep) 16th century Portuguese India  • 1500–1663 Cochim (Kochi)  • 1501–1663 Cannanore (Kannur)  • 1502–1658  1659–1661 Quilon (Coulão / Kollam)  • 1502–1661 Pallipuram (Cochin de Cima)  • 1507–1657 Negapatam (Nagapatnam)  • 1510–1961 Goa  • 1512–1525  1750 Calicut (Kozhikode)  • 1518–1619 Portuguese Paliacate outpost (Pulicat)  • 1521–1740 Chaul   (Portuguese India)  • 1523–1662 Mylapore  • 1528–1666 Chittagong (Porto Grande De Bengala)  • 1531–1571 Chaul  • 1531–1571 Chalé  • 1534–1601 Salsette Island  • 1534–1661 Bombay (Mumbai)  • 1535 Ponnani  • 1535–1739 Baçaím (Vasai-Virar)  • 1536–1662 Cranganore (Kodungallur)  • 1540–1612 Surat  • 1548–1658 Tuticorin (Thoothukudi)  • 1559–1961 Daman and Diu  • 1568–1659 Mangalore   (Portuguese India)  • 1579–1632 Hugli  • 1598–1610 Masulipatnam (Machilipatnam) 1518–1521 Maldives 1518–1658 Portuguese Ceylon (Sri Lanka) 1558–1573 Maldives 17th century Portuguese India  • 1687–1749 Mylapore 18th century Portuguese India  • 1779–1954 Dadra and Nagar Haveli East Asia and Oceania 16th century 1511–1641 Portuguese Malacca 1512–1621 Maluku  • 1522–1575  Ternate  • 1576–1605  Ambon  • 1578–1650  Tidore 1512–1665 Makassar 1515–1859 Larantuka 1557–1999 Macau 1580–1586 Nagasaki 17th century 1642–1975 Portuguese Timor (East Timor) 19th century Portuguese Macau  • 1864–1999 Coloane  • 1851–1999 Taipa  • 1890–1999 Ilha Verde 20th century Portuguese Macau  • 1938–1941 Lapa and Montanha (Hengqin) 1975 is the year of East Timor's Declaration of Independence and subsequent invasion by Indonesia. In 2002, East Timor's independence was fully recognized. North America and North Atlantic 15th century 1420 Madeira 1432 Azores 16th century 1500–1579? Terra Nova (Newfoundland) 1500–1579? Labrador 1516–1579? Nova Scotia South America and Caribbean 16th century 1500–1822 Brazil  • 1534–1549  Captaincy Colonies of Brazil  • 1549–1572  Brazil  • 1572–1578  Bahia  • 1572–1578  Rio de Janeiro  • 1578–1607  Brazil  • 1621–1815  Brazil 1536–1620 Barbados 17th century 1621–1751 Maranhão 1680–1777 Nova Colónia do Sacramento 18th century 1751–1772 Grão-Pará and Maranhão 1772–1775 Grão-Pará and Rio Negro 1772–1775 Maranhão and Piauí 19th century 1808–1822 Cisplatina (Uruguay) 1809–1817 Portuguese Guiana (Amapá) 1822 Upper Peru (Bolivia) Armorial of Portuguese colonies Evolution of the Portuguese Empire Portuguese colonial architecture Portuguese colonization of the Americas Portuguese Empire in the Indonesian Archipelago Portuguese India Theory of the Portuguese discovery of Australia

Template:Link FA Template:Link FA Template:Link FA Template:Link FA

• Brazil
• Former Portuguese colonies
• South American countries
• Portuguese-speaking countries
• 1822 establishments
• G15 nations
• Constitutional republics