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| '''Butter''' is made by ] fresh or ] ] or ]. Butter is used as a ] and a ], as well as in ] applications such as baking, sauce making, and frying. As a result, butter is consumed daily in many parts of the world. Butter consists of ] surrounding minuscule droplets consisting mostly of ] and milk ]s. The most common form of butter is made from ]' milk, but it can also be made from the milk of other ]s, including ], ]s, ], and ]s. ], ]s, or ]s are sometimes added to butter. ] butter produces ] or '']'', which is almost entirely butterfat. | |||
| When ], butter remains a solid, but softens to a spreadable consistency at ], and melts to a thin liquid consistency at 32–35 °C (90–95 °F). Butter generally has a pale ] color, but varies from deep yellow to nearly white. The color of the butter depends on the animal's feed and is commonly manipulated with ]s in the commercial manufacturing process, most commonly ] or ]. | |||
| The term "butter" is used in the names of products made from ]d nuts or ]s, such as ]. It is also used in the names of fruit products, such as ]. Other ]s solid at room temperature are also known as "butters"; examples include ] and ]. In general use, the term "butter," when unqualified by other descriptors, almost always refers to the dairy product. The word ''butter'', in the ], derives (via ]) from the ] ''butyrum'', borrowed from the ] ''boutyron''. This may have been a construction meaning "cow-cheese" (''bous'' "ox, cow" + ''tyros'' "cheese"), or the word may have been borrowed from another language, possibly ].<ref>Douglas Harper's ''Online Etymology Dictionary'' entry for . Retrieved 27 November 2005.</ref> The root word persists in the name ], a compound found in ] butter and dairy products. | |||
| ==Butter production== | |||
| ] | |||
| {{main|Churning (butter)}} | |||
| ] milk and cream contain ] in microscopic globules. These globules are surrounded by membranes made of ]s (] ]s) and ]s, which prevent the fat in milk from pooling together into a single mass. Butter is produced by agitating cream, which damages these membranes and allows the milk fats to conjoin, separating from the other parts of the cream. Variations in the production method will create butters with different consistencies, mostly due to the butterfat composition in the finished product. Butter contains fat in three separate forms: free butterfat, butterfat ], and undamaged fat globules. In the finished product, different proportions of these forms result in different consistencies within the butter; butters with many crystals are harder than butters dominated by free fats. | |||
| Churning produces small butter grains floating in the water-based portion of the cream. This watery liquid is called ]—although the buttermilk most common today is instead a directly fermented skimmed milk. The buttermilk is drained off; sometimes more buttermilk is removed by rinsing the grains with water. Then the grains are "worked": pressed and kneaded together. When prepared manually, this is done using wooden boards called ]. This consolidates the butter into a solid mass and breaks up embedded pockets of buttermilk or water into tiny droplets. | |||
| Commercial butter is about 80% butterfat and 15% water; traditionally-made butter may have as little as 65% fat and 30% water. Butterfat consists of many moderate-sized, saturated ] chain fatty acids. It is a ], an ] derived from ] and three ] groups. Butter becomes ] when these chains break down into smaller components, like ] and ]. The density of butter is .911 g/cm³, about the same as ice. | |||
| ==Types of butter==<!-- This section is linked from ] --> | |||
| Before modern factory butter making, cream was usually collected from several milkings and was therefore several days old and somewhat fermented by the time it was made into butter. Butter made from a fermented cream is known as '''cultured butter'''. During fermentation, the cream naturally sours as ] convert ] into ]. The fermentation process produces additional aroma compounds, including ], which makes for a fuller-flavored and more "buttery" tasting product.<ref>McGee p. 35.</ref> Today, cultured butter is usually made from pasteurized cream whose fermentation is produced by the introduction of '']'' and '']'' bacteria. | |||
| Another method for producing cultured butter, developed in the 1970s, is to produce butter from fresh cream and then incorporate bacterial cultures and lactic acid. Using this method, the cultured butter flavor grows as the butter is aged in cold storage. For manufacturers, this method is more efficient since aging the cream used to make butter takes significantly more space than simply storing the finished butter product. A method to make an artificial simulation of cultured butter is to add lactic acid and flavor compounds directly to the fresh-cream butter; while this more efficient process is claimed to simulate the taste of cultured butter, the product produced is not actually cultured but is instead flavored. | |||
| Today, dairy products are often ] during production to kill ]ic bacteria and other ]s. Butter made from pasteurized fresh cream is called '''sweet cream butter'''. Production of sweet cream butter first became common in the 19th century, with the development of ] and the mechanical cream separator.<ref>McGee p. 33.</ref> Butter made from fresh or cultured unpasteurized cream is called '''raw cream butter'''. Raw cream butter has a "cleaner" cream flavor, without the cooked-milk notes that pasteurization introduces. | |||
| Throughout ], cultured butter is preferred, while sweet cream butter dominates in the United States and the ]. Therefore, cultured butter is sometimes labeled ''European-style butter'' in the United States. Raw cream butter is virtually unheard-of in the United States, and is rare in Europe as well.<ref>McGee p. 34.</ref> | |||
| Several '''spreadable butters''' have been developed; these remain softer at colder temperatures and are therefore easier to use directly out of refrigeration. Some modify the makeup of the butter's fat through chemical manipulation of the finished product, some through manipulation of the cattle's feed, and some by incorporating ]s into the butter. '''Whipped butter''', another product designed to be more spreadable, is aerated via the incorporation of ] gas— normal air is not used, because doing so would encourage ] and ]. | |||
| All categories of butter are sold in both salted and unsalted forms. Salted butters have either fine, granular ] or a strong ] added to them during the working. Nations that favor sweet cream butter tend to favor salted butter as well, possibly reflecting the blander taste of uncultured butter. In addition to flavoring the butter, the addition of salt also acts as a ]. | |||
| Another important aspect of production is the amount of ] in the finished product. In the United States, all products sold as "butter" must contain a minimum of 80% butterfat by weight; most American butters contain only slightly more than that, averaging around 81%. European-style butters generally have a higher ratio of up to 85% butterfat. | |||
| ] is butter with almost all of its water and milk solids removed, leaving almost-pure butterfat. Clarified butter is made by heating butter to its melting point and then allowing it to cool off; after settling, the remaining components separate by density. At the top, ] proteins form a skin which is removed, and the resulting butterfat is then poured off from the mixture of water and ] proteins that settle to the bottom. | |||
| ] is clarified butter which is brought to higher temperatures (120 °C/250 °F) once the water has cooked off, allowing the milk solids to brown. This process flavors the ghee, and also produces ]s which help protect it longer from rancidity. Because of this, ghee can keep for six to eight months under normal conditions.<ref>McGee p. 37.</ref> | |||
| ==History== | |||
| ]''.]] | |||
| Since even accidental agitation can turn cream into butter, it is likely that the invention of butter goes back to the earliest days of ], perhaps in the ]n area between 9000 and 8000 ]. The earliest butter would have been from ] or ]'s milk; ] are not thought to have been ] for another thousand years or so.<ref>Dates from McGee p. 10.</ref> An ancient method of butter making, still used today in some parts of ] and the ], is shown in the photo at right, taken in ]. A goat skin is half filled with milk, then inflated with air and sealed. It is then hung with ropes on a tripod of sticks and rocked to and fro until the butter is formed. | |||
| Butter was certainly known in the classical ] civilizations, but it does not seem to have been a common food, especially in Ancient ] or ]. In the warm Mediterranean climate, unclarified butter would spoil very quickly— unlike ], it was not a practical method of preserving the benefits of milk. The people of ancient Greece and Rome seemed to consider butter a food fit more for the northern ]s. A play by the Greek comic poet ] refers to ] as ''boutyrophagoi'', "butter-eaters".<ref>Dalby p. 65.</ref> ]'s ] calls butter "the most delicate of food among barbarous nations", and goes on to describe its medicinal properties.<ref>Bostock and Riley translation. .</ref> | |||
| Historian and linguist Andrew Dalby says that most references to butter in ancient Near Eastern texts should actually be translated instead as ]. Ghee is mentioned in the ] as a typical trade article around the 1st century CE ], and Roman geographer ] describes it as a commodity of ] and ].<ref>Dalby p. 65.</ref> In ], ghee has been a symbol of purity and an offering to the gods—especially ], the ] god of fire—for more than 3000 years; references to ghee's sacred nature appear numerous times in the ], circa 1500–1200 BCE. The tale of the child ] stealing butter remains a popular children's story in India today. Since India's prehistory, ghee has been both a ] and used for ceremonial purposes such as fueling holy lamps and funeral pyres. | |||
| ] | |||
| Cooler climates in northern Europe allowed butter to be kept longer before spoiling. ] has the longest history in Europe of a butter export trade, dating at least to the 12th century.<ref>Web Exhibits: Butter. .</ref> Across most of Europe after the fall of Rome and through much of the ], butter was a common food, but one with a low reputation; it was consumed principally by ]s. It slowly became more accepted by the upper class, especially when, in the early 16th century, the ] permitted its consumption during ]. ] and butter became common fare among the new ], and the English, in particular, gained a reputation for their liberal use of melted butter as a sauce for meats and vegetables.<ref>McGee p. 33, "Ancient, Once Unfashionable".</ref> | |||
| Across far-northern Europe—], ], ], and Scandinavia—butter was sometimes treated in a manner unheard-of today: it was packed into barrels (]s) and buried in ]s, perhaps for years. Such "bog butter" would develop a strong flavor as it aged, but remain edible, in large part because of the unique cool, airless, ] and ]ic environment of a peat bog. Firkins of such buried butter are a common archaeological find in Ireland; the Irish National Museum has some containing "a grayish cheese-like substance, partially hardened, not much like butter, and quite free from putrefaction." The practice was most common in Ireland in the 11th–14th centuries; it ended entirely before the 19th century.<ref>Web Exhibits: Butter. .</ref> | |||
| ], like Ireland, became well-known for its butter, particularly in the ] and ] regions. By the 1860s, butter had become so in demand in France that Emperor ] offered prize money for an inexpensive substitute to supplement France's inadequate butter supplies. In 1869, a ] claimed the prize with the invention of ]. The first margarine was ] ] flavored with milk and worked like butter; vegetable margarines followed after the development of ] oils around 1900. | |||
| Until the 19th century, the vast majority of butter was made by hand, on farms. The first butter factories appeared in the United States in the early 1860s, after the successful introduction of ] factories a decade earlier. In the late 1870s, the ] cream separator was introduced, marketed most successfully by ] engineer ]. This dramatically sped the butter-making process by eliminating the slow step of letting cream naturally rise to the top of milk. Initially, whole milk was shipped to the butter factories, and the cream separation took place there. Soon, though, cream-separation technology became small and inexpensive enough to introduce an additional efficiency: the separation was accomplished on the farm, and the cream alone shipped to the factory. By 1900, more than half the butter produced in the United States was factory made; Europe followed suit shortly after. | |||
| Per capita butter consumption declined in most western nations during the 20th century, in large part because of the rising popularity of ], which is less expensive and, until recent years, was perceived as being healthier. In the United States, margarine consumption overtook butter during the 1950s<ref>Web Exhibits: Butter. .</ref> and it is still the case today that more margarine than butter is eaten in the U.S. and most other nations that track such data.<ref>See for example from International Margarine Association of the Countries of Europe . Retrieved 4 December 2005.</ref> | |||
| ==Shape of butter sticks== | |||
| ] | |||
| In the United States, butter sticks are usually produced and sold in 4-] sticks, wrapped in wax paper and sold four to a carton. This practice is believed to have originated in 1907 when ] began packaging butter in this manner for mass distribution.<ref name="parker"> {{cite paper | |||
| | author = Milton E. Parker | |||
| | title = Princely Packets of Golden Health (A History of Butter Packaging) | |||
| | version = | |||
| | publisher = | |||
| | date = 1948 | |||
| | url = http://drinc.ucdavis.edu/research/butter.pdf | |||
| | format = PDF | |||
| | accessdate = October 15, 2006}} </ref> | |||
| Due to historical variances in ], these sticks are commonly produced in two differing shapes: | |||
| * The dominant shape east of the Rocky Mountains is the Elgin, or Eastern-pack shape. This shape was originally developed by the ], founded in 1882 in ] and ]. The sticks are 4.75" long and 1.25" wide, and are usually sold in somewhat cubical boxes stacked 2x2.<ref name="cooksill">{{Harvard reference | |||
| |Surname= | |||
| | Given= | |||
| | Authorlink= | |||
| | Title=A Better Stick of Butter? | |||
| | Journal=Cook's Illustrated | |||
| | Volume= | |||
| | Issue=72 | |||
| | Year=2005 | |||
| | Page=3 | |||
| | URL= }}</ref> Among the early butter printers to use this shape was the Elgin Butter Cutter. | |||
| * West of the Rocky Mountains, butter printers standardized on a different shape that is now referred to as the Western-Pack shape.<ref name="cooksill">-</ref> These butter sticks are 3.125" long and 1.5" wide and are typically sold packed side-by-side in a rectangular container. | |||
| Both sticks contain the same amount of butter, although most butter dishes are designed for Elgin-style butter sticks.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} | |||
| The stick's wrapper is usually marked off as 8 ]s (approximately 118 ml); the actual volume of one stick is approximately 9 tablespoons. | |||
| ==Worldwide== | |||
| ] produces and consumes more butter than any other nation, dedicating almost half of its annual milk production to making butter or ]. In 1997, India produced 1,470,000 ] of butter, consuming almost all of it. Second in production was the United States (522,000 tons), then France (466,000), ] (442,000), and ] (307,000). In terms of consumption, Germany was second after India, using 578,000 tons of butter in 1997, followed by France (528,000), ] (514,000), and the United States (505,000). Most nations produce and consume the bulk of their butter domestically. New Zealand, ], and the ] are among the few nations that export a significant percentage of the butter they produce.<ref>Statistics from ] Foreign Agricultural Service (1999). . Retrieved 1 December 2005. Note that the export and import figures do not include trade between nations within the ], and that there are inconsistencies regarding the inclusion of clarified butterfat products (explaining why New Zealand is shown exporting more butter in 1997 than was produced. </ref> | |||
| Different varieties of butter are found around the world. '']'' is a spiced ] clarified butter, buried in the ground and aged for months or years. ] butter is important in ]; '']'', ] flour mixed with yak butter, is a staple food. ] is consumed in the ]n regions of Tibet, ], ] and India. It consists of ] served with intensely flavored — or "rancid"—yak butter and salt. In ]n and ]n ], butter is traditionally made from sour milk rather than cream. It can take several hours of churning to produce workable butter grains from fermented milk.<ref>Crawford ''et al'', part B, section III, ch. 1: . Retrieved 28 November 2005.</ref> | |||
| ==Storage and cooking== | |||
| Normal butter softens to a spreadable consistency around 15 °C (60 °F), well above ] temperatures. The "butter compartment" found in many refrigerators may be one of the warmer sections inside, but it still leaves butter quite hard. Until recently, many refrigerators sold in ] featured a "butter conditioner", a compartment kept warmer than the rest of the refrigerator—but still cooler than room temperature—with a small heater.<ref>. Retrieved 27 November 2005. The feature has been phased out for ] reasons.</ref> Keeping butter tightly wrapped delays rancidity, which is hastened by exposure to light or air, and also helps prevent it from picking up other odors. Wrapped butter has a shelf life of several months at refrigerator temperatures.<ref>According to , unsalted butter can last for up to three months and salted butter up to five.</ref> | |||
| "French butter dishes" or "] butter dishes" involve a lid with a long interior lip, which sits in a container holding a small amount of water. Usually the dish holds just enough water to submerge the interior lip when the dish is closed. Butter is packed into the lid. The water acts as a seal to keep the butter fresh, and also keeps the butter from overheating in hot temperatures. This allows butter to be safely stored on the countertop for several days without spoilage. | |||
| Once butter is softened, ]s, ]s, or other flavoring agents can be mixed into it, producing what is called a ''composed butter'' or ''composite butter''. Composed butters can be used as spreads, or cooled, sliced, and placed onto hot food to melt into a sauce. Sweetened composed butters can be served with ]s; such ]s are often flavored with ]. | |||
| ] served over white ] and ]es.]] | |||
| Melted butter plays an important role in the preparation of ]s, most obviously in ]. '']'' (hazel butter) and '']'' (black butter) are sauces of melted butter cooked until the milk solids and sugars have turned golden or dark brown; they are often finished with an addition of ] or ]. ] and ] sauces are ]s of ] and melted butter; they are in essence ]s made with butter instead of oil. Hollandaise and béarnaise sauces are stabilized with the powerful ] in the egg yolks, but butter itself contains enough emulsifiers—mostly remnants of the fat globule membranes—to form a stable emulsion on its own. '']'' (white butter) is made by whisking butter into reduced vinegar or ], forming an emulsion with the texture of thick cream. ''Beurre monté'' (prepared butter) is an unflavored ''beurre blanc'' made from water instead of vinegar or wine; it lends its name to the practice of "mounting" a sauce with butter: whisking cold butter into any water-based sauce at the end of cooking, giving the sauce a thicker body and a glossy shine—as well as a buttery taste.<ref>Sauce information from McGee, pp. 36 (''beurre noisette'' and ''beurre noir''), 632 (''beurre blanc'' and ''beurre monté''), and 635–636 (hollandaise and béarnaise).</ref> | |||
| Butter is used for ] and ], although its milk solids brown and burn above 150 °C (250 °F)—a rather low temperature for most applications. The actual ] of butterfat is around 200 °C (400 °F), so clarified butter or ghee is better suited to frying.<ref>McGee p. 37.</ref> Ghee has always been a common frying medium in India, where many avoid other animal fats for cultural or religious reasons. | |||
| Butter fills several roles in ], where it is used in a similar manner as other solid fats like ], ], or ], but has a flavor that may better complement sweet baked goods. Many ] ]s and some ] ]s are ]ed, at least in part, by ] butter and ] together, which introduces air bubbles into the butter. The tiny bubbles locked within the butter expand in the heat of baking and aerate the cookie or cake. Some cookies like ] may have no other source of moisture but the water in the butter. ] like ] dough incorporate pieces of solid fat into the dough, which become flat layers of fat when the dough is rolled out. During baking, the fat melts away, leaving a flaky texture. Butter, because of its flavor, is a common choice for the fat in such a dough, but it can be more difficult to work with than shortening because of its low melting point. Pastry makers often chill all their ingredients and utensils while working with a butter dough. | |||
| ==Health and nutrition== | |||
| {{nutritionalvalue | name=Butter, unsalted | kJ=2999 | protein=1 g | fat=81 g | carbs=0 g | vitA_ug=684 | satfat=51 g | monofat=21 g | polyfat=3 g | opt1n=] | opt1v=215 mg | right=1 | source_usda=1 | note=Fat percentage can vary.<br/>See also ]. }} | |||
| According to ] figures, one ] of butter (14 ]s) contains 100 ]s, all from fat, 11 grams of fat, of which 7 grams are ], and 30 ]s of ].<ref>Data from . Retrieved 27 November 2005.</ref> In other words, butter consists mostly of saturated fat and is a significant source of dietary cholesterol. For these reasons, butter has been generally considered to be a contributor to health problems, especially ]. For many years, vegetable margarine was recommended as a substitute, since it is an unsaturated fat and contains little or no cholesterol. In recent decades, though, it has become accepted that the ]s contained in partially ] oils used in typical margarines significantly raise undesirable ] levels as well.<ref> from the (U.S.) National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (2005). Retrieved 15 April 2006.</ref> Trans-fat free margarines have since been developed. | |||
| Butter contains only traces of ], so moderate consumption of butter is not a problem for the ].<ref>From data , one ] of butter contains 0.03 grams of lactose; a cup of milk contains 400 times that amount.</ref> People with ] need to avoid butter, which contains enough of the allergy-causing proteins to cause reactions.<ref>Allergy Society of South Africa. . Retrieved 27 November 2005.</ref> | |||
| ==Notes== | |||
| <div class="references-small"> | |||
| <references /> | |||
| </div> | |||
| ==References== | |||
| <div class="references-small"> | |||
| *{{cite book | author=McGee, Harold | title=On Food and Cooking (Revised Edition) | publisher=Scribner | year=2004 | id=ISBN 0-684-80001-2}} pp 33–39, "Butter and Margarine" | |||
| *Dalby, Andrew (2003). , 65. Google Print. ISBN 0-415-23259-7 (accessed ], ]). Also available in print from Routledge (UK). | |||
| *Michael Douma (editor). . Retrieved ], ]. | |||
| *{{cite book | author=Crawford, R.J.M. ''et al'' | title=The technology of traditional milk products in developing countries | publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations | year=1990 | id=ISBN 92-5-102899-0}} | |||
| *Grigg, David B. (], ]). , 196–198. Google Print. ISBN 0-521-09843-2 (accessed ], ]). Also available in print from Cambridge University Press. | |||
| </div> | |||
| ==External links== | |||
| {{cookbook}} | |||
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| * , ''Food Resource, College of Health and Human Sciences, ]'', ], ]. – FAQ, links, and extensive bibliography of ] articles on butter. | |||
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Revision as of 15:17, 13 August 2007
"pass the butta dear" - Thomas Edison.. seriously.