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'''Mother Teresa''' (born '''Agnes Gonxha Bojaxhiu''' {{IPA2|ˈagnɛs gɔnˈʤa bɔˈjaʤiu}}) (], ] – ], ]), was a ] ] who founded the ] and won the ] in 1979 for her ] work. For over forty years, she ministered to the needs of the poor, sick, orphaned, and dying in ] (Calcutta). |
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As the Missionaries of Charity grew under Mother Teresa's leadership, they expanded their ministry to other countries. By the 1970s she had become internationally famed as a humanitarian and advocate for the poor and helpless, due in part to a ], and book, ''Something Beautiful for God'' by ]. |
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Following her death she was ] by ] and given the title '''Blessed Teresa of Calcutta'''.<ref>Associate Press. (], ]). ". ]. Retrieved ], ].</ref><ref>"". (2007). '']''. Retrieved ], ].</ref> |
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== Early life == |
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Agnes Gonxha Bojaxhiu was born on ], ], in ], which today is capital of the ].<ref name=MToC>(2002). "". ''Vatican News Service''. Retrieved ], ]. Although some sources state that she was 10 when her father died, in an interview with her brother, the Vatican documents her age at the time as "about eight".</ref> |
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Agnes was raised as a Roman Catholic by her ] mother, after her Aromunian Orthodox Christian father died when she was about eight years old.<ref name=MToC /> According to a biography by Joan Graff Clucas, during her early years, Agnes was fascinated by stories of the lives of ] and their service, and by the time she was twelve, she was convinced that she should commit herself to a religious life.<ref>Clucas, Joan Graff. (1988). ''Mother Teresa''. New York. Chelsea House Publications, pp. 24. ].</ref>She left her home at age 18 to join the ] as a missionary. Agnes would never again set eyes on her mother or sister.<ref>Sharn, Lori (], ]). "". '']''. Retrieved ], ]</ref> |
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Agnes initially went to the ] in ], ] in order to learn English, which was the language the Sisters of Loreto used when instructing school children in India.<ref>Clucas, Joan Graff. (1988). ''Mother Teresa''. New York. Chelsea House Publications, pp. 28-29. ].</ref> Arriving in India in 1929, she began her ] in ], near the Himalayan mountains.<ref>Clucas, Joan Graff. (1988). ''Mother Teresa''. New York. Chelsea House Publications, pp. 31. ].</ref> She took her first ] as a nun on ], ]. At that time she chose the name Teresa after the ].<ref>Sebba, Anne (1997).''Mother Teresa: Beyond the Image''. New York. Doubleday, p.35. ].</ref> She took her solemn vows on ], ], while serving as a teacher at the Loreto convent school in eastern Calcutta.<ref>Clucas, Joan Graff. (1988). ''Mother Teresa''. New York. Chelsea House Publications, pp. 32. ].</ref><ref>Spink, Kathryn (1997). ''Mother Teresa: A Complete Authorized Biography''. New York. HarperCollins, pp.16. ].</ref> |
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Although Teresa enjoyed teaching at the school she was increasingly disturbed by the poverty surrounding her in Calcutta.<ref>Spink, Kathryn (1997). ''Mother Teresa: A Complete Authorized Biography''. New York. HarperCollins, pp.18-21. ].</ref> A famine in 1943 brought misery and death to the city; and the outbreak of Hindu/Muslim violence in August 1946 plunged the city into despair and horror.<ref>Spink, Kathryn (1997). ''Mother Teresa: A Complete Authorized Biography''. New York. HarperCollins, pp.18, 21-22. ].</ref> |
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==Missionaries of Charity== |
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On ], ], Teresa experienced what she later described as "the call within the call" while traveling to the Loreto convent in ] for her annual retreat. "I was to leave the convent and help the poor while living among them. It was an order. To fail would have been to break the faith."<ref>Clucas, Joan Graff. (1988). ''Mother Teresa''. New York. Chelsea House Publications, pp. 35. ].</ref> She began her missionary work with the poor in 1948, replacing her long, traditional Loreto habit with a simple white cotton ''sari'' decorated with a blue border and then venturing out into the slums."<ref>Clucas, Joan Graff. (1988). ''Mother Teresa''. New York. Chelsea House Publications, pp. 39. ].</ref> Initially she started a school in Motijhil; shortly thereafter, she started tending to the needs of the destitute and starving.<ref>Clucas, Joan Graff. (1988). ''Mother Teresa''. New York. Chelsea House Publications, pp. 48-49. ].</ref> Her efforts quickly caught the attention of Indian officials, including the Prime Minister, who expressed his appreciation.<ref>Williams, Paul (2002). ''Mother Teresa''. Indianapolis. Alpha Books, p. 57. ].</ref> |
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Teresa wrote in her diary that her first year was fraught with difficulties. She had no income and had to resort to begging for food and supplies. Teresa experienced doubt, loneliness and the temptation to return to the comfort of convent life during these early months. She recorded in her diary: |
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{{cquote|Our Lord wants me to be a free nun covered with the poverty of the cross. Today I learned a good lesson. The poverty of the poor must be so hard for them. While looking for a home I walked and walked till my arms and legs ached. I thought how much they must ache in body and soul, looking for a home, food and health. Then the comfort of Loreto came to tempt me. 'You have only to say the word and all that will be yours again,' the Tempter kept on saying ... Of free choice, my God, and out of love for you, I desire to remain and do whatever be your Holy will in my regard. I did not let a single tear come.<ref>Spink, Kathryn (1997). ''Mother Teresa: A Complete Authorized Biography''. New York. HarperCollins, pp.37. ].</ref>}} |
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] |
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Teresa received ] permission on ], ] to start the diocesan congregation that would become the ].<ref>Williams, Paul (2002). ''Mother Teresa''. Indianapolis. Alpha Books, p. 62. ].</ref> Its mission was to care for, in her own words, "the hungry, the naked, the homeless, the crippled, the blind, the ], all those people who feel unwanted, unloved, uncared for throughout society, people that have become a burden to the society and are shunned by everyone." It began as a small order with 13 members in ]; today it has more than 4,000 ]s running ], ] ], and charity centers worldwide, and caring for refugees, the blind, disabled, aged, alcoholics, the poor and homeless, and victims of floods, epidemics, and famine.<ref>Spink, Kathryn (1997). ''Mother Teresa: A Complete Authorized Biography''. New York. HarperCollins, pp.284. ].</ref> |
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In 1952 Mother Teresa opened the first Home for the Dying in space made available by the City of ]. With the help of Indian officials she converted an abandoned ] temple into the ], a free ] for the poor. She renamed it Kalighat, the Home of the Pure Heart (Nirmal Hriday).<ref>Sebba, Anne (1997).''Mother Teresa: Beyond the Image''. New York. Doubleday, pp. 58–60. ].</ref> Those brought to the home received medical attention and were afforded the opportunity to die with dignity, according to the rituals of their faith; Muslims were read the Quoran, Hindus received water from the Ganges, and Catholics received the Last Rites.<ref name=Spink55>Spink, Kathryn (1997). ''Mother Teresa: A Complete Authorized Biography''. New York. HarperCollins, pp.55. ].</ref> "A beautiful death," she said, "is for people who lived like animals to die like angels — loved and wanted."<ref name=Spink55 /> The quality of care offered to terminally ill patients in the Homes for the Dying has been criticised in both '']'' and the '']'', noting poor living conditions, such as the use of cold baths for all patients, reused hypodermic needles and an anti-materialist approach that precludes the use of systematic diagnosis.<ref name=BMJ /> |
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She soon opened a home for those suffering from Hansen's disease, commonly known as leprosy, and called the hospice Shanti Nagar (City of Peace).<ref>Sebba, Anne (1997).''Mother Teresa: Beyond the Image''. New York. Doubleday, pp. 62-63. ].</ref> The ] also established several leprosy outreach clinics throughout Calcutta, providing medication, bandages and food. |
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As the ] took in increasing numbers of lost children, Mother Teresa felt the need to create a home for them. In 1955 she opened the Nirmala Shishu Bhavan, the Children's Home of the Immaculate Heart, as a haven for orphans and homeless youth.<ref>Clucas, Joan Graff. (1988). ''Mother Teresa''. New York. Chelsea House Publications, pp. 58-59. ].</ref> |
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The order soon began to attract both recruits and charitable donations, and by the 1960s had opened ], ], and ] houses all over ]. |
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Mother Teresa's order started to grow rapidly, with new homes opening throughout the globe. The order's first house outside India was in ], opened in 1965 with five ].<ref>Spink, Kathryn (1997). ''Mother Teresa: A Complete Authorized Biography''. New York. ], pp.82. ].</ref> Others followed in ], ], and ] in 1968; during the 1970s the order would open houses and foundations in dozens of countries in ], ], ], and the ].<ref>Spink, Kathryn (1997). ''Mother Teresa: A Complete Authorized Biography''. New York. ], pp.286-287. ].</ref> |
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Writer ] writes that Mother Teresa limited herself only to keeping people alive<ref>''A Revolution of Love: The Meaning of Mother Teresa'' |
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By David Scott "She deals only with the disease (of poverty), but not with preventing it, but people in the West continue to give her money"</ref> |
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She has also been criticized for her view on suffering: According to an article in the ], it was her opinion that suffering would bring people closer to Jesus.<ref>{{Citation |last=Byfield |first=Ted |title=If the real world knew the real Mother Teresa there would be a lot less adulation |periodical=Alberta Report/Newsmagazine |date=October 20, 1997 |volume=24 |issue=45}}</ref> |
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==Global recognition and awards== |
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By the early 1970s, Mother Teresa had become an international celebrity. Her fame can be in large part attributed to the 1969 ] ''Something Beautiful for God'', which was filmed by ] and his 1971 book of the same title. During the filming of the documentary, footage taken in poor lighting conditions, particularly the Home for the Dying, was thought unlikely to be of usable quality by the crew. After returning from India, however, the footage was found to be extremely well lit. Muggeridge claimed this was a miracle of "divine light" from Mother Teresa herself.<ref>Sebba, Anne (1997). ''Mother Teresa: Beyond the Image''. New York. Doubleday, pp. 80–84. ].</ref> Others in the crew thought it more likely due to a new type of ] film.<ref>Alpion, Gezmin (2007). ''Mother Teresa: Saint or Celebrity?''. Routledge Press, pp. 9. ].</ref> Muggeridge later converted to Catholicism. |
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] presents Mother Teresa with the ] at a ] ceremony, 1985.]] |
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In 1971, Paul VI awarded her the first ] Peace Prize, commending her for her work with the poor, display of Christian charity and efforts for peace.<ref>Clucas, Joan Graff. (1988). ''Mother Teresa''. New York. Chelsea House Publications, pp. 81-82. ].</ref> Other awards bestowed upon her included a Kennedy Prize (1971), the ] (1976),<ref>''Quad City Times'' staff (], ]). "". ]. Retrieved ], ].</ref> the ] for promoting humanity, peace and brotherhood among peoples (1978),<ref>, Fondazione Internazionale Balzan, 1978 Balzan Prize |
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for Humanity, Peace and Brotherhood among Peoples. Retrieved ] ].</ref> the ] International Prize (1975),<ref>Jones, Alice & Brown, Jonathan (] ]). "". ''The Independent''. Retrieved ], ].</ref> the ] ] (1985) and ] (1994), honorary citizenship of the United States (], ]), and honorary degrees from a number of universities. In 1972, Mother Teresa was awarded the ] for her promotion of international peace and understanding. Later, in 1980, she received India's highest civilian award, the ], and the British ] in 1983. |
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].]] |
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In 1979, Mother Teresa was awarded the ], "for work undertaken in the struggle to overcome poverty and distress, which also constitute a threat to peace." She refused the conventional ceremonial banquet given to laureates, and asked that the $192,000 funds be given to the poor in India,<ref>Locke, Michelle for the '']'' (], ]). "". ''San Franscisco Gate''. Retrieved ], ]</ref> stating that earthly rewards were important only if they helped her help the world's needy. When Mother Teresa received the prize, she was asked, "What can we do to promote world peace?" Her answer was "Go home and love your family." Building upon this theme in her Nobel Lecture, she said: "Around the world, not only in the poor countries, but I found the poverty of the West so much more difficult to remove. When I pick up a person from the street, hungry, I give him a plate of rice, a piece of bread, I have satisfied. I have removed that hunger. But a person that is shut out, that feels unwanted, unloved, terrified, the person that has been thrown out from society - that poverty is so hurtable and so much, and I find that very difficult." More specifically, she singled out abortion as 'the greatest destroyer of peace in the world'. <ref>Mother Teresa (], ]). "". ''NobelPrize.org. Retrieved ], ].</ref> |
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During her lifetime and after her death, Mother Teresa was consistently found by ] to be the single most widely ] in the U.S., and in 1999 was ranked as the "most admired person of the 20th century" by a poll in the U.S. Notably, Mother Teresa out-polled all other volunteered answers by a wide margin, and was in first place in all major demographic categories except the very young. |
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Towards the end of her life, Mother Teresa attracted some negative attention in the media. The anti-theist ] has been one of her most active critics in both the United Kingdom and the United States, co-writing and narrating the documentary ''Hell's Angel'' about her for ].<ref name=BMJ>Loudon, Mary. (1996), Book Review, ''BMJ'' vol.312, no.7022, 6 January 2006, pp.64-5. Retrieved ] ]</ref> He expanded his criticism in a 1995 book, ''The Missionary Position''.<ref name=DonalMacIntyre>{{Citation |last=MacIntyre |first=Donal |date=August 22, 2005 |title=The Squalid Truth Behind the Legacy of Mother Teresa |periodical=New Statesman |volume=134 |issue=4754 |page=24-25}}</ref> The German magazine '']'' published a hostile article on the first anniversary of Mother Teresa's death. Other critics include ], a member of the editorial committee of the ], ], a physician who formerly worked with the Missionaries of Charity and the Irish-born investigative journalist ]. |
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==International charity== |
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In 1982, at the height of the siege in Beirut, Mother Teresa rescued 37 children trapped in a front line hospital by brokering a temporary cease-fire between the Israeli army and Palestinian guerrillas.<ref>CNN Staff, "Mother Teresa: A Profile", retrieved from on ], ]</ref> Accompanied by Red Cross workers, she traveled through the war zone to the devastated hospital to evacuate the young patients.<ref>Clucas, Joan Graff. (1988). ''Mother Teresa''. New York. Chelsea House Publications, pp. 17. ].</ref> |
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When the walls of Eastern Europe collapsed, she expanded her efforts to Communist countries that had previously rejected the Missionaries of Charity, embarking on dozens of projects. She was undeterred by criticism about her firm stand against ] and ] stating, "No matter who says what, you should accept it with a smile and do your own work." |
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Mother Teresa traveled to assist and minister to the hungry in ], radiation victims at ], and earthquake victims in ].<ref>Cooper, Kenneth J. (], ]). "". '']''. Retrieved ], ]</ref><ref>(], ]) "". ''Eternal Word Television Network''. Retrieved ] ].</ref><ref>. Describes how Mother Teresa journeyed to Armenia in December 1988 following the great earthquake. She and her order established an orphanage there. Retrieved ], ].</ref> In 1991, Mother Teresa returned for the first time to her homeland and opened a Missionaries of Charity Brothers home in ], ]. |
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By 1996, she was operating 517 missions in more than 100 countries.<ref>Williams, Paul (2002).''Mother Teresa''. Indianapolis. Alpha Books, pp. 199–204. ].</ref> Over the years, Mother Teresa's Missionaries of Charity grew from twelve to thousands serving the "poorest of the poor" in 450 centers around the world. The first Missionaries of Charity home in the ] was established in the ], ]; by 1984 the order operated nineteen establishments throughout the country.<ref>Clucas, Joan Graff. (1988). ''Mother Teresa''. New York. Chelsea House Publications, pp. 104. ].</ref> |
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The spending of the charity money received has been criticized by some. Both Hitchens and the ''Stern'' have said that money that was donated with the intention of it being spent on the keeping of the poor was spent on other projects instead. Hypodermic needles in the houses were washed with cold water and reused, in order to save money.<ref>Hitchens, Christopher (], ]). "". ''Slate Magazine''. Retrieved ], ].</ref> |
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== Deteriorating health and death == |
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<!-- Unsourced image removed: ] --> |
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<!-- FAIR USE of Mother-teresa-04.jpg: see image description page at http://en.wikipedia.org/Image:Mother-teresa-04.jpg for rationale --> |
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Mother Teresa suffered a heart attack in ] during 1983, while visiting ]. After a second attack in 1989, she received a ]. In 1991, after a battle with ] while in ], she suffered further heart problems. She offered to resign her position as head of the Missionaries of Charity. However, the nuns of the order, in a secret ballot, voted for her to stay. Mother Teresa agreed to continue her work as head of the order. |
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In April 1996, Mother Teresa fell and broke her ]. In August of that year she suffered from ] and failure of the left ] ]. She underwent ], but it was clear that her health was declining. On ], ], she stepped down from the head of Missionaries of Charity and died on ],], nine days after her 87th birthday. |
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The Archbishop of Calcutta, Henry Sebastian D'Souza, said he ordered a priest to perform an ] on Mother Teresa with her permission when she was first hospitalized with cardiac problems because he thought she may be under attack by the ].<ref>Bindra, Satinder (], ]). "". '']'' Retrieved ], ].</ref> |
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At the time of her death, Mother Teresa's Missionaries of Charity had over 4,000 sisters, an associated brotherhood of 300 members, and over 100,000 ] volunteers, operating 610 missions in 123 countries. These included hospices and homes for people with ], ] and ], ]s, children's and family counseling programs, orphanages, and schools. |
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Mother Teresa was granted a ] by the ] in gratitude for her services to the poor of all religions in India.<ref>Associated Press (], ]). "". '']''. Retrieved ], ].</ref> Her death was mourned in both secular and religious communities. The former ] ], for example, said: "She is the ]. She is peace in the world."<ref name=Tribute>(] ]) . ''ChristianMemorials.com''. Retrieved ] ].</ref> ], the ] said that Mother Teresa was "a rare and unique individual who lived long for higher purposes. Her life-long devotion to the care of the poor, the sick, and the disadvantaged was one of the highest examples of service to our humanity."<ref name=Tribute /> |
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== Spiritual life == |
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Analyzing her deeds and achievements, John Paul II asked: "Where did Mother Teresa find the strength and perseverance to place herself completely at the service of others? She found it in prayer and in the silent contemplation of ], his Holy Face, his ]."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/speeches/2003/october/documents/hf_jp-ii_spe_20031020_pilgrims-mother-teresa_en.html |title=Address Of John Paul II To The Pilgrims Who Had Come To Rome For The Beatification Of Mother Teresa | work='']'' |date=], ] | author=John Paul II | accessdate=2007-03-13}}</ref> |
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In his first encyclical '']'', ] mentioned Teresa of Calcutta three times and he also used her life to clarify one of his main points of the encyclical. "In the example of Blessed Teresa of Calcutta we have a clear illustration of the fact that time devoted to God in prayer not only does not detract from effective and loving service to our neighbour but is in fact the inexhaustible source of that service."<ref>] (], ]). ''''. (PDF). ], pp.10. Retrieved ] ].</ref> |
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Although there was no direct connection between Mother Teresa's order and the Franciscan orders, she was known as a great admirer of ].<ref name=AmeriCath>"Mother Teresa of Calcutta Pays Tribute to St. Francis of Assisi" on the , retrieved ], ].</ref> Accordingly, her influence and life show influences of Franciscan spirituality. The Sisters of Charity recite the peace prayer of St. Francis every morning before breakfast and many of the vows and emphasis of her ministry are similar.<ref name=AmeriCath /> St. Francis emphasized poverty, chastity, obedience and submission to Christ. He also devoted much of his own life to service of the poor, especially lepers in the area where he lived. |
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==Influence in the world== |
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Mother Teresa's work inspired other Catholics to affiliate themselves with her order. The Missionaries of Charity Brothers was founded in 1963, and a contemplative branch of the Sisters followed in 1976. Lay Catholics and non-Catholics were enrolled in the Co-Workers of Mother Teresa, the Sick and Suffering Co-Workers, and the Lay Missionaries of Charity. In answer to the requests of many priests, in 1981 Mother Teresa also began the Corpus Christi Movement for Priests,<ref>. ''Corpus Christi Movement for Priests''. Retrieved ] ].</ref> and in 1984 founded with Fr. Joseph Langford the Missionaries of Charity Fathers<ref>. ''Missionaries of Charity Fathers''. Retrieved ] ].</ref> to combine the beauty of the vocation of the Missionaries of Charity with the resources of the ministerial priesthood. Today over one million workers worldwide volunteer for the Missionaries of Charity. |
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== Miracle and beatification == |
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Following Mother Teresa's death in 1997, the ] began the process of ], the second step towards possible ]. This process requires the documentation of a ] performed from the ] of Mother Teresa. In 2002, the Vatican recognized as a miracle the healing of a ] in the abdomen of an Indian woman, Monica Besra, following the application of a locket containing Mother Teresa's picture. Monica Besra said that a beam of light emanated from the picture, curing the cancerous tumor. Some of Besra's medical staff and, initially, her husband insist that conventional medical treatment eradicated the tumor.<ref>Orr, David (]. ]). . ''The Telegraph''. Retrieved ], ].</ref> Unless dispensed by the Pope, a second ] is required for her to proceed to ]. |
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], a British-born American author, journalist and literary critic, was the only witness called by the ] to give evidence against Mother Teresa's ] and ] process, as the Vatican had abolished the traditional "]" role that filled a similar purpose.<ref name=FIM>Hitchens, Christopher (] ]). "Less than Miraculous". '']''. Volume 24, Number 2.</ref> Hitchens has written that Mother Teresa's own words on poverty proved that "her intention was not to help people", and he alleged that she lied to donors about the use of their contributions. “It was by talking to her that I discovered, and she assured me, that she wasn't working to alleviate poverty,” says Hitchens. “She was working to expand the number of Catholics. She said, ‘I'm not a social worker. I don't do it for this reason. I do it for Christ. I do it for the church.’"<ref>. (] ]). '']''. Retrieved ] ].</ref> |
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In the process of examining Teresa's suitability for beatification and canonization, the ] (the Vatican) pored <!-- pore: read or study carefully! --> over a great deal of documentation of published and unpublished criticisms against her life and work. Vatican officials say Hitchens' allegations have been investigated by the agency charged with such matters, the ], and they found no obstacle to Mother Teresa's ].{{Fact|date=August 2007}} Due to the attacks she has received, some Catholic writers have called her a ].<ref>Shaw, Russell. (] ]). , '']''. Retrieved ] ].</ref> |
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==Commemoration== |
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] in ], ].]] |
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{{main|Commemorations of Mother Teresa}} |
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Mother Teresa inspired a wide variety of commemorations. Besides receiving numerous honors during her lifetime, she has also been memorialized through museums, been named patroness of various churches, and had various structures and roads named after her. |
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== See also == |
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* ] |
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* ] |
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* ] |
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==Notes== |
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<!-- See ] for an explanation of how to generate footnotes using the <ref(erences/)> tags --> |
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{{reflist|2}} |
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== Further Reading == |
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* Alpion, Gezim. ''Mother Teresa: Saint or Celebrity?''. London: Routledge Press, 2007. ISBN 0-415-39247-0 |
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* Benenate, Becky and Joseph Durepos (eds). ''Mother Teresa: No Greater Love'' (Fine Communications, 2000) ISBN 1-56731-401-5 |
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* {{cite news |
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| first=Satinder |
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| last=Bindra |
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| url= http://archives.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/asiapcf/south/09/04/mother.theresa.exorcism/index.html |
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| title=Archbishop: Mother Teresa underwent exorcism |
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| publisher=].com World |
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| date=2001-09-07 |
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| accessdate=2006-10-23 |
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}} |
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* Chatterjee, Aroup. ''Mother Teresa: The Final Verdict'' (Meteor Books, 2003). ISBN 81-88248-00-2, (without pictures). Critical examination of Agnes Bojaxhiu's life and work. |
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* Chawla, Navin. ''Mother Teresa'' (Element Books) 1996 ISBN 1-85230-911-3 |
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* Clucas, Joan. ''Mother Teresa''. New York: Chelsea House, 1988. ISBN 1-55546-855-1 |
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* Dwivedi, Brijal. ''Mother Teresa: Woman of the Century'' |
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* Hitchens. Christopher. ''The Missionary Position: Mother Teresa in Theory and Practice''. London: Verso, 1996. ISBN 1-85984-054-X |
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* Le Joly, Edward. ''Mother Teresa of Calcutta''. San Francisco: Harper & Row, 1983. ISBN 0-06-065217-9 |
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* ] ''Something Beautiful for God.'' ISBN 0-06-066043-0 |
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* Mother Teresa et al, ''Mother Teresa: In My Own Words''. ISBN 0-517-20169-0 |
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* Mundakel, T.T. ''Blessed Mother Teresa: Her Journey to Your Heart''. ISBN 1-903650-61-5. ISBN 0-7648-1110-X. . |
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* Sebba, Anne. ''Mother Teresa: Beyond the Image''. New York: Doubleday, 1997. ISBN 0-385-48952-8. |
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* Spink, Kathryn. ''Mother Teresa: A Complete Authorized Biography''. New York: HarperCollins, 1997. ISBN 0-06-250825-3. |
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* Williams, Paul. '' Mother Teresa''. Indianapolis: Alpha Books, 2002. ISBN 0-02-864278-3 |
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* Wüllenweber, Walter. "Nehmen ist seliger denn geben. Mutter Teresa — wo sind ihre Millionen?" ''Stern'' (illustrated German weekly), September 10, 1998. |
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==External links== |
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====General==== |
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{{commonscat|Mother Teresa}} |
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{{wikiquote}} |
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* ], ]] |
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* ] ]] (account of the National Prayer Breakfast speech) |
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* {{imdb name|0609336|name=Mother Teresa}} |
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=== Criticism === |
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* "," by Michael Hakeem, is a review of Christopher Hitchens' ''The Missionary Position''. Published in ''Freethought Today'', August 1996. |
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* "" by Christopher Hitchens in '']'', September 1997. |
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* "" by Christopher Hitchens 20. October 2003. |
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* "" by Donal MacIntyre in the '']'', ], ] <!-- Backup link to author's web site: http://macintyre.com/content/view/533/105/ --> |
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* "", '']'' 10. September 1998. |
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* ", by Aroup Chatterjee. Meteor Books, India (December 20, 2002) |
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{{start box}} |
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{{succession box | before=— | title = ] | years=1950–1997 | after = ]}} |
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{{end box}} |
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{{Nobel Peace Prize Laureates 1976-2000}} |
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<!-- Metadata: see ] --> |
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{{Persondata |
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|NAME= Mother Teresa |
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|ALTERNATIVE NAMES= Blessed Teresa of Calcutta, Agnes Gonxha Bojaxhiu |
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|SHORT DESCRIPTION= Christian ], international humanitarian, Nobel Laureate, Roman Catholic nun |
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|DATE OF BIRTH= ], ] |
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|PLACE OF BIRTH= ], ] (now the city of ], ]) |
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|DATE OF DEATH= ], ] (age 87) |
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|PLACE OF DEATH= ], ] |
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}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Teresa, Mother}} |
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Mother Teresa (1988)
Skopje, Republic of Macedonia