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| In ], a team of Egyptian scientists confirmed that Tutankhamun died of a swift attack of ] after breaking his leg. After consultations with ] and ] experts, the Egyptian scientists found that a fracture in Tutankhamun's left leg a day before his death was infected with gangrene and led to his death. The fracture was not sustained during the mummification process or as a result of some damage to the mummy as claimed by ]. The Egyptian scientists have also found no evidence that he had been struck in the head and no other indication he was killed, as had been previously speculated. | In ], a team of Egyptian scientists confirmed that Tutankhamun died of a swift attack of ] after breaking his leg. After consultations with ] and ] experts, the Egyptian scientists found that a fracture in Tutankhamun's left leg a day before his death was infected with gangrene and led to his death. The fracture was not sustained during the mummification process or as a result of some damage to the mummy as claimed by ]. The Egyptian scientists have also found no evidence that he had been struck in the head and no other indication he was killed, as had been previously speculated. | ||
| == Events after his death == | |||
| A now-famous letter to the ] king ] from a widowed queen of Egypt, explaining her problems and asking for one of his sons as a husband, has been attributed to Ankhesenamun (among others). Suspicious of this good fortune, Suppiluliumas I first sent a messenger to make inquiries on the truth of the young queen's story. After reporting her plight back to Suppilulumas I, he sent his son, Zannanza, accepting her offer. However, he got no further than the border before he died, perhaps murdered. If Ankhesenamun were the queen in question, and his death a murder, it was probably at the orders of Horemheb or Ay, who, both had both the opportunity and the motive. | |||
| In any event, after Tutankhamun's death, Ankhesenamun married Ay, possibly under coercion, and shortly afterwards disappeared from recorded history. | |||
| Tutankhamun was briefly succeeded by the elder of his two advisors, Ay, and then by the other, ], who obliterated most of the evidence of the reigns of ], Tutankhamun, and Ay. | |||
| == Discovery of Tutankhamun's tomb == | == Discovery of Tutankhamun's tomb == | ||
Revision as of 06:53, 18 June 2005
Tutankhamun (alternate transcription Tutankhamen), named Tutankhaten early in his life, was Pharaoh of the Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt (ruled 1334 BC/1333 BC – 1323 BC, lived c. 1341 BC – 1323 BC), during the period known as the New Kingdom. His original name, Tutankhaten, meant "Living Image of Aten", while Tutankhamun meant "Living Image of Amun". He is possibly also the Nibhurrereya of the Amarna letters.
Tutankhamun (or "King Tut") is perhaps best known to modern westerners as the only pharaoh to have his nearly intact tomb (KV62) discovered. (The wealth of objects discovered in this young king's tomb naturally leads to speculation on what might have been contained in the plundered tombs of far more significant Pharaohs.) However, he is historically important as well.
Death
The cause of Tutankhamun's death was unknown at first. An X-ray of his mummy has revealed a dense spot at the lower back of the skull. This had been interpreted as a chronic subdural hematoma, which would have been caused by a blow. Such an injury could have been the result of an accident, but it had also been suggested that the young pharaoh was murdered. If this is the case, there are a number of theories as to who was responsible; one popular candidate is his immediate successor Ay. Interestingly, there are seemingly signs of calcification within the supposed injury, which if true means that Tutankhamun lived for a fairly extensive period of time (on the order of several months) after the injury was inflicted.
Much confusion has been caused by a small loose sliver of bone within the upper cranial cavity, which was discovered from the same X-ray analysis. Some people have mistaken this visible bone fragment for the supposed head injury. In fact, since Tutankhamun's brain was removed post mortem in the mummification process, and considerable quantities of now-hardened resin introduced into the skull on at least two separate occasions after that, had the fragment resulted from a pre-mortem injury, it almost certainly would not still be loose in the cranial cavity. It therefore almost certainly represents post-mummification damage.
On March 8, 2005, Egyptian archaeologist Zahi Hawass revealed the results of a CT scan performed on the pharaoh's mummy. The scan uncovered no evidence for a blow to the back of the head as well as no evidence suggesting foul play. There was a hole in the head, but it appeared to have been drilled, presumably by embalmers. A fracture to Tutankhamun's left thighbone was interpreted as evidence that suggests the pharaoh badly broke his leg before he died, and his leg became infected; however, members of the Egyptian-led research team recognized as a less likely possibility that the fracture was caused by the embalmers. 1,700 images were produced of Tutankhamun's mummy during the 15-minute CT scan.
In 2005, a team of Egyptian scientists confirmed that Tutankhamun died of a swift attack of gangrene after breaking his leg. After consultations with Italian and Swiss experts, the Egyptian scientists found that a fracture in Tutankhamun's left leg a day before his death was infected with gangrene and led to his death. The fracture was not sustained during the mummification process or as a result of some damage to the mummy as claimed by Howard Carter. The Egyptian scientists have also found no evidence that he had been struck in the head and no other indication he was killed, as had been previously speculated.
Discovery of Tutankhamun's tomb
- See also Egypt in the European imagination
Tutankhamun's existence is believed to have been mostly forgotten at some point not too long after his death, until the 20th century. It has been suggested that his tomb was never opened, by either grave robbers or priests, exactly because he and it had been forgotten.
The Egyptologist Howard Carter (employed by Lord Carnarvon) discovered Tutankhamun's tomb (since designated KV62) in The Valley of The Kings on November 4, 1922 near the entrance to the tomb of Ramses VI, thereby setting off a renewed interest in all things Egyptian in the modern world. Carter contacted his patron, and on November 26 that year both men became the first people to enter Tutankhamun's tomb in over 3000 years. After many weeks of careful excavation, on February 16, 1923 Carter opened the inner chamber and first saw the sarcophagus of Tutankhamun.
For many years, rumors of a "curse" (probably fueled by newspapers at the time of the discovery) persisted, emphasizing the early death of some of those who had first entered the tomb. However, a recent study of journals and death records indicates no statistical difference between the age of death of those who entered the tomb and those on the expedition who did not. Indeed, most lived past 70.
Reconstruction of his face
In 2005, scientists released images of the first ever bust of the ancient Egyptian king, based on 1,700 three-dimensional CT scans taken of the pharaoh's mummy in January.
The team of Egyptian scientists aided by French and American scientist created a silicon mold bearing features of Tutankhamun using examinations that confirmed the size and shape of his skull. The mold was produced by placing silicone on a plastic replica of Tutankhamun's skull which was constructed from a previously available computerized X-ray of the mummy. The details of the shape of his nose and ears were obtained by superimposing clay on the plastic replica.
A recent exhibit of the "Tutankhamun and the Golden Age of the Pharaohs" exhibition in Los Angeles stirred up some controversy over how the boy king really looked like. Protestors from the NAACP have said that the computer generated image of the mummy's face looks too white. There is disagreement within the scientific community on whether Tutankhamun was Negroid or Caucasoid North African.
Tutankhamun in popular culture
- Tutankhamun has been commemorated in the whimsical song "King Tut" by comedian Steve Martin.
Further reading
- Howard Carter, Arthur C. Mace, The Discovery of the Tomb of Tutankhamen is the semi-popular account of the discover and opening of the tomb, by the archaeologist responsible
- C. Nicholas Reeves, The Complete Tutankhamun: The King, the Tomb, the Royal Treasure (London: Thames & Hudson, 1990) fully covers the complete contents of his tomb
- T. G. H. James, Tutankhamun (New York: Friedman/Fairfax, 2000) is a large-format volume by the former Keeper of Egyptian Antiquities at the British Museum, filled with colour illustrations of the funerary furnishings of Tutankhamun, and related objects
- Christiane Desroches-Noblecourt, Tutankhamen: Life and Death of a Pharaoh (New York: New York Graphic Society, 1963) is a useful early work covering the environment as well as his tomb
- Thomas Hoving, Tutankhamun: The Untold Story (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1978) retails a number of interesting anecdotes about the discovery and excavation of the tomb
- Bob Brier, The Murder of Tutankhamen: A True Story contains useful information about Tutankhamun's medical condition
- Treasures of Tutankamun (New York:Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1976 ISBN 0-345-27349-4)
See also
External links
- Putting a Face on King Tut Wired Magazine
- End Paper: A New Take on Tut's Parents by Dennis Forbes (KMT 8:3 . FALL . 1997 � KMT Communications)
- The mummy's curse: historical cohort study (Mark R Nelson, British Medical Journal 2002;325:1482-1484)
- A more detailed profile of him
- Experts Seek King Tut's Cause of Death
- Tutankhamun Examined in a CT Scanner
- Life of King Tut
- King Tut @ National Geographic Magazine
- King Tut's skin color a topic of controversy
