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| {{three other uses|human pregnancy|pregnancy in other mammals|Pregnancy (mammals)|a broader view|Gestation|the field dealing with pregnancy|Obstetrics}} | |||
| == | |||
| {{refimprove|date=July 2007}} | |||
| ] | |||
| '''Pregnancy''' is the carrying of one or more offspring in an embryonal or fetal stage of development by ] ]s, including ]s, inside their bodies, between the stages of ] and ]. In a pregnancy, there can be multiple ]s (for example, in the case of ]s, or ]). Human pregnancy is the most studied of all ]. | |||
| ]omg Mrs.o'hara if you are reading this we know that youre pregnant, which means that you had sex hahaha. please talk to us about your pregnancy in class because we are at the age of puberty in our lives wree that kind of stuff really intrests us. usually occurs about 38 weeks from ], i.e. approximately 40 weeks from the start of the last ]. Thus, pregnancy lasts about nine months, although the exact definition of ] is a subject of controversy. The medical term for a pregnant ] is ''gravida'', although this term is rarely used in common speech. The term '']'' is used to describe the developing human during the initial weeks, and the term '']'' is used from about two months of development until birth. A woman who is pregnant for the first time is known as a ] or "gravida 1", while a woman who has never been pregnant is known as "gravida 0". Similarly, the terms "]", "para 1" and so on are used for the number of times a woman has given birth. | |||
| In many societies' medical and legal definitions, human pregnancy is somewhat arbitrarily divided into three ] periods, as a means to simplify reference to the different stages of ]. The first trimester period carries the highest risk of ] (natural death of embryo or fetus). During the second trimester the development of the fetus can start to be monitored and diagnosed. The third trimester often marks the beginning of ], or the ability of the fetus to survive, with or without medical help, outside of the ] ]. <!-- make footer reference (Though this can be controversial, depending on the age of the fetus and the discussed context.) --> | |||
| == Determining the start of pregnancy and predicting date of birth == | |||
| {{seealso|Gestational age}} | |||
| Before pregnancy begins, a female ] (]) must join, by ] in a process referred to in medicine as "]", or commonly known as "conception" (though the ]). Fertilization occurs usually through the act of ], in which a man ] inside a woman's vagina, thus releasing his sperm; however, the advent of ] has made it possible for women to become pregnant if pre-existing medical conditions from either the woman or the man make fertilization through sexual intercourse difficult, or if a woman chooses to become pregnant without a male partner, for any number of reasons. Though pregnancy begins at implantation, it is often convenient to date from the first day of a woman's Last Menstrual Period (LMP). This is used to calculate the Expected Date of Delivery (EDD). | |||
| Traditionally a human pregnancy is considered to last approximately 40 weeks (280 days) from the LMP, or 38 weeks (266 days) from the date of fertilization. The 38 weeks of gestation is 10 ]s, i.e. 27.3 days/lunar-month x 10 = 273 days. In the more familiar ], the 40 weeks dating from the LMP is equivalent to a little more than nine months and six days, and this forms the basis of ] of approximating the EDD. A pregnancy is considered to have reached term between 37 and 43 weeks from the beginning of the last ]. Babies born before the 37 week mark are considered ], while babies born after the 43 week mark are considered ]. | |||
| Though these are the averages, the actual length of pregnancy depends on various factors. For example, the first pregnancy tends to last longer than subsequent pregnancies. Fewer than 10% of births occur on the due date; 50% of births are within a week of the due date, and almost 90% within two weeks. The due date is typically calculated as 40 weeks from the last menstrual period. | |||
| An accurate date of fertilization is important, because it is used in calculating the results of various ] (for example, in the ]). A decision may be made to ] labour if a fetus is perceived to be overdue. Due dates are only a rough estimate, and the process of accurately dating a pregnancy is complicated by the fact that not all women have 28 day menstrual cycles, or ovulate on the 14th day following their last menstrual period. | |||
| EDD may also be calculated from ] measurement of the fetus. This method is slightly more accurate than methods based on LMP.<ref>{{cite journal | title = Evaluation of ultrasound-estimated date of delivery in 17 450 spontaneous singleton births: do we need to modify Naegele's rule? | url = http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1469-0705.1999.14010023.x | journal = Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology | volume = 14 | issue = 1 | pages = 23-28 | last = Nguyen | first = T.H. | coauthors = ''et al.'' | date = 1999 | accessdate = 2007-08-18 }}</ref> Confinement, the beginning of labor, begins on the day predicted by LMP 3.6% of the time and on the day predicted by sonography 4.3% of the time.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://hygeia.org/poems23.htm | title = Post Term Pregnancy | last = Odutayo | first = Rotimi | coauthors = Odunsi, Kunle | date = n.d. | accessdate = 2007-08-18 }}</ref> | |||
| The beginning of pregnancy may be detected in a number of ways, including various pregnancy tests which detect hormones generated by the newly-formed ]. Clinical blood and urine tests can detect pregnancy soon after implantation, which is as early as 6-8 days after fertilization. Home ]s are personal ] tests, which normally cannot detect a pregnancy until at least 12-15 days after fertilization. Both clinical and home tests can only detect the state of pregnancy, and cannot detect its age. | |||
| In the post-implantation phase, the ] secretes a hormone named ] which in turn, stimulates the ] in the woman's ovary to continue producing ]. This acts to maintain the lining of the uterus so that the embryo will continue to be nourished. The glands in the lining of the uterus will swell in response to the blastocyst, and capillaries will be stimulated to grow in that region. This allows the blastocyst to receive vital nutrients from the woman. Pregnancy tests detect the presence of human chorionic gonadotropin. | |||
| An early ] can determine the age of the pregnancy fairly accurately. In practice, doctors typically express the age of a pregnancy (i.e. an "age" for an ]) in terms of "menstrual date" based on the first day of a woman's last menstrual period, as the woman reports it. Unless a woman's recent ] has been limited, the exact date of fertilization is unknown. Absent symptoms such as ], often the only visible sign of a pregnancy is an interruption of her normal monthly menstruation cycle, (i.e. a "late period"). Hence, the "menstrual date" is simply a common educated estimate for the age of a fetus, which is an average of two weeks later than the first day of the woman's last menstrual period. The term "conception date" may sometimes be used when that date is more certain, though even medical professionals can be imprecise with their use of the two distinct terms. The due date can be calculated by using ]. | |||
| ===Medicals signs=== | |||
| A number of ]s are associated with pregnancy.<ref name="mayo symptoms">{{cite web | title = Early symptoms of pregnancy: What happens right away | url = http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/symptoms-of-pregnancy/PR00102 | publisher = ] | date = February 22, 2007 | accessdate = 2007-08-22 }}</ref> | |||
| ;Early signs | |||
| These signs typically appear, if at all, within the first few weeks after conception. Although not all of these signs are universally present, nor are all of them diagnostic by themselves, taken together they may be useful to make a presumptive ] of pregnancy. | |||
| *Presence of ] (hCG) in the ] and ], detectable by laboratory or home ]; this is the most reliable early sign of pregnancy | |||
| *Missed ] | |||
| *Implantation bleeding, light spotting that occurs at ] of the embryo in the uterus, in the third or fourth week after LMP | |||
| *Increased ] sustained for over two weeks after ovulation | |||
| *], a darkening of the ], ], and ] | |||
| *], a softening of the vaginal portion of the cervix | |||
| *], a softening of the ] | |||
| ;Later signs | |||
| *], a darkening of the skin in a vertical line on the abdomen, caused by ] resulting from hormonal changes; it usually appears around the middle of pregnancy | |||
| *Steadily increasing abdominal swelling, the most visible sign of pregnancy | |||
| ==Symptoms== | |||
| Physical ]s of pregnancy vary. Of the symptoms listed, not all will occur for every woman and individuals may well experience different symptoms during different pregnancies. The following is a list of the most common symptoms.<ref name="mayo symptoms"/> | |||
| ;First trimester | |||
| *]s may feel swollen, sore, or tender. | |||
| *] may cause ] and ]. It is also known as morning sickness, although it may occur at any time of the day or night. | |||
| *The ] may be heightened. | |||
| *] for and aversions to certain foods may be experienced. Food aversions may exacerbate pregnancy symptoms. | |||
| *] is a common symptom in early pregnancy. It results from increased ] and may be compounded by increased ], which can result in ] and ]. | |||
| *] and ] may be experienced, particularly after standing up quickly. These symptoms are caused by lower blood pressure and lower blood sugar. | |||
| *Frequent mild ]s may occur, caused by increased blood circulation | |||
| *] is a common symptom caused by increased progesterone, which slows the activity of the ]. | |||
| *Increased ] is caused by pressure of the growing uterus against the ]. | |||
| *Emotional lability, including ], crying spells, and ]s. These ] changes are triggered by the effect of pregnancy hormones on ] in the brain. | |||
| Other symptoms may be experienced specifically during the later stages, such as: | |||
| *Lower backache. Balance and ease of walking may be affected. | |||
| *Many women will get ]. | |||
| *Some may have difficulty in walking and balance. | |||
| *Some women may experience haemorrhoids and rectal irritation. | |||
| *Some women report hair loss, others have more body or "facial" hair. | |||
| *Sensitivity in teeth, higher risk for gum disease. | |||
| Contact lens/spectacle prescriptions may be affected. | |||
| Some women during pregnancy experience mental disturbances more severe than typical mood swings. Psychological stress during pregnancy is associated with an increase in other pregnancy symptoms.<ref>{{cite journal | journal = Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica | title = Symptoms across pregnancy in relation to psychosocial and biomedical factors | last = Rodriguez | first = Alina | coauthors = Gunilla Bohlin, Gunilla Lindmark | url = http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1034/j.1600-0412.2001.080003213.x | volume = 80 | issue = 3 | pages = pp. 213-233 | date = 2001 | accessdate = 2007-08-23 }}</ref> | |||
| === Sexuality during pregnancy === | |||
| {{Citations missing|date=June 2007}} | |||
| Finally, one popular but exaggerated symptom is an increase in sexual urgency, mostly between the 5th and 8th month, when hormonal changes and physical discomfort such as nausea disappear. Some pregnant women reported a decrease in sexual interest, due to prolonged discomfort or psychological aspects such as not feeling "attractive" to pursue sexual activity, meaning that being pregnant affects their self-sense of beauty. | |||
| Until the mid 20th century, it was considered a socio-moral "taboo" action for pregnant women to engage in sexual activities. However, that perception has changed today. Sex during pregnancy is a low-risk behavior except when the physician advises that sexual intercourse be avoided, which may, in some pregnancies, lead to serious pregnancy complications or health issues such as a high-risk for premature labor or a ruptured uterus. Such a decision may be based upon a history of difficulties in a previous childbirth. | |||
| Some psychological research studies in the 1980s and '90s contend that it is useful for pregnant women with love partners to continue to have sexual activity. This is because studies find that those who have sex more than once a week feel less emotionally tense and more confident in the perception of their appearances. Some studies also suggest that they have less painful or quickened labors, which some physicians believe might be because sexual intercourse serves as a type of pelvic exercise. | |||
| ===Terminology=== | |||
| There are likewise finer distinctions between the concepts of fertilization and the actual state of pregnancy, which starts with implantation. In a normal pregnancy, the fertilization of the egg usually will have occurred in the ]s or in the ]. (Often, an egg may become fertilized yet fail to become implanted in the uterus.) If the pregnancy is the result of ], the fertilization will have occurred in a ], after which pregnancy begins when one or more zygotes implant after being transferred by a ] into the woman's uterus. | |||
| In the context of political debates regarding a proper ], the terminology of pregnancy can be confusing. The medically and politically neutral term which remains is simply "pregnancy," though this can be problematic as it only refers indirectly to the embryo or fetus. In the context of personal treatment, ] generally dictates that doctors make sparse use of clinical language like "fetus" and "embryo," and instead simply refer to the developing child as a "]." | |||
| ===Detection=== | |||
| The early stages of pregnancy are often discovered by using a ], as soon as 48 hours after fertilization using ], but not until six to twelve days after fertilization using more typical methods. In the post-implantation phase the ] secretes a hormone named ] which in turn, stimulates the ] in the woman's ovary to continue producing ]. This acts to maintain the lining of the uterus so that the embryo will continue to be nourished. The glands in the lining of the uterus will swell in response to the blastocyst, and capillaries will be stimulated to grow in that region. This allows the blastocyst to receive vital nutrients from the woman. Pregnancy tests typically detect the presence of human chorionic gonadotropin. | |||
| ==Timeline of a typical pregnancy== | |||
| :''The term '''trimester''' redirects here. For the term trimester used in academic settings, see ]'' | |||
| Pregnancy is typically broken into three periods, or trimesters, each of about three months. While there are no hard and fast rules, these distinctions are useful in describing the changes that take place over time. | |||
| ===First trimester=== | |||
| ] | |||
| Traditionally, doctors have measured pregnancy from a number of convenient points, including the day of last menstruation, ovulation, fertilization, implantation and chemical detection. In medicine, pregnancy is often defined as beginning when the developing ] becomes ] into the ] lining of a ]'s ]. In some cases where complications may have arisen, the fertilized egg might implant itself in the ] or the ], causing an ]. Most pregnant women do not have any specific signs or symptoms of implantation, although it is not uncommon to experience light bleeding at implantation. Some women will also experience cramping during their first trimester. This is usually of no concern unless there is spotting or bleeding as well. The outer layers of the embryo grow and form a ], for the purpose of receiving essential ] through the ] wall, or ]. The ] in a newborn child consists of the remnants of the connection to the placenta. The developing embryo undergoes tremendous growth and changes during the process of ]. | |||
| ] afflicts about seventy percent of all pregnant women, typically only in the first trimester.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} Most ]s occur during this period. | |||
| <!-- ''The image below this hidden text has been approved by a majority of users after much discussion on the talk page. Please do not change or remove this picture without first discussing it in the talk page. If you do remove it, your edit will be reverted.'' --> | |||
| ] | |||
| ===Second trimester=== | |||
| Months 4 through 6 of the pregnancy are called the second trimester. Most women feel more energized in this period, and begin to put on weight as the symptoms of morning sickness subside and eventually fade away. Although the ] begins moving and takes a recognizable human shape during the first trimester, it is not until the second trimester that movement of the fetus, often referred to as "]", can be felt. This typically happens by the fourth month. The placenta is now fully functioning and the fetus is making insulin and urinating. The teeth are now formed inside the fetus's gums and the reproductive organs can be recognized, and can distinguish the fetus as male or female. | |||
| ===Third trimester=== | |||
| Final weight gain takes place, and the ] begins to move regularly. The mother's ] will sometimes "pop" out due to her growing ]. This period of her pregnancy can be uncomfortable, causing symptoms like weak bladder control and back-ache. Movement of the fetus becomes stronger and more frequent and the fetus prepares for viability outside the womb through improved brain, eye, and muscle function. The mother can feel the baby "rolling" and it may cause pain or discomfort when the baby is in the mother's ribs. | |||
| It is during this time that a baby born ] may survive. The use of modern medical ] technology has greatly increased the probability of premature babies living, and has pushed back the boundary of viability to much earlier dates than would be possible without assistance. In spite of these developments, premature birth remains a major threat to the fetus, and may result in ill-health in later life, even if the baby survives. | |||
| <br clear="all" /> | |||
| ===Prenatal development and sonograph images=== | |||
| {{seealso|Prenatal Development}} | |||
| Prenatal development is divided into two primary biological stages. The first is the ], which lasts for about two months. At this point, the ] begins. At the beginning of the fetal stage, the risk of miscarriage decreases sharply,<ref> - . (August 6 , 2002). ''BBC News.'' Retrieved ]: “The risk of miscarriage lessens as the pregnancy progresses. It decreases dramatically after the 8th week.”<br> | |||
| - ], A Child is Born 91 (1990): at eight weeks, "the danger of a miscarriage . . . diminishes sharply."<br> | |||
| - “”, Hearthstone Communications Limited: “The risk of miscarriage decreases dramatically after the 8th week as the weeks go by.” Retrieved ].</ref> all major structures including hands, feet, head, brain, and other organs are present, and they continue to grow and develop. When the fetal stage commences, a fetus is typically about 30 mm (1.2 inches) in length, and the heart can be seen beating via sonograph; the fetus bends the head, and also makes general movements and startles that involve the whole body.<ref name="Prechtl">Prechtl, Heinz. "" in ''Handbook of brain and behaviour in human development'', Kalverboer and Gramsbergen eds., pp. 415-418 (2001 Kluwer Academic Publishers). Retrieved ].</ref> ] activity has been detected as early as 54 days after conception,<ref name="Singer">Singer, Peter. '''', page 104 (St. Martins Press 1996). Retrieved ].</ref> and the first measurable signs of ] activity occur in the 12th week.<ref>Vogel, Friedrich. '''' (Springer 2000): "Slow EEG activity (0.5 – 2 c/s) can be demonstrated in the fetus even at the conceptual age of three months." Retrieved ].</ref> Some fingerprint formation occurs from the beginning of the fetal stage.<ref>Zabinski, Mark. Forensic Series Seminar, Pastore Chemical Laboratory, University of Rhode Island (February 2003) ( retrieved ]).</ref> | |||
| <gallery> | |||
| Image:6 weeks pregnant.jpg|Embryo at 6 weeks pregnant (Embryo is 4 weeks old) | |||
| Image:10 weeks pregnant.jpg|Fetus at 10 weeks pregnant (Fetus is 8 weeks old) | |||
| Image:20 weeks pregnant.jpg|Fetus at 20 weeks pregnant (Fetus is 18 weeks old) | |||
| Image:40 weeks pregnant.jpg|Fetus at 40 weeks pregnant (Fetus is 38 weeks old) | |||
| </gallery> | |||
| <ref>" (Images from calendar weeks 6,10,20 and 40). Retrieved ].</ref> | |||
| <gallery> | |||
| Image:Month 1.svg|Relative size in 1st Month (simplified illustration) | |||
| Image:Month 3.svg|Relative size in 3rd Month (simplified illustration) | |||
| Image:Month 5.svg|Relative size in 5th Month (simplified illustration) | |||
| Image:Month 9.svg|Relative size in 9th Month (simplified illustration) | |||
| </gallery> | |||
| <gallery> | |||
| Image:Scan07semanas.png|7 weeks | |||
| Image:Scan13semanas1.png|13 weeks | |||
| Image:Scan17semanas2.png|17 weeks | |||
| Image:Scan20semanas1.png|20 weeks | |||
| </gallery> | |||
| == Food and nutrition during pregnancy == | |||
| It is important for an expectant mother to eat a healthy diet. Unless she has a specific health problem (e.g., ] or ]) common sense nutritional advice should be followed: balancing ], ], and ]; and eating a variety of foods, including ] and several ] and ], daily. A pregnant woman should consult her obstetrician for specific advice. Some specific nutritional needs for pregnancy include: | |||
| ] (also called folate or Vitamin B9) is strongly needed at the start of pregnancy, and even before conception. Folic acid is needed for the closing of fetus' neural tube. It thus helps prevent ], a very serious birth defect. Folates (from ''folia'', leaf) are abundant in ] (fresh, frozen or canned), and are also found in ], salads, melon, ], and ]. In the United States and Canada, most wheat products (flour, noodles) are supplemented with folic acid. | |||
| ] and ] are particularly needed by the rapidly growing fetus. Pregnant women should eat enough dairy products (for calcium) and ] (for iron) if they are not ] or ]. Women who do not eat dairy or meat can obtain calcium and iron from fortified ] and ], ], and certain leafy greens. Care providers may prescribe iron pills if pregnant women develop ]. Calcium is effective only if women also obtain enough ]. The best way to get vitamin D is to sunbathe each day for 10-15 minutes. ] and fatty fishes are also good sources of vitamin D. | |||
| ] helps to build strong teeth by changing the nature of calcium crystals: if water or salt does not contain fluoride, it is wise to take fluoride mini-pills at the end of pregnancy and during breast-feeding (but high doses are toxic). In many American cities, drinking water is supplemented with fluoride. Some pregnant women suffer edema, and are told not to eat (too much) salt. | |||
| ] from salmon, trout, tuna, ], ], mackerel, and some chicken eggs contain long-chain ] that are needed to build neuron membranes. Thus fatty fish intake during pregnancy may provide nutrition for proper brain and retina development of the fetus. However, large fish such as tuna and swordfish may contain too much toxic mercury, and one should balance risks with benefits: fish two or three times a week seems to bring enough good fat, but not too much mercury. Omega-3 fatty acids are also present in ], ], and ].<ref> (Pregnancy and Diet; "Omega 3 Rich Foods and Pregnancy")</ref> | |||
| Dangerous bacteria or parasites may contaminate foods, particularly ] and toxoplasma, ] agent. To avoid those two hazards, hygiene rules should be strictly adhered to: carefully wash fruits and raw vegetables; over-cook remainders, meat and processed meat; avoid raw-milk cheeses (listeria); try to avoid contact with cat feces (toxoplasma); clean the fridge often with diluted chlorine (then rinse). | |||
| ==Medical aspects of pregnancy== | |||
| {{Main|Obstetrics}} | |||
| Diagnostic criteria are: Women who has a menstrual cycles and is sexually active, a period delayed by a few days or weeks is suggestive of pregnancy; elevated B-hcG to around 100,000 mIU/mL by 10 weeks of gestation. | |||
| ] medical care is of recognized value throughout the developed world. Various vitamins or supplements are recognized as beneficial during pregnancy. Prenatal multivitamins as well as folic acid and the choline available from lecithin have either government approval or published studies supporting their use. ] reduces birth defects. Prenatal Choline derivable from ] improves the performance of rats on mental tests throughout the rats entire life. ] support the mental and visual development of infants and they are also beneficial postpartum. | |||
| ==Birth== | |||
| {{main|Childbirth}} | |||
| ] is the process by which an infant is born. It is considered by many to be the beginning of a person's life, and age is defined relative to this event in most cultures. | |||
| A woman is considered to be in labour when she begins experiencing regular uterine contractions, accompanied by changes of her cervix — primarily effacement and dilation. While childbirth is widely experienced as painful, some women do report painless labours, while others find that concentrating on the birth helps to quicken labour and lessen the sensations. Most women are capable of having a vaginal birth, but sometimes complications arise and a woman may need to undergo a ]. | |||
| During the time immediately after birth, both baby and mother are hormonally cued to bond, the mother through the release of ], a hormone also released during ]. | |||
| ==Postnatal period== | |||
| {{main|Postnatal}} | |||
| For topics following on from a successful pregnancy and birth, see: | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] feeding | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| ==Medical disorders in pregnancy== | |||
| Most potentially serious problems can be anticipated and treated effectively. However, problems sometimes develop suddenly and unexpectedly. Regular visits to a doctor or midwife during pregnancy make anticipation of problems possible and improve the chances of having a healthy baby. | |||
| Approximately 4 million births occur in the United States each year. A significant proportion of these are complicated by one or more medical disorders {{Fact|date=February 2007}}. A small percentage of pregnant women or new mothers have AIDS, cancer, heart disease, lung disease, physical disabilities, diabetes and psychiatric disorders like depression. | |||
| Two decades ago, many medical disorders were contra-indications to pregnancy. Advances in obstetrics, neonatology, obstetric anesthesiology, midwifery and medicine have increased the expectation that pregnancy will result in an excellent outcome for both mother and fetus despite most of these conditions. Certain medications deemed unharmful to the fetus may be highly necessary to the welfare and benefit of the mother, especially if she has an unborn child. | |||
| A rare but possibly under-diagnosed disorder in pregnancy is ], a condition in which morning sickness is constant and extreme, resulting in dehydration and malnutrition, due to frequent vomiting. | |||
| ==Terms and definitions== | |||
| ===Technical=== | |||
| <!-- Image with unknown copyright status removed: ] --> | |||
| * ''embryo'' - conceptus between time of fertilization to 10 weeks of gestation | |||
| * ''fetus'' - from 10 weeks of gestation to time of birth | |||
| * ''Ga Pw-x-y-z'' - a = number of pregnancies, w = number of term births, x = number of preterm births, y = number of miscarriages, z = number of living children; for example, G4P1-2-1-3 means the woman had a total of 4 pregnancies, of which 1 is of term, 2 are preterm, 1 miscarriage, and 3 total living children (1 term + 2 preterm). | |||
| * ''Gestational age'' - time from last menstrual period (LMP) up to present | |||
| * ''gravidity (G)'' - number of times a woman has been pregnant | |||
| * ''infant'' - time of birth to 1 year of age | |||
| * ''parity (P)'' - number of pregnancies with a birth beyond 20 weeks GA or an infant weighing more than 500 g | |||
| * ''preterm infant'' - delivered between 24-37 weeks | |||
| * ''previable infant'' - delivered prior to 24 weeks | |||
| * ''term infant'' - delivered between 37-42 weeks | |||
| * ''first trimester'' - up to 14 weeks of gestation | |||
| * ''second trimester'' - 14 to 28 weeks of gestation | |||
| * ''third trimester'' - 28th week to delivery | |||
| * ''viability'' - minimum age for fetus survival, ca. third trimester | |||
| * ''zygote'' - from fertilization until second cell division | |||
| * ''full term'' refers to the end of 36 weeks (nine months) from the first day of the mother's last menstrual period — the end of gestation. If a woman gives birth earlier than this, it is classed as a ''premature birth''. | |||
| ===Euphemisms and colloquialisms=== | |||
| There are a number of ] and ] for pregnancy, ranging from polite ("Mother to be", "with child", "expecting" and "full") to crude ("up the duff" - UK, "knocked up" and "preggo" - US, and "down the well" - Australia), and even comical "bun in the oven", "saving face" (to mean her face is pretty while her body changes) and "going to pop/drop". Much of the terminology came from pregnant women themselves in explaining what they are going through, sometimes in self-humor{{Fact|date=August 2007}}. | |||
| ==Regional customs== | |||
| In ], ], ] and ], age is measured starting from conception to acknowledge that the baby exists within the mother’s body before it is born. Therefore, a newborn baby is considered to be one year old, although gestation is approxmately 9 months. | |||
| The ancient ] of 276 days possibly originated from the human gestational cycle, or to indicate the world was created as slowly as a baby develops. | |||
| ==See also== | |||
| {{col-begin}} | |||
| {{col-1-of-3}} | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] for pregnant/new mothers | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] and labor | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| {{col-2-of-3}} | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] issues in pregnancy | |||
| * ], also known as ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] accompanied with pregnancy | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] during pregnancy or postpartum | |||
| * ] | |||
| {{col-3-of-3}} | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] during pregnancy | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] and ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ]s concerning pregnancy in many cultures | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] and ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| |} | |||
| ==References== | |||
| <div class="references-small"> | |||
| <references /> | |||
| * Mittendorf R, Williams MA, Berkey CS, Cotter PF. ''The length of uncomplicated human gestation.'' Obstet Gynecol 1990;75:929-32. PMID 2342739. | |||
| * {{cite journal |author=Nguyen T, Larsen T, Engholm G, Møller H |title=Evaluation of ultrasound-estimated date of delivery in 17,450 spontaneous singleton births: do we need to modify Naegele's rule? |journal=Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=23-8 |year=1999 |id=PMID 10461334}} | |||
| * . N Engl J Med 333:1737, 2002. | |||
| * . American Pregnancy Association, 2005. | |||
| </div> | |||
| ==External links== | |||
| {{commonscat|Pregnancy}} | |||
| {{wiktionarypar|Pregnancy}} | |||
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| * . | |||
| {{Reproductive physiology}} | |||
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Revision as of 21:10, 28 August 2007
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