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| ] in ]. this example combines features of the square, octagonal, and round caissons.]] | ] in ]. this example combines features of the square, octagonal, and round caissons.]] | ||
| ==Use in |
==Use in traditional Chinese architecture== | ||
| The caisson has been found in tombs of the ] dating the use of this architectural feature back at least 2,000 years.<ref>{{cite web | The caisson has been found in tombs of the ] (206 BC–220 AD) dating the use of this architectural feature back at least 2,000 years. It is a distinctive and probably unique structural feature of classical Chinese architecture that has no equivalent in other architectural styles as it uses no fasteners or adhesives.<ref>{{cite web | ||
| |year= | |year= | ||
| |month= | |month= | ||
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| }}</ref> | }}</ref> | ||
| ⚫ | The Baoguo Monastery in ] in ] has three ''zaojing'' in the ceiling, making it unique among surviving examples of ]. ''Zaojing'' are frequently found in ] (206 BC–220 AD) tombs.<ref name="people"/> | ||
| In traditional Chinese architecture, every facet of a building was decorated using various materials and techniques. Simple ceiling ornamentations in ordinary buildings were made of wooden strips and covered with paper. More decorative was the ] ceiling, constructed of woven wooden strips or ] stems fastened to the beams. The most decorative and the most complex ceiling was the caisson. Because of the intricacy of its ornamentation, the caisson was reserved for the ceilings of the most important Chinese buildings such as ] and ] temple altars.<ref name="nancy"/> | |||
| Similar structures also appeared in ] grottos, such as in ]. Grottoes are rock-cut architecture, cave grottoes carved out of living stone and do not have ''zaojing'' structures. Many of these grottoes, mostly found along the ] and built as late as 700 CE, have bas relief panels in the walls and ceilings, and might have rock carved ornamentation to imitate the ''dougong''-based structure in wooden buildings. This is unrelated to ''zaojing''. | |||
| The tomb of Empress Dowager Wenmind of the ] has a caisson in the flat-topped, vaulted ceiling in the back chamber of her tomb.<ref name="fu">{{cite book | |||
| | first=Fu | |||
| | last= Xinian | |||
| | year= 2002 | |||
| | title=Chinese Architecture -- The Three Kingdoms, Western and Eastern Jin, and Northern and Southern Dynasties | |||
| | edition= English Ed. | |||
| | publisher=Yale University Press | |||
| | location= | |||
| | pages= p. 76 | |||
| ⚫ | |||
| <ref name="gao">{{cite book | |||
| | first=Gao | |||
| | last= Daiheng | |||
| | year= 2002 | |||
| | title=Chinese Architecture -- The Liao, Song, Xi Xia, and Jin Dynasties | |||
| | edition= English Ed. | |||
| | publisher=Yale University Press | |||
| | location= | |||
| | pages= pp 134–135 | |||
| | isbn= 0-300-09559-7 }}</ref> ''Zaojing'' are frequently found in ] tombs.<ref name="people"/> | |||
| ==More recent structures== | |||
| As the caisson became increasingly standard in formal architecture in ancient China, similar structures also appeared in ] grottos, such as in ]. These sunken panels in the ceiling of grottos would be carved to imitate the ''dougong''-based structure in wooden buildings. | |||
| In more recent structures, the ''zaojing'' was employed less frequently and independent of more ancient Chinese building traditions such as the traditional ''dougong'', although decorative elements resembling the structural ''dougong'' were added. The most decorative and the most complex ceilings in Chinese architecture of much later periods, such as the Forbidden City, built some 1000 years later, was the caisson ceiling. Because of the intricacy of its ornamentation, the caisson was reserved for the ceilings of the most important Chinese buildings such as ] and ] temple altars in the Forbidden City. Sanquing Hall (Hall of the Three Purities) is the only ] (1213 - 1368) structure with three zaojing in its ceilings. | |||
| ==Cultural significance== | ==Cultural significance== | ||
Revision as of 14:02, 10 October 2007
For other uses, see caisson.
The Caisson (Chinese: 藻井; pinyin: zǎojǐng; lit. 'algae well'), also referred to as a ceiling caisson, caisson ceiling, or zaojing, in East Asian architecture is an archiectural feature typically found in the ceiling of temples and palaces, usually at the centre and directly above the main throne, seat, or religious figure. The caisson is generally a sunken panel set into the otherwise largely flat ceiling. It is often layered and richly decoracted. Common shapes include square, octagon, hexagon, circle, and a combination of these.
Name
The caisson is a general name for any sunken panel placed in the ceiling. For other meanings, see Caisson. In the case of East Asian architecture, however, the caisson is characterised by highly developed conventions as to its structure and placement. It is known in Chinese as zaojing, a name which is a combination of zǎo (aquatic plants) and jǐng (well).
Structure
The caisson is a sunken panel placed in the centre of the ceiling. It is raised above the level of the ceiling through the use the dougong (斗栱) structure, which, through interlocking structural members, creates successive levels of diminishing size. Beams may also be used to create a hexagonal or octagonal caisson surrounded by a square border. These beams, and the dougong members, are usually visible, and richly carved and often painted. The zaojing resembles an intricately carved or painted dome, coffer or cupola.
The centre of the caisson is decorated with a large bas-relief carving or painting. Common themes include "two dragons chasing the pearl. Caissons in the throne rooms of the Forbidden City feature a large, writhing dragon, from whose mouth issue a chandelier-like structure called the Xuanyuan Mirror, a series of metal balls which are said to be able to show reflections of evil spirits.
Caissons were originally used to support skylights. However, they became increasingly intricate and formalised, and were in later periods a standard item of interior decoration in formal buildings.
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Use in traditional Chinese architecture
The caisson has been found in tombs of the Han Dynasty (206 BC–220 AD) dating the use of this architectural feature back at least 2,000 years. It is a distinctive and probably unique structural feature of classical Chinese architecture that has no equivalent in other architectural styles as it uses no fasteners or adhesives.
The Baoguo Monastery in Yuyao in Zhejiang has three zaojing in the ceiling, making it unique among surviving examples of Song architecture. Zaojing are frequently found in Han Dynasty (206 BC–220 AD) tombs.
Similar structures also appeared in Buddhist grottos, such as in Dunhuang. Grottoes are rock-cut architecture, cave grottoes carved out of living stone and do not have zaojing structures. Many of these grottoes, mostly found along the Silk Route and built as late as 700 CE, have bas relief panels in the walls and ceilings, and might have rock carved ornamentation to imitate the dougong-based structure in wooden buildings. This is unrelated to zaojing.
More recent structures
In more recent structures, the zaojing was employed less frequently and independent of more ancient Chinese building traditions such as the traditional dougong, although decorative elements resembling the structural dougong were added. The most decorative and the most complex ceilings in Chinese architecture of much later periods, such as the Forbidden City, built some 1000 years later, was the caisson ceiling. Because of the intricacy of its ornamentation, the caisson was reserved for the ceilings of the most important Chinese buildings such as imperial palaces and Buddhist temple altars in the Forbidden City. Sanquing Hall (Hall of the Three Purities) is the only Yuan period (1213 - 1368) structure with three zaojing in its ceilings.
Cultural significance
As well as being decorative, caissons are associated with the element of Water (being an "algae well" or zaojing), and thus is believed to help prevent fire, an important concern in the predominantly wooden buildings of classical Chinese architecture.
Notes
- ^ "Caisson ceiling (Zaojing)". peopledaily.com. Retrieved 2007-09-03.
{{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|month=(help) - Oxford English Dictionary, (1989) Oxford University Press, caisson
- Steinhardt, Nancy W. (2002). Chinese Architecture (English Ed. ed.). Yale University Press. pp. p. 8. ISBN 0-300-09559-7.
{{cite book}}:|edition=has extra text (help);|pages=has extra text (help) - "Zaojing ceiling". taiwanschoolnet.org. Retrieved 2007-09-03.
{{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|month=(help) - Yu, Zhuoyun (1984). Palaces of the Forbidden City. New York: Viking. ISBN 0-670-53721-7.
{{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help), pp 253ff - "Caisson ceiling". chinainfoonline.com. Retrieved 2007-09-13.
{{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|month=(help)
See also
External links
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