Misplaced Pages

Revision as of 16:23, 18 November 2007

This page documents an English Misplaced Pages style guideline. Editors should generally follow it, though exceptions may apply. Substantive edits to this page should reflect consensus. When in doubt, discuss first on this guideline's talk page.

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This page in a nutshell: Material challenged or likely to be challenged needs a reliable source. This page explains how to write the citations.

This page is a style guide, describing how to write citations in articles.

Misplaced Pages:Verifiability, which is policy, says that attribution is required for "direct quotes and for material that is challenged or likely to be challenged." Any material that is challenged and for which no source is provided may be removed by any editor. For information about the importance of using good sources in biographies of living persons, see Misplaced Pages:Biographies of living persons, which is policy.

If you do not know how to format the citation, provide as much information as you can; others can remove unneeded information, but can't fabricate information to make up a deficient citation.

Why sources should be cited

Misplaced Pages is by its very nature a work by people with widely different knowledge and skills. The reader needs to be assured that the material within it is reliable: this is especially important where statements are made about controversial issues. The purpose of citing your sources is:

• To improve the overall credibility and authoritative nature of Misplaced Pages.
• To credit a source for providing useful material and to avoid claims of plagiarism.
• To show that your edit is not original research.
• To ensure that the content of articles is credible and can be checked by any reader or editor.
• To help users find additional information on the topic.
• To reduce the likelihood of editorial disputes, or to resolve any that arise.
• To ensure that material about living persons complies with Misplaced Pages:Biographies of living persons.

When to cite sources

When you add content

All material that is challenged or likely to be challenged needs a source.

The need for citations is especially important when writing about opinions held on a particular issue. Avoid weasel words where possible, such as, "Some people say ..." Instead, make your writing verifiable: find a specific person or group who holds that opinion and give a citation to a reputable publication in which they express that opinion. Remember that Misplaced Pages is not a place for expressing your own opinions or for original research.

Because this is the English Misplaced Pages, English-language sources should be given whenever possible, and should always be used in preference to other language sources of equal calibre. However, do give references in other languages where appropriate. If quoting from a different language source, an English translation should be given with the original-language quote beside it.

When adding material to the biography of a living person

Biographies of living persons should be sourced with particular care, for legal and ethical reasons. All contentious material about living persons must cite a reliable source. Do not wait for another editor to request a source. If you find unsourced or poorly sourced contentious material about a living person — whether in an article or on a talk page — remove it immediately! Do not leave it in the article and ask for a source. Do not move it to the talk page. This applies whether the material is in a biography or any other article.

When you quote someone

You should always add a citation when quoting published material, and the citation should be placed directly after the quotation, which should be enclosed within double quotation marks — "like this" — or single quotation marks if it is a quote-within-a-quote — "and here is such a 'quotation' as an example." For long quotes, you may wish to use Quotation templates.

Images

Images must include source details and a copyright tag on the image description page. It is important that you list the author of the image if known (especially if different from the source), which is important both for copyright and for informational purposes. Some copyright licenses require that the original author receive credit for their work. If you download an image from the web, you should give the URL:

Source: Downloaded from http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4280841.stm

If you got the image from an offline source, you should specify:

Source: Scanned from public record #5253 on file with Anytown, Somestate public surveyor

When you check content added by others

You can also add sources for material you did not write. Adding citations is an excellent way to contribute to Misplaced Pages. See Misplaced Pages:Forum for Encyclopedic Standards and Misplaced Pages:WikiProject Fact and Reference Check for organized efforts to add citations.

How to cite sources

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If you do not know how to format the citation, provide as much information as you can; others can remove unneeded information, but can't fabricate information to make up a deficient citation.

Articles can be supported with references in two ways: the provision of general references – books or other sources that support a significant amount of the material in the article – and inline citations, that is, references within the text, which provide source information for specific statements. Inline citations are needed for statements that are challenged or likely to be challenged, including contentious material about living persons, and for all quotations.

Say where you got it

It is improper to copy a citation from an intermediate source without making it clear that you saw only that intermediate source. For example, you might find information on a web page which says it comes from a certain book. Unless you look at the book yourself to check that the information is there, your reference is really the web page, which is what you must cite. The credibility of the article rests on the credibility of the web page, as well as the book, and the article itself must make that clear.

When citing books and articles, provide page numbers where appropriate. Page numbers must be included in a citation that accompanies a specific quotation from, or a paraphrase or reference to, a specific passage of a book or article. The edition of the book should be included in the reference section, or included in the footnote, because pagination can change between editions. Page numbers are especially important in case of lengthy unindexed books. Page numbers are not required when a citation accompanies a general description of a book or article, or when a book or article, as a whole, is being used to exemplify a particular point of view.

Full citations

All citation techniques require detailed full citations to be provided for each source used. Full citations must contain enough information for other editors to identify the specific published work you used.

Full citations for books typically include: the name of the author, the title of the book or article, the date of publication, and page numbers. The name of the publisher, city of publication, and ISBN are optional. For journal articles, include volume number, issue number and page numbers. Citations for newspaper articles typically include the title of the article in quotes, the byline (author's name), the name of the newspaper in italics, date of publication, page number(s), and the date you retrieved it if it is online.

For two books by the same author, published the same year, using Harvard referencing, this might be:

• Clancy, T. (1996a). Executive Orders. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons. ISBN 0-399-14218-5
• Clancy, T. (1996b). Marine. New York: Berkley Books. ISBN 0-425-15454-8

If the article in which the preceding examples appeared used footnotes rather than Harvard citations, the letter after the year would be omitted.

In the Harvard and embedded links citation systems, full citations appear at the end of the article in a section labeled "References." In the footnotes system, full citations may appear in a "References" section or may appear directly in the footnotes.

Full citation templates

Various citation templates can be used to help format full citations more consistently. Templates exist for specific formats, such as {{cite journal}}, {{cite book}}, {{cite web}} and {{cite news}}. There is also a generic {{Citation}} template.

The use of citation templates is neither encouraged nor discouraged by this or any other guideline. Templates may be used at the discretion of individual editors, subject to agreement with other editors on the article. Some editors find them helpful, arguing that they help maintain a consistent citation format across articles, while other editors find them unnecessary, arguing that they are distracting, particularly when used inline in the article text, as they make the text harder to read in edit mode and therefore harder to edit.

Inline citations

There are basically three inline citation methods used within Misplaced Pages.

• Embedded links

• Harvard referencing (also known as author-date referencing)

• Footnotes

Some of the features of Harvard referencing can be combined with footnotes - effectively resulting in a hybrid method.

• Short footnotes with alphabetized full citations

Embedded links

Web pages referenced in an article can be linked to directly by enclosing the URL in square brackets. For example, a reference to a newspaper article can be embedded like: , which looks like this:

Do not add a text label to embedded links in the body of a Misplaced Pages article.

A full citation is also required in a References section at the end of the article.

*Plunkett, John. , ''The Guardian'', ] ]. Accessed ] ].

which appears as:

• Plunkett, John. "Sorrell accuses Murdoch of panic buying", The Guardian, October 27 2005. Accessed October 27 2005.

Harvard referencing

According to The Oxford Style Manual, the Harvard system is the "most commonly used reference method in the physical and social sciences" (Ritter 2002). Under the Harvard referencing system, parenthesized author-date summary references are included with respect to sentences or paragraphs in the article text to which they apply. These references use the surname of the author, the year of publication and, where applicable, page or section references, for the source work.

Parentheses close before the period, as in (Author 2005). Page numbers must be included in a citation that accompanies a specific quotation from, or a paraphrase or reference to, a specific passage of a book or article. They usually follow the date in this way: (Author 2006, p.28).

In article, common variations:

• For two authors, use (Smith & Jones 2005); for more authors, use (Smith et al. 2005).
• If the same author has published two books in 1996, and both are being referenced in the text, this is written as (Clancy 1996a) and (Clancy 1996b).
• The specific page, section, or division of the cited work should usually follow the date in this way: (Author 2006, p.28) or (Author 2006:28).
• If the date of publication is unavailable, use "n.d." (meaning, no date)
• Newspaper articles may give the name of the newspaper and the date of publication after the sentence (The Guardian, December 17, 2005).

In a "References" section at the end of the article:

For an article: in the case of (Traynor 2005) or (The Guardian, December 17, 2005), this might be:

• Traynor, I. "Judge tells Ankara to decide on fate of leading author", The Guardian, December 17, 2005.

Harvard referencing templates

Inline author-date citations can be generated in the article text using {{Harvard citation}} templates. Use of the Harvard citation templates can include an automatic link to the full citation, but only if the full citation uses the {{Citation}} template. Links are not generated to full citations using other templates or those written freehand.

Links can be created using {{wikiref}} and {{wikicite}} templates to work more generally between any inline article text reference and any format full citation, including the {{Citation}} template, any of the other formal templates such as {{cite journal}}, {{cite book}}, {{cite web}}, {{cite news}}, or any freehand written citations.

Wikiref can use a simple wikilink style format, as in the following example:

The Sun is pretty big (], p.23),
however the Moon is not so big (], p.46).

== References ==
*{{wikicite|id=idMiller2005|reference=Miller, E (2005). "The Sun", Academic Press.}}
*{{wikicite|id=idSmith2006|reference=Smith, R (2006). "Size of the Moon", Scientific American, 51(78).}}

Result:

The Sun is pretty big (Miller 2005, p.23), however the Moon is not so big (Smith 2006, p.46).

References (Harvard example)

• Miller, E (2005). "The Sun", Academic Press.
• Smith, R (2006). "Size of the Moon", Scientific American, 51(78).

Footnotes

A footnote is a note placed at the bottom of a page of a document to comment on a part of the main text, or to provide a reference for it, or both. The connection between the relevant text and its footnote is indicated by a number or symbol which appears both after the relevant text and before the footnote.

1. Place a <ref> ... </ref> where you want a footnote reference number to appear in an article—type the text of the note between the ref tags.
2. Place the <references/> tag in a "Notes" or "References" section near the end of the article—the list of notes will be generated here.

Example:

The Sun is pretty big,<ref>Miller, E: "The Sun", page 23. Academic Press, 2005</ref>
however the Moon is not so big.<ref>Smith, R: "Size of the Moon", ''Scientific American'', 51(78):46</ref>

== References ==
<references/>

Result:

The Sun is pretty big, however the Moon is not so big.

References (footnotes example)

1. Miller, E: "The Sun", page 23. Academic Press, 2005
2. Smith, R: "Size of the Moon", Scientific American, 51(78):46

Where to place ref tags

Some words, phrases or facts must be referenced mid-sentence, while others are referenced at the end. Frequently, a reference tag will coincide with punctuation and many editors put the reference tags after punctuation (except dashes), as is recommended by the Chicago Manual of Style (CMoS). Some editors prefer the style of journals such as Nature which place references before punctuation. Each article should be internally consistent.

Section headings

Recommended section names to use for footnotes in Misplaced Pages are:

• ==Notes==
• ==Footnotes==
• ==References==

Short footnotes with alphabetized full citations

A list of fully-formatted citations alphabetized by author surname will be properly included for Harvard style references. The inclusion of such a section is seen as one of the advantages of that author-date referencing method. It helps the reader to determine exactly which sources have been used.

Rather than alphabetically, footnotes are simply listed in the same order in which the references were initially tagged in the article text. However, a separate alphabetized section can also be included along with the footnotes method. Where a separate alphabetical list of fully-formatted citations is maintained, then "short footnotes" may be used. That is, without giving a fully-formatted citation in the footnotes, instead the footnotes contain only author, year and page number, so the short footnotes then list references in the same format as inline Harvard references (only without the parenthesis of course). This in effect makes "short footnotes" a hybrid method that combines aspects of the different inline citations methods.

The following example shows how it can be coded. It's essentially the same as Harvard referencing, basically replacing parenthesis with <ref> tags.

The Sun is pretty big,<ref>], p.23</ref>
however the Moon is not so big.<ref>], p.46</ref>
The Sun is also quite hot.<ref>], p.34</ref>
== References ==
<references/>
=== Citations ===
*{{wikicite|id=idMiller2005|reference=Miller, E (2005). "The Sun", Academic Press.}}
*{{wikicite|id=idSmith2006|reference=Smith, R (2006). "Size of the Moon", Scientific American, 51(78).}}

Result:

The Sun is pretty big, however the Moon is not so big. The Sun is also quite hot.

References (short footnotes + full citations example)

1. Miller 2005, p.23

2. Smith 2006, p.46

3. Miller 2005, p.34

Citations

• Miller, E (2005). "The Sun", Academic Press.
• Smith, R (2006). "Size of the Moon", Scientific American, 51(78).

Note how each full citation is only listed once, but can be be cross-referred to multiple times from the short footnote, for example for different page references.

Scrolling lists

Scrolling lists, for example of full citations or footnote references, should never be used because of issues with readability, accessibility, printing, and site mirroring. Additionally, it cannot be guaranteed that such lists will display properly in all web browsers.

Further reading/External links

An ==External links== or ==Further reading== or ==Books== or ==Bibliography== section is placed near the end of an article and offers books, articles, and links to websites related to the topic that might be of interest to the reader. The section "Further reading" may include both online material and material not available online. If all recommended material is online, the section may be titled "External links".

All items used as sources in the article must be listed in the "References" or "Notes" section, and are usually not included in "Further reading" or "External links". However, if an item used as a reference covers the topic beyond the scope of the article, and has significant usefulness beyond verification of the article, you may want to include it here as well. This also makes it easier for users to identify all the major recommended resources on a topic. The Misplaced Pages guideline for external links that are not used as sources can be found here.

Dealing with citation problems

Unsourced material

If an article has no references, and you are unable to find them yourself, you can tag the article with the template {{Unreferenced}}, so long as the article is not nonsensical or a biography of a living person, in which case you should request admin assistance. If a particular claim in an article lacks citation and is doubtful, consider placing {{fact}} after the sentence or removing it. If you have time to try and find a reference, please do so; it's better to have 5 fully referenced articles rather than 50 articles all tagged with {{fact}}. It is often just as quick to find and create a reference as it is to tag something with {{fact}}. If you are unsure of how to create references, you may find this tool very useful, as it will create all the necessary reference code from just a few details you supply.

Consider the following in deciding which action to take:

• If it is doubtful but not harmful to the whole article or to Misplaced Pages

  Use the {{fact}}, or {{who}} or {{weasel-inline}} tags, but remember to go back and remove the claim if no source is produced within a reasonable time.

• If it is doubtful and harmful

  Remove it from the article: you may want to move it to the talk page and ask for a source, unless you regard it as very harmful or absurd, in which case it should not be posted to a talk page either. Use your common sense.

All unsourced and poorly sourced contentious material about living persons should be removed from articles and talk pages immediately. It should not be tagged. See Misplaced Pages:Biographies of living persons and Misplaced Pages:Libel.

What to do when a reference link "goes dead"

, WebCite

When a link in the References section or Notes section "goes dead", it should be repaired or replaced if possible, but not deleted. External links/Further reading sections are not as important, but bad links in those sections should also be fixed. Often, a live substitute link can be found. In most cases, one of the following approaches will preserve an acceptable citation:

• Some pages can be recovered from the Internet Archive or WebCite. Just go to http://www.archive.org/ or http://www.webcitation.org, respectively, and search for the old link by URL. Make sure that your new citation mentions the date the page was archived by the Internet Archive. In the case of WebCite, any broken URL can be searched for and replaced using the format http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=URL&date=DATE, where URL is the URL that is broken and needs to be restored. The DATE variable is optional and indicates the (approximate) caching date. For example, http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=www.pewinternet.org/pdfs/PIP_Health_Report_July_2003.pdf&date=2005-12-31 retrieves a copy of the URL http://www.pewinternet.org/pdfs/PIP_Health_Report_July_2003.pdf which is closest to the date of Dec 31st, 2005 (in this example, the actual caching date was 21 days before the requested date). WebCite allows on-demand prospective archiving and is not crawler-based; i.e. pages are only archived if the author has requested archiving when he cited the piece for the first time, which is highly recommended
• If this was a non-blind citation of web-only material, it may be worth the effort to search the target site for an equivalent page at a new location, an indication that the whole site has moved, etc.
• If the link was merely a "convenience link" to an online copy of material that originally appeared in print, and an appropriate substitute cannot be found, it is acceptable to drop the link but keep the citation.
• If you cannot find the page on the Internet Archive, remember that you can often find recently deleted pages in Google's cache. They will not be there long, and it is no use linking to them, but this may let you find the content, which can be useful in finding an equivalent page elsewhere on the Internet and linking to that.

If none of those strategies succeed, do not remove the inactive reference, but rather record the date that the original link was found to be inactive — even inactive, it still records the sources that were used, and it is possible hard copies of such references may exist, or alternatively that the page will turn up in the near future in the Internet Archive, which deliberately lags by six months or more. When printed sources become outdated, scholars still routinely cite those works when referenced.

Some source material, especially scientific papers, can be cited using a digital object identifier, by linking through dx.doi.org/. This will allow citation links to remain intact even if the URL changes.

Tools

• WebCite - tool to archive webpages to allow stable citation links.
• Template builder — Given an ISBN, a PubMed ID, etc., output a citation which can be pasted into a Misplaced Pages article.
• Reference generator — generates wikicode for journals, webpages, and other commonly cited sources.
• User:CitationTool - tool for finding citation errors and fixing them.
• User:Fictional tool - tool for cleaning up web citations
• Wikicite is a free program that helps editors to properly reference their Misplaced Pages contributions using citation templates. It is written in Visual Basic .NET, making it suitable only for users with the .NET Framework installed on Windows, or, for other platforms, the Mono alternative framework. Wikicite and its source code is freely available, see the developer's page for further details.
• OttoBib.com is a free tool to generate an alphabetized bibliography for books, using an input list of International Standard Book Number (ISBN) numbers, with output in MLA, APA, Chicago/Turabian, BibTeX, or Misplaced Pages format (also generates a permalink).
• The <ref> element - adds ref functionality to wiki sites.
• Zotero allows you to find articles in Mozilla Firefox and easily paste them into Misplaced Pages as citation templates using Ctrl-Alt-C
• Verisimilus's Cite generation page lets you find articles using built-in Google Scholar interface and automatically produce an appropriate cite template. It also features a BibTeX to {{cite}} converter.

Convenience links

The term "convenience link" is typically used to indicate a link to a copy of a resource somewhere on the Internet, offered in addition to a formal citation to the same resource in its original format. It is important to ensure that the copy being linked is a true copy of the original, without any comments, emendations, edits or changes. When the "convenience link" is hosted by a site that is considered reliable on its own, this is relatively easy to assume. However, when such a link is hosted on a less reliable site, the linked version should be checked for accuracy against the original, or not linked at all if such verification is not possible.

Where several sites host a copy of the desired resource, the site selected as the convenience link should be the one whose general content is most in line with Misplaced Pages:Neutral point of view and Misplaced Pages:Verifiability.

See also

• Misplaced Pages:Citation templates - a full listing of various styles for citing all sorts of materials.
• Misplaced Pages:Verifiability
• Misplaced Pages:Reliable sources
• Misplaced Pages:Scientific citation guidelines – guidelines for dealing with scientific and mathematical articles.
• Misplaced Pages:Copyright problems – in case of text that has been copied verbatim inappropriately.
• Misplaced Pages:Citing sources/example style – listing several examples of APA and Harvard referencing techniques.

References

• Concordia Libraries (Concordia University). Citation and Style Guides. Retrieved December 28, 2004. (This provides a list of common citation styles.)
• Citation Styles Handbook: APA
• Citation Styles Handbook: MLA
• APA Style.org
• Using American Psychological Association (APA) Format (Updated to 5th Edition)
• Citing Electronic Documentation (APA, Chicago, MLA)
• The Columbia Guide to Online Style
• Ritter, R. (2002). The Oxford Style Manual. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-860564-1
• University of Chicago Press Staff. (2003). The Chicago Manual of Style, 15th edition. University Of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-10403-6

Further reading

• Psychology with Style: A Hypertext Writing Guide
• A Guide for Writing Research Papers Based on Modern Language Association (MLA) Documentation
• AMA Citation Style
• Chicago/Turabian Documentation
• Template:PDFlink
• General Guidelines for Citing Government Publications
• Guide to Citation Style Guides
• Sociology style (ASR)
• Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals
• American Chemical Society reference style guidelines
• Citation Machine

1. "Note reference numbers. The superior numerals used for note reference numbers in the text should follow any punctuation marks except the dash, which they precede. The numbers should also be placed outside closing parentheses." (The Chicago Manual of Style, 14th ed. 1993, Clause 15.8, p. 494)

• Misplaced Pages style guidelines
• Misplaced Pages how-to