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| ==Biography== | ==Biography== | ||
| Giovanni Battista Cybo (or Cibo) was born at ] of ] extraction<ref name=Munsell > The Every Day Book of History and Chronology Embracing the Anniversaries of Memorable persons and events in every period and state of the world, from the creation to the present time, Joel Munsell, 1858 Appleton, University of Michigan, p.295 </ref><ref name=Monstrelet>The Chronicles of Enguerrand de Monstrelet, Enguerrand de Monstrelet, Bon Joseph Dacier, 1849 H.G. Bohn, Oxford University, p.458 </ref><ref name= Smith > The history of the Christian church during the Middle Ages with a summary of the reformation, centuries XI to XVI, Philip Smith, 1885 Harper & bros, University of Michigan, p.219 </ref>, the son of Aran Cybo who under ] (1455–58) had been a ] at Rome. His early years were spent at the ] court, and subsequently he went to ] and ] for his education. In Rome he became a priest in the retinue of cardinal Calandnini, half-brother to ] (1447–55); the influence of his friends procured for him, from ] (1464–71) the ]ric of |
Giovanni Battista Cybo (or Cibo) was born at ] of ] extraction<ref name=Munsell > The Every Day Book of History and Chronology Embracing the Anniversaries of Memorable persons and events in every period and state of the world, from the creation to the present time, Joel Munsell, 1858 Appleton, University of Michigan, p.295 </ref><ref name=Monstrelet>The Chronicles of Enguerrand de Monstrelet, Enguerrand de Monstrelet, Bon Joseph Dacier, 1849 H.G. Bohn, Oxford University, p.458 </ref><ref name= Smith > The history of the Christian church during the Middle Ages with a summary of the reformation, centuries XI to XVI, Philip Smith, 1885 Harper & bros, University of Michigan, p.219 </ref>, the son of Aran Cybo who under ] (1455–58) had been a ] at Rome. His early years were spent at the ] court, and subsequently he went to ] and ] for his education. In Rome he became a priest in the retinue of cardinal Calandnini, half-brother to ] (1447–55); the influence of his friends procured for him, from ] (1464–71) the ], and in ], with the support of ], later ], he was made ] by ] (1471–84), whom he succeeded on ], 1484 as Pope Innocent VIII. | ||
| The ] was riven with faction, while gangs rioted in the streets. Cardinal Giuliano did not have sufficient votes at the conclave to be elected, so he turned his energies towards the election of Cybo, whom he was confident that he could control. | The ] was riven with faction, while gangs rioted in the streets. Cardinal Giuliano did not have sufficient votes at the conclave to be elected, so he turned his energies towards the election of Cybo, whom he was confident that he could control. | ||
Revision as of 08:30, 3 December 2007
| Pope Innocent VIII | |
|---|---|
| Installed | August 29, 1484 |
| Term ended | July 25, 1492 |
| Predecessor | Sixtus IV |
| Successor | Alexander VI |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Giovanni Battista Cibo 1432 |
| Died | (1492-07-25)July 25, 1492 |
| Other popes named Innocent | |
Pope Innocent VIII (1432 – July 25, 1492), born Giovanni Battista Cybo, was Pope from 1484 until his death.
Biography
Giovanni Battista Cybo (or Cibo) was born at Genoa of Greek extraction, the son of Aran Cybo who under Pope Calixtus III (1455–58) had been a senator at Rome. His early years were spent at the Neapolitan court, and subsequently he went to Padua and Rome for his education. In Rome he became a priest in the retinue of cardinal Calandnini, half-brother to Pope Nicholas V (1447–55); the influence of his friends procured for him, from Pope Paul II (1464–71) the bishopric of Savona, and in 1473, with the support of Giuliano Della Rovere, later Pope Julius II, he was made cardinal by Pope Sixtus IV (1471–84), whom he succeeded on August 29, 1484 as Pope Innocent VIII.
The conclave was riven with faction, while gangs rioted in the streets. Cardinal Giuliano did not have sufficient votes at the conclave to be elected, so he turned his energies towards the election of Cybo, whom he was confident that he could control.
Shortly after his coronation Innocent VIII addressed a fruitless summons to Christendom to unite in a crusade against the infidels; the amount of his own zeal may in some degree be estimated from the fact that in 1489, in consideration of a yearly stipend of 40,000 ducats and a gift of the Holy Lance, he consented to favour Bayazid II (1481–1512) by detaining the Sultan's fugitive brother in close confinement in the Vatican.
Innocent VIII, in his papal bull Summis desiderantes (5 December, 1484) instigated severe measures against magicians and witches in Germany; the principles enunciated by him were afterwards embodied in the Malleus Maleficarum (1487). It was also he who in 1487 appointed Tomas de Torquemada to be grand inquisitor of Spain; he was a strong supporter of the Spanish Inquisition; he also urged a crusade against the Waldensians, offering plenary indulgence to all who should engage in it. In 1486, he prohibited, on pain of severe ecclesiastical censures, the reading of the nine hundred propositions of Pico Mirandola.
In Rome he built for summer use the Belvedere of the Vatican, on an unarticulated slope above the Vatican Palace, which his successor would turn into the Cortile del Belvedere. in season he hunted at Castello della Magliana, which he enlarged. Invariably short of money, he institutionalized simony at the papal court, creating new titles of offices that were discreetly auctioned.
In 1489, Ferdinand I of Naples having repeatedly refused to pay the tariff for his investiture, and a shaky peace of 1486 having failed, Innocent found reason to excommunicate Ferdinand and invite Charles VIII of France to come to Italy with an army and take possession of the Kingdom of Naples.The conflict was not ended until 1494, after Innocent's death.
An important event that coincided with his pontificate was the fall of Granada in January 1492, which was celebrated in the Vatican with great rejoicings. The Pope was sent a hundred fine Moorish slaves, whom he distributed among the Curia and to friends, and granted Ferdinand II of Aragon the epithet "Catholic Majesty."
Innocent VIII died on July 25, 1492, leaving behind him numerous children, of whom only two were publicly acknowledged, the others presented in the usual way as nephews (Octo nocens pueros genuit, totidemque puellas; Hunc merito poterit dicere Roma patrem – "The wicked man begat eight boys, and just as many girls, so that Rome might justly call him Father"), "towards whom his nepotism had been as lavish as it was shameless" (Encyclopaedia Britannica 1911). He married his elder son Franceschetto to Maddalena de' Medici, the natural daughter of Lorenzo de' Medici, who in return obtained the cardinal's hat for his thirteen-year-old son Giovanni, later Pope Leo X. Savonarola chastised him for his worldly ambitions. The unsympathetic Roman chronicler Stefano Infessura provides many lively details, among them the apparent attempt to revive Innocent VIII on his deathbed by blood transfusions from three young male children (who died as well in the process).
Notes
- The Every Day Book of History and Chronology Embracing the Anniversaries of Memorable persons and events in every period and state of the world, from the creation to the present time, Joel Munsell, 1858 Appleton, University of Michigan, p.295
- The Chronicles of Enguerrand de Monstrelet, Enguerrand de Monstrelet, Bon Joseph Dacier, 1849 H.G. Bohn, Oxford University, p.458
- The history of the Christian church during the Middle Ages with a summary of the reformation, centuries XI to XVI, Philip Smith, 1885 Harper & bros, University of Michigan, p.219
- Discoveries in medicine: blood transfusion.
