| Revision as of 16:58, 9 December 2007 view sourceSmerdyakoff (talk | contribs)56 edits Put back basic definition. The removed one is burdened by selectivity and logical fallacies. No need for a large quote in the lead paragraph← Previous edit | Revision as of 16:39, 10 December 2007 view source 81.103.125.58 (talk)No edit summaryNext edit → | ||
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| Punk ain't no religious cult | |||
| {{Cleanup|date=December 2007}} | |||
| Punk means thinking for yourself | |||
| {{Nazism}} | |||
| You ain't hardcore cos you spike your hair | |||
| '''Neo-Nazism''' (literally ''new ]'') is the ideology of post-] political movements seeking to revive Nazism. | |||
| When a jock still lives inside your head | |||
| Nazi punks | |||
| Neo-Nazis often use the ] symbols that were in use by ], such as the ], ]s and the red-white-black color scheme. Neo-Nazi activity appears to be a global phenomenon, with organized representation in many countries, as well as international networks. It has appeared even in ].<ref>, '']'', September 9, 2007</ref><ref> Israel's interior minister has called for reforming the law that grants Jews around the world Israeli citizenship.</ref> Individuals who have attempted to revive Nazism include ], ], ], ], ], ], and ]. | |||
| Nazi punks | |||
| Nazi punks-Fuck Off! | |||
| Nazi punks | |||
| ==Holocaust denial and minimization== | |||
| Nazi punks | |||
| {{main|Holocaust denial}} | |||
| Nazi punks-Fuck Off! | |||
| Many neo-Nazis promote ] or Holocaust minimization. They claim that the intentional ] (often in ]s) of more than 6,000,000 ]s is either a lie or grossly exaggerated. Leading historians' estimates of the number of Jews who died during the Holocaust range from 5.1 to 6.2 million.<ref>]. ''The War Against The Jews, 1933–1945''. New York : Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1975.</ref><ref>Wolfgang Benz in Dimension des Volksmords: Die Zahl der Jüdischen Opfer des Nationalsozialismus (Munich: Deutscher Taschebuch Verlag, 1991). Israel Gutman, ''Encyclopedia of the Holocaust,'' Macmillan Reference Books; Reference edition (October 1, 1995)</ref><ref>Hilberg, Raul. The destruction of the European Jews (Yale Univ. Press, 2003, c1961).</ref><ref>Yisrael Gutman, Michael Berenbaum, Raul Hilberg, Franciszek Piper, Yehuda Bauer, ''Anatomy of the Auschwitz Death Camp'', Indiana University Press, 1998, p.71.</ref><ref>Gilbert, Martin, Atlas of the Holocaust, New York: William Morrow and Company, Inc, 1993.</ref> Some accuse neo-Nazis of using Holocaust denial to make Nazism more palatable by removing the ideology's association with ].{{Fact|date=October 2007}} Some Holocaust deniers don't identify themselves as neo-Nazis, and a few, such as ], are Jewish. Some neo-Nazis who don't deny that the Holocaust happened have pointed out alleged immoral equivalencies (e.g. the ] and the ]); or they have have justified executions by the Nazis as retaliations for ], ] and ]. | |||
| If you've come to fight, get outa here | |||
| ==Austria== | |||
| You ain't no better than the bouncers | |||
| We ain't trying to be police | |||
| When you ape the cops it ain't anarchy | |||
| Nazi punks | |||
| Immediately after the Allies liberated ] in 1945, the anti-Nazi parties - Socialists (]), Conservatives (]) and Communists (]) - passed legislation to overcome the effects of Nazi rule. A law passed on May 8, 1945, banned the ] and Nazi activities. | |||
| Nazi punks | |||
| The '']'' program designed to purge the state apparatus and society of Nazi followers was not successful, mainly because of the size of the problem and the bureaucratic shortcomings of the program. This failure was reflected primarily in the fact that ex-members and sympathizers of the NSDAP did not change their beliefs. Over 500,000 registered Nazis were allowed to vote in the 1949 general election.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} A considerable number of ex-Nazis were integrated into the SPÖ and the ÖVP, and several concessions were made to appease them, such as suppression of the history of the ''Nazizeit'' (literally 'Nazi Time'); a fall-off in the prosecutions of Nazi war criminals; and the reinstatement of Nazi civil servants, teachers, professors, lawyers and police officers. | |||
| Nazi punks-Fuck Off! | |||
| Nazi punks | |||
| In the 1949 Austrian elections, ex-Nazis in the ] (VdU) put up candidates and won seats, and the Austrian right wing went through a process of growth. The withdrawal of Allied troops from Austria in 1955 encouraged the consolidation of right-wing groups, ranging from neo-Nazis to moderate Pan-Germans. The VdU split in 1955, but re-formed itself one year later as the ] (FPÖ). The first leaders of the FPÖ were former Nazis, such as Anton Reinthaller, who had been a government minister in the Nazi era, and ], who had been a ] (SS) officer. The Austrian public saw itself confronted with the organized right for the first time in 1959, during the Schiller Celebrations, when Pan-German youth, sport and cultural organizations took to the streets. The FPÖ's students' organization ] and its graduate equivalent Freiheitliche Akademikerverbände (FAV) attained considerable influence within student and university bodies.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} | |||
| Nazi punks | |||
| Nazi punks-Fuck Off! | |||
| Ten guys jump one, what a man | |||
| ===1960s and later=== | |||
| You fight each other, the police state wins | |||
| {{Antisemitism}} | |||
| Stab your backs when you trash our halls | |||
| In the 1960s, right-wing extremists, along with ''German Kameraden'', gained notoriety by involvement in terrorist acts in the ] province of ].{{Fact|date=February 2007}} Prominent among these was Norbert Burger, the ex-RFS leader and subsequent chairman of the neo-Nazi Nationaldemokratische Partei (NDP). The influence that the extreme right had gained in the universities became dramatically apparent five years later, during the ''Borodajkewycz Affair''. Hundreds of students demonstrated in favor of the anti-semitic university professor Borodajkewycz, and were involved in street battles — in the course of which ], a former concentration camp inmate, was beaten to death.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} | |||
| Trash a bank if you've got real balls | |||
| You still think swastikas look cool | |||
| During the 1960s and 1970s, Friedrich Peter, Chairman of the FPÖ, started establishing his party within the democratic party system — leading up to the entry of the FPÖ into a coalition government with the ] in 1983. This development led to the formation of a group around Norbert Burger (condemned in absentia by an Italian court for terrorist offenses in Bolzano-Bozen), which split from the FPÖ in 1966 and set up the NDP. In contrast to its German counterpart of the same name, the Austrian NDP found little resonance in an electorate moving to the left in the late 1960s. In 1972, ], an Austrian Nazi, had been elected United Nations Secretary General. Waldheim's election had caused anger among some people who had lost relatives in the ], as well as anti-UN groups who theorized the UN was supportive of totalitarian ideologies. | |||
| The real nazis run your schools | |||
| They're coaches, businessmen and cops | |||
| In a real fourth reich you'll be the first to go | |||
| Nazi punks | |||
| The volume "Rechtsextremismus in Österreich seit 1945" ("Right-wing Extremism in Austria since 1945"), issued by DÖW in 1979, listed nearly 50 active extreme right-wing organizations in Austria. Their influence waned gradually, partly due to ''liberalization'' programs in secondary schools and universities that emphasized Austrian identity and democratic traditions. Votes for the RFS in student elections fell from 30% in the 1960s to 2% in 1987. In the 1995 elections for the student representative body Österreichische Hochschülerschaft, the RFS got 4% of the vote. The FPÖ won 22% of the votes at the General Election in the same year.<ref>Brigitte Bailer-Galanda/Wolfgang Neugebauer. (1996). 'Incorrigibly Right - Right-Wing Extremists, "Revisionists" and Anti-Semites in Austrian Politics Today'. Vienna-New York.</ref> In the 1980s, in the province of ], border issues with ] — and disagreements over the rights of Carinthia's Slovenian minority — were used to orchestrate support for the far right organization ]. | |||
| Nazi punks | |||
| Nazi punks-Fuck Off! | |||
| Nazi punks | |||
| == Belgium == | |||
| Nazi punks | |||
| {{main|Bloed-Bodem-Eer en Trouw}} | |||
| Nazi punks-Fuck Off! | |||
| A Belgian neo-Nazi organization, ] (Blood, Land, Honour and Faithfulness), was created in 2004 after splitting from the international network (]). The group rose to public prominence in September 2006, after 17 members (including 11 soldiers) were arrested under the December 2003 ] and laws against ], ] and ]. According to Justice Minister ] and Interior Minister ], the suspects (11 of whom were members of the military) were preparing terrorist attacks in order to "destabilize" ].<ref>, ], 8 September 2006 {{fr icon}} </ref><ref> , '']'', 13 September 2006 {{fr icon}} </ref> According to journalist Manuel Abramowicz, of the network, the ] of the radical right have always had as its aim to "infiltrate the state mechanisms," including the army in the 1970s and the 1980s, through ] and the ].<ref>, '']'', Jeudi 7 septembre 2006 {{fr icon}} </ref> | |||
| You'll be the first to go | |||
| A police operation, which mobilized 150 agents, searched five military barracks (in ] near the Dutch border: Kleine-Brogel, ], ] (Royal military school) and ] — as well as 18 private addresses in ]. They found weapons, munitions, explosives, and a homemade bomb large enough to make "a car explode." The leading suspect, B.T., was organizing the trafficking of weapons, and was developing international links, in particular with the Dutch far right movement De Nationale Alliantie<ref>, '']'', 8 septembre 2006 {{fr icon}} </ref><ref>, ], 7 septembre 2006 {{fr icon}} </ref><ref>, ] Belgique, 8 septembre 2006 {{fr icon}} </ref><ref>, ], 08/09/06, 07h12 {{fr icon}} </ref><ref>, AFP, 08/09/06, 12h01. {{fr icon}} </ref><ref> , '']'', September 8, 2006 {{fr icon}} </ref> | |||
| You'll be the first to go | |||
| You'll be the first to go | |||
| ==Croatia== | |||
| Unless you think | |||
| {{seealso|Neo-Nazism in Croatia}} | |||
| Neo-Nazis in ] base their ideology on the writings of ] and ].<ref>"Blood And Homeland": Eugenics And Racial Nationalism in Central And Southeast Europe, 1900-1940 edited by Marius Turda, Paul Weindling Published 2006 Central European University Press Rory Yeomans article: Of "Yugoslav Barbarians" and Croatian Gentlemen Scholars: Nationalist Ideology and Racial Anthropology in Interwar Yugoslavia</ref><ref>Nationalism and National Policy in Independent State of Croatia by Irina Ognyanova (1941-1945) </ref> <ref> Genocide and Gross Human Rights Violations by Kurt Jonassohn, Karin Solveig Björnson Transaction Publishers 1998, page 279 | |||
| <br> | |||
| To further legitimize the claim that Croats constituted a distinct nation, entitled to their own state, Starcevic revived archaic usages and invented new words to artificially separate a Croatian literary language from the common Serbo-Croatian linguistic stock. It is interesting to note that Starcevic's ideas were later advocated by Ante Pavelic and the Ustashi | |||
| </ref><ref>Croatia: A Nation Forged in War by Marcus Tanner, Yale University Press 1997, Page 106: <br>Pavelic claimed Starcevic was the spiritual father of the Ustashe-run Independent State of Croatia (NDH)</ref> At the end of ], many of Pavelić's ] members fled to ], where they found sanctuary and continued their ] and ] activities (which were tolerated because of ] hostilities).<ref>http://www.jasenovac-info.com/cd/biblioteka/pavelicpapers/pavelic/ap0011.html</ref> The resurgence of the Ustaše movement in post-war Croatia is partly due to significant financial support of the ] by Ustaše emigrants.<ref>http://taylorandfrancis.metapress.com/index/DGB4V0MCGNFLU49E.pdf</ref> | |||
| To many of their modern supporters, the Ustaše are considered victims of the historically disputed ], and the late president ] even proposed to rebury Ustaše members together with victims of the ], as a sign of national reconciliation.<ref>Homeland Calling: exile patriotism and the Balkan wars by Paul Hockenos, Cornell University Press 2003 Page 28 <br>"Bleiburg" became a charge symbol for the alleged 'Serbo-Communist' campaign to exterminate the Croat nation</ref> <ref>Power and Persuasion: Ideology and Rhetoric in Communist Yugoslavia, 1944-1953 by Carol S. Lilly Westview Press 2001 Page 109 <br>The first books about the alleged Bleibirg massacre appeared after 1990 - based only on memoirs</ref> <ref>Video, War and the Diasporic Imagination by Dona Kolar-Panov, Routledge 1997 Page 116 <br> The story of Bleiburg was to fill the newspapers and to get considerable media attention in Croatia, and some of the media campaign reached Australia, but most of the members of the audience were not sure about 'what really happened' mainly because the 'after war death camps' and their victims inhabited the blurry space between myth and reality </ref> <ref>The Formation of Croatian National Identity: A Centuries-old Dream by Alex J. Bellamy, Manchester University Press 2003 Page 71 <blockquote> The crisis was resolved when Tudjman 'discovered' that among the bones already at Jasenovac were some returned from Bleiburg after the war, so no bodies neded to be exhumed and moved</blockquote></ref> <ref>http://www.ex-yupress.com/novi/novilist29.html</ref> <ref>http://www.iht.com/articles/2006/11/27/news/croatia.php</ref> Croatian Serbs felt insulted by that proposal. | |||
| Jonathan Levy, one of the lawyers representing plaintiffs in a 1999 lawsuit against the ] (Institute for Religious Works), the ] order, and the Croatian Liberation Movement (the Ustaše), the National Bank of ] and others, said: "Many are still terrified of the Ustashe, the ] particularly. Unlike the ], the Ustashe still exist and have a party headquarters in ]." <ref>http://www.christusrex.org/www1/news/haaretz-1-15-06a.html</ref> | |||
| In 1999, ]'s ''Square of the Victims of Fascism'' was renamed ''The Square of The Great Men of Croatia'', provoking widespread criticism of Croatia's attitude toward the ].<ref>http://www.iwpr.net/?p=bcr&s=f&o=246286&apc_state=henibcr1999</ref> In 2000, city council renamed the square to ''Square of the Victims of Fascism'' again.<ref>http://arhiv.slobodnadalmacija.hr/20001221/novosti1.htm</ref> Many streets in Croatia were renamed after the prominent Ustaše figure ], which provoked outrage amongst the Serbian minority. Since 2002, there has been a reversal of this development, and streets with the name of Mile Budak or other persons connected with the Ustaše movement are few or non-existent.<ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3605236.stm</ref> A plaque in ] with the inscription "Croatian Knight ]" was erected to commemorate Francetić, the notorious Ustaše leader of the Black Legion.The plaque remained there for four years, until it was removed by the authorities.<ref>http://www.ex-yupress.com/nacional/nacional7.html</ref><ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3605236.stm</ref><ref>http://see.oneworld.net/article/view/92811/1/</ref> | |||
| There have been instances of ], such as the phrase ] (meaning "hang Serbs on the ] trees!"). An Orthodox church was ]ed with pro-Ustaše graffiti in 2004.<ref>http://www.index.hr/clanak.aspx?id=279919</ref><ref>http://www.spc.org.yu/Vesti-2004/04/28-4-04-e01.html#usta</ref> Police have sped up responses to the appearance of extreme ] graffiti and other hate-based vandalism.<ref>http://www.index.hr/clanak.aspx?id=253042</ref> | |||
| During some protests in Croatia, supporters of ] and other suspected ] have carried ] symbols and pictures of Ante Pavelić.<ref>http://www.novilist.hr/default.asp?WCI=Pretrazivac&WCU=285A285B2863285D2863285A28582858285E2863286328632859285F2859285F2861285828632863286328592863M</ref> | |||
| In 2003, an attempt was made to amend the Croatian ] by adding articles prohibiting the public display of Nazi symbols, the propagation of Nazi ideology, ] and ]. However, this attempt was prevented by the Croatian ]al court in the same year.<ref>http://www.novilist.hr/default.asp?WCI=Pretrazivac&WCU=285A285F2863285E2863285A28582858285E286328632863286028582860285D285C28632863286328592863F</ref> | |||
| In 2005, the Croatian government made a move toward the Nazi-era law interpretation and practice, by granting to the Croatian parliament the exclusive right to interpret and authenticate the law.<ref>http://www.novilist.hr/default.asp?WCI=Pretrazivac&WCU=285B28582863285928592863285A28582858285E2863286328632859285E2861285E285A285C28632863286328592863I</ref> | |||
| An amendment was added in 2006 to prohibit any type of ] based on factors such as ], ], ], ], ] or ]al origin.<ref>http://www.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeno/2006/1706.htm</ref> In 2007, ]n authorities launched a criminal investigation into the widespread display of ] symbols at the May 12 gathering of Croatian nationalists in ], Austria.<ref>Wiesenthal Center Welcomes Opening of Investigation by Austrian Authorities of the Display of Fascist Ustasha Symbols at Recent Bleiburg Gathering </ref><ref> Austrija pokrenula istragu o ustaskim obiljezjima u Bleiburgu ('''Croatian''')</ref> | |||
| '']'', a popular Croatian singer, has sung "]" in his concerts. That song glorifies the Ustaše and their ] of the Serbs His May 17, 2007 concert in ] was attended by 60000 people, many of them wearing Ustaše uniforms. Some gave Ustaše salutes, and shouted the Ustaše slogan "Za dom spremni" (For home ready) en-masse. This event prompted the ] office of the ] to publicly address a protest to the Croatian president, ]. <ref>Zuroff Mesiću: Gnušamo se ustaških simbola na Thompsonovu koncertu ('''Croatian''')</ref> <ref>Margelov institut traži opoziv ministra Kirina zbog Thompsonovog koncerta ('''Croatian''')</ref> <ref>Nazi hunters slam singer’s concert </ref> <ref>Nazi hunter raps 'fascist' Croatian rock concert </ref> <ref>Jews slam Croatia's failure to condemn 'Nazi' concert </ref> | |||
| == France == | |||
| {{main|History of far-right movements in France}} | |||
| Neo-Nazi organizations in France include the '']'', created by former members of ]'s '']'' group. Close to ] and ] ideologies, ''Unité Radicale'' was dissolved in 2002 following ]'s assassination attempt on ], ] against then President ]. Christian Bouchet had previously been a member of '']'' (NR), an off-shoot of '']'' (Third Way) which described itself as "]." Although the NR opposed at first the "]" of ]'s ], it finally changed strategy, advocating as slogan "Less Leftism! More Fascism! <ref name=Banquet> , '']'', n°19, 2004 {{fr icon}}</ref>" The NR was also a successor to ]'s '']'' Neo-Nazi ] movement of the 1960s, which had participated to the ], along with ]'s ], ] and others. | |||
| ==Germany== | |||
| In Germany immediately after ], ] and the new German government attempted to prevent the creation of new Nazi movements through a process known as ]. The West German government had passed strict laws prohibiting Nazis from publicly expressing their beliefs as well as barring them from the political process. Displaying the swastika was an offense punishable by up to one year imprisonment. There was little overt neo-Nazi activity in Europe until the 1960s. However, some former Nazis retained their political beliefs, and passed them down to new generations. | |||
| ] in Franconia.]] | |||
| After ] in the 1990s, neo-Nazi groups gained more followers, mostly among disaffected teenagers in the former ]. Many were new groups that arose amidst the economic collapse and high unemployment in the former East Germany. They have also had an aversion to people from Slavic countries (especially ]) and people of other national backgrounds who moved from the former ] into the former ] after Germany was reunited. Their ideology was similar to that of ] (]). | |||
| ===Activities=== | |||
| German neo-Nazis have attacked accommodations for ]s and migrant workers in ] (]-], ]); ]-Lichtenhagen (]-], ]); and ], ], ], ] (]). A ], ] neo-Nazi arson attack on the house of a ] family in ] resulted in the deaths of two women and three girls, as well as in severe injuries for seven other people. <!--Neo-Nazis were involved in the murders of three Turkish girls in a November 23, 1992 arson attack in ], in which nine other people were injured.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} These events preceded demonstrations in many German cities involving hundreds of thousands of people protesting against ] violence.{{Fact|date=February 2007}}--> These protests precipitated massive neo-Nazi counter-demonstrations and violent clashes between neo-Nazis and ]s. <!--Official German statistics record 178 violent crimes motivated by right-wing extremism in 1990.{{Fact|date=February 2007}}-->Statistics show that in 1991, there were 849 hate crimes, and in 1992 there were 1,485 (with a significant concentration in the eastern ]). After 1992, the numbers went down, although they have risen sharply in subsequent years. In the former East Germany, an average of 17 people have been murdered every year by far right groups.<ref>http://serwisy.gazeta.pl/swiat/1,34180,3354654.html</ref> | |||
| ===Legal issues=== | |||
| German law forbids the production of pro-Nazi materials, so such items are smuggled into the country mostly from the ], ], the ], ] and ].{{Fact|date=February 2007}} Neo-Nazi rock bands such as ] have been outlawed in Germany, yet ] copies of their albums printed in the US and other countries are still sold in the country. | |||
| ]'', which is still legal in Germany. This is rather strange when considering the fact that the Reichskriegsflagge has nothing to do with the Third Reich, and that Hitler hated the ] aristocracy from which the flag originated.]] | |||
| An American neo-Nazi group called ] runs an illegal smuggling ring, for supplying pro-Nazi materials to neo-Nazis in Europe and other locations where such materials are banned by law. NSDAP/AO supplies items such as magazines, CDs, posters, portraits, clothing, patches, stickers, pamphlets.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} | |||
| German neo-Nazi websites mostly depend on Internet servers in the US and ], and use other terms for Nazi ideas and symbols. They also invent new symbols reminiscent of the ] and adopt other symbols used by the Nazis, such as the sun disc, ], hooked cross, wolf's cross, ], ], and dark star. <!--imprecise, cleanup--> A trial was held before the ] over the prohibition of the ], which had been accused of being a neo-Nazi party.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} In the course of the trial, it was discovered that some high-ranking party members worked as informants for the domestic intelligence service, the ]. The trial was temporarily suspended, and then rejected by the court because of the unclear influence of informants within the NPD. | |||
| In 2004, NPD received 9.1% of the vote in the parliamentary elections for ], thus earning the right to seat local ] members.<ref>http://www.statistik.sachsen.de/wahlen/allg/Seite_1.htm</ref> The other parties refused to enter discussions with the NPD. In the 2006 parliamentary elections for ], the NPD received 7.3% of the vote and six seats in the local parliament. Other neo-Nazi groups that have been active in Germany and have attracted government attention include the ] (which was banned in 1982), the ] (banned in 1983), the ] (banned in 1992), the ] of ] and ], the ] and ]. | |||
| ==Greece== | |||
| The most notable Greek neo-Nazi political organization is ]. Hrisi Avgi holds 10 offices across Greece, and publishes a monthly youth magazine and a weekly newspaper.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} Neo-Nazis in Greece are influenced by the ] quasi-fascist dictatorship, the ] during the Second World War, and the ] regimes which were placed in power by the Nazis during the German occupation of Greece (1940-1944) — such as those of Tsolakoglou, ] and Logothetopoulos. | |||
| Neo-Nazis in Greece have been tied to hate-driven attacks on ], ] and ]. One of the most deadly attacks was the murder of three immigrants in central ] by Pandelis Kazakos.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} Twelve Greek neo-Nazis participated as volunteers in the ] in Bosnia, aiding the Serbian Army in capturing the town of ].<ref name="Michas">Michas, Takis;"Unholy Alliance", Texas A&M University Press: Eastern European Studies (College Station, Tex.) pp. 22 </ref> Greek neo-Nazis have been active in football hooliganism. In September 2004, during a football match between ] and Greece, Albanian ] set the Greek flag on fire, so members of Hrisi Avgi and The Blue Army (a nationalist group of football fans) launched a series of ]. They targeted Albanian immigrants in Greece, killing one and wounding seven. | |||
| ==Israel== | |||
| In August of 2007, eight Israel citizens (aged 16-21) from the former USSR were arrested on 15 charges of "carrying out attacks on foreigners, gay people and religious Jews."<ref name="BBC Israeli">{{cite news|title=Israeli 'neo-Nazi gang' arrested|date= 9 September 2007|url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6985808.stm|publisher=BBC}}</ref><ref name="Asser">{{cite news|title=Israeli anger over 'Nazi' group|author=Martin Asser|publisher=BBC|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6987848.stm|date=10 September 2007}}</ref> In their homes police found "Nazi uniforms, portraits of Adolf Hitler, knives, guns and TNT."<ref name="BBC Israeli"/> The arrests were the result of a year-long investigation after a synagogue in ] was vandalized with Swastika images and graffiti including the name Adolf Hitler.<ref name="BBC Israeli"/> The gang videotaped themselves "proclaiming their allegiance to Adolf Hitler with a Nazi salute."<ref name="Heller">{{cite news|title=Police Break Up Israeli Neo-Nazi Ring |author=Aron Heller|publisher=Associated Press|url=http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5hcX27MPDoAZAZDHrfHlAJOs2O3Aw|date=September 9, 2007}}</ref> They also taped themselves beating gays, religious Jews, and drug addicts. The suspects admitted to assaulting people in Tel Aviv, mostly foreign workers.<ref name="BBC Israeli"/> All of the suspects had migrated to Israel under the ], "which allows anyone with at least one Jewish grandparent to become a citizen."<ref name="BBC Israeli"/> Investigative officer Revital Almog said of the accused, "their connection to Judaism is distant, through grandparents or distant family connections".<ref name="BBC Israeli"/> Israeli experts on Russian-speaking émigrés "say a small minority have embraced Nazi beliefs…being influenced by a rise in fascism in their former homelands."<ref name="Asser"/> Zalman Gilichenski, of the Information Centre for Victims of Anti-Semitism, told reporters that "neo-Nazi behaviour among some immigrants is encouraged by links they maintain with racist groups in Russia. …There are other groups like these in almost every city in Israel."<ref name="Asser"/> The outrage caused by the story of neo-Nazis in Israel has led to a call to reform the ]<ref name="Heller"/> and "for the law to be changed to permit the revocation of Israeli citizenship and deportation for neo-Nazis."<ref name="Asser"/> Others argue that changing immigration laws will be against the state’s interest in the face of "the demographic challenge to the Jewish state from a growing Israeli Arab and Palestinian population."<ref name="Asser"/> | |||
| == Poland == | |||
| In Poland, neo-Nazism is somewhat in background. However, in 2005, the new government included members of the ultra-conservative ] party, which is linked to the ] (APY). Some consider this electoral victory a triumph of ultra-conservatism and neo-Nazism because some of its members have neo-Nazi backgrounds or sympathies.<ref>http://www.wrzuta.pl/film/8vS5sEeFVv/nazisci_wsrod_mlodziezy_wszechpolskiej_czyli_heil_hitler_party </ref><ref> http://fakty.interia.pl/kraj/news/wiechecki-nie-jest-dentysta,824429,3</ref><ref>http://nigdywiecej.prh.pl/english/komunikat/nayism.php </ref> | |||
| == Russia == | |||
| <!-- Commented out because image was deleted: ] --> | |||
| {{further|]}} | |||
| The post-] era has seen the rise of a variety of extreme ] movements in ], some of which are openly ] or neo-Nazi. Neo-Nazi groups of Russia are characterized by extreme ] towards non-whites, ], ], and ]. | |||
| === Social roots === | |||
| The collapse of the ] economic system in the early 1990s caused great economic and social problems, including widespread ] and ]. Several ] ] organizations were able to tap into popular discontent, particularly among the marginalized, lesser educated, and habitually unemployed youth. Of the three major age groups — youths, adults, and the elderly — youths may have been hit the hardest. The elderly suffered due to inadequate (or unpaid) pensions, but they found effective political representation in the ], and generally had their concerns addressed through better budget allocations. Adults, although often suffering financially and psychologically due to job losses, were generally able to find new sources of income. Moreover, Soviet-era indoctrination into the ideals of ] predisposed most adults against the message of right-wing extremists. Younger Russians were much less likely to have such inclinations. | |||
| === Ideology === | |||
| Russian neo-Nazi organizations have generally defined themselves as standing outside of the political process, disdaining the electoral system and advocating the overthrow of the government by force. Their ideology has centered on defending Russian national identity against what they perceive as a takeover by minority groups such as ]s, ]s and ] immigrants. Cleansing the nation by killing or expelling Muslims, Jews and dark-skinned people has been a generally accepted goal for Russian neo-Nazis. Their ideology became epitomized in the slogan "Russia for the Russians", a catchphrase also adopted by less extreme factions. Russian neo-Nazis have generally not outlined discernible economic programs. They have openly admired and imitated the German Nazis and ], and Hitler's book '']'' stood high on their reading list. The most prominent organization, ], led by ], adopted a three-ray ] as its emblem (the German Nazi swastika can be thought of consisting of two rays; the ''Z'' shaped segments). | |||
| === Activities === | |||
| Russian neo-Nazis have made it an explicit goal to take over the country by force, and have put serious effort into preparing for this. ] organizations operating under the guise of sports clubs have trained their members in squad tactics and weapons handling. They have stockpiled and used weapons, often illegally. Reputedly, many were interested in ] and unarmed combat, and have organized realistic ] classes. Russian neo-Nazis' most notable action so far was their participation in the armed defense of the ] building against government forces during the standoff between ] and the Communist-dominated parliament in 1993.{{Verify source|date=February 2007}} | |||
| On ], ], Russian authorities arrested a student for allegedly posting a video on the Internet which appears to show two Muslim, migrant workers being beheaded in front of a red and black Swastika flag.<ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6946810.stm</ref> Alexander Verkhovsky, the head of a Moscow-based center that monitors hate crime in Russia, said, "It looks like this is the real thing. The killing is genuine...There are similar videos from the Chechen war. But this is the first time the killing appears to have been done intentionally." <ref name="execution">{{cite web|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/russia/article/0,,2149611,00.html|title=Student arrested over Russian neo-Nazi 'execution' video|author=Luke Harding|publisher=The Guardian|date=2007-08-16|accessdate=2007-08-16}}</ref> A Russian neo-Nazi group called the National Socialists of Russia claimed responsibility for the murders. | |||
| ==Serbia== | |||
| {{seealso|Neo-Nazism in Serbia}} | |||
| There are several neo-Nazi groups in ]. While Neo-Nazism in Germany mostly focuses on racial and political intolerance, neo-Nazism in Serbia is mostly based on national and religious factors.<ref> (in Serbian), ''centar za nove medije_kuda.org''</ref> ] (National Alignment), a neo-Nazi organization from the Serbian region of ], orchestrated several incidents in ]. In late 2005, charges were laid against 18 of the leading members in ], each of them facing up to eight years in prison.<ref>, ''] Serbian.com'', January 9, 2006</ref> The group was still active in 2007, as is shown by a display of religious hatred.<ref>, ''Adventist News Network'', July 12, 2007</ref> | |||
| The ] organization has a branch in Serbia, where it is called ''Krv i čast''. On its official website, the Serbian branch claimd it intends "to propagate revolutionary idea of National Socialism without compromise. Also, the intention of Serbian Blood and Honour Division is to motivate all NS followers to radical activities and not only to passive observing or listening to the music."<ref></ref> This organization, with chapters in several Serbian cities, organized several memorial concerts on the anniversary of Adolf Hitler's birth, starting in 2001.<ref>, ''Patriot Online''</ref><ref>, ''IMC Beograd'', June 25, 2005</ref> | |||
| In 2006, two ]i citizens were severely beaten in a ] park by a group of ]s wearing Nazi symbols.<ref>, ''Ynet News'', August 29, 2006</ref> The Serbian Jewish community says it was not the first such attack in Serbia. | |||
| ==United States== | |||
| In the ], neo-Nazi groups are a sub-type of a wider array of anti-Semitic and white supremacist groups. American neo-Nazi groups tend to pay homage to — but are often less focused on — the specific tenets of the NSDAP than some neo-Nazi groups in other countries.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} Neo-Nazi groups in the United States can be traced back to the 1920s, with the US branch of the ]. This organization merged with ] to form the ]. The Bund and other groups achieved a limited popularity in the 1930s (at one point staging a rally with over 20,000 people), but rapidly faded with the onset of the Second World War. The groups either disbanded or were dismantled by force during the war period. After the war, new organizations formed, with varying degrees of support for Nazi principles. It is difficult to determine the extent of neo-Nazi organizations in the United States, because these groups are aware that public opinion concerning them is negative, and there are organizations dedicated to monitoring their activities (such as the ] and ]). | |||
| While a small minority of American neo-Nazis draw public attention, most operate ], so they may recruit, organize and raise funds without interference or harassment. The American correctional system houses many white supremacist and neo-Nazi prison gangs, but more often than not, white prisoners join said gangs for protection from the other prison gangs, and do not necessarily subscribe to the ideologies that political neo-Nazi groups tend to emphasize.{{Fact|date=July 2007}} The ] guarantees ], which allows political organizations great latitude in expressing Nazi, racist and anti-Semitic views. One notable event in the United States in which neo-Nazis were legally allowed to assemble is known as the ]. American neo-Nazi groups often operate websites, occasionally stage public demonstrations, and maintain ties to groups in Europe and elsewhere.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} However, neo-Nazis are a tiny percentage of the national population. More often than not, neo-Nazis are outnumbered by counter-protesters at public demonstrations, and are quickly prosecuted for any crimes, such as ].{{Fact|date=February 2007}} | |||
| ===Legal issues=== | |||
| Some American neo-Nazi groups incite violence, however it is sometimes difficult for authorities to implicate them in violence or illegality in any meaningful way. In this way, prominent neo-Nazis may inspire, incite or even order violent crimes without much fear that their involvement will be traced back to an official organization. One notable ]n exception to this fact is ], which had members convicted of crimes such as racketeering, conspiracy, violating civil rights and sedition. Other exceptions are ] of the ], who was imprisoned for soliciting the murder of a federal judge; and ] of ], which lost a $6.2 million dollar lawsuit after Aryan Nations members opened fire on a passing vehicle. Aryan Nations has since lost its headquarters and paramilitary training grounds, and has split into three separate organizations. | |||
| ==Neo-Nazi organizations== | |||
| <!-- Only add groups with Misplaced Pages articles saying they are neo-Nazi. Add new groups in alphabetical order.--> | |||
| ===The Americas=== | |||
| *] - ]<ref>http://pnt.libreopinion.com/</ref> | |||
| *] - ] | |||
| *] - ] | |||
| *] - ] | |||
| *] - ] | |||
| *] (ABC region Skinheads) - ] | |||
| *] - ] | |||
| *] - ], ] | |||
| ===Scandinavia=== | |||
| *] (National Socialist Movement of Denmark) - ] | |||
| *] (National Socialist Movement of Norway) - ] | |||
| *] - ] | |||
| *] (National Socialist Front) - ] | |||
| *] - (Swedish Resistance Movement) - ] | |||
| **] (Norwegian Resistance Movement) - ] | |||
| *] (White Aryan Resistance) - ] | |||
| *] - ] | |||
| ===United Kingdom=== | |||
| *] (also known as the ]) | |||
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| ===Other European countries=== | |||
| *] (Golden Dawn) - ] | |||
| *] - ] | |||
| * (Lithuanian Nationaldemocratic Party) - ] | |||
| *] (National Alignment) - ] | |||
| *] (Carinthian Homeland Service) - ] | |||
| *] - ] | |||
| *] - ] | |||
| *] - ] | |||
| *] - ] | |||
| ===Other continents=== | |||
| *] - international neo-Nazi network | |||
| *] - ] | |||
| *] - ] | |||
| *] - ] | |||
| *] - ] | |||
| *] (Iran National-Socialist Workers Party) - ] | |||
| *] - (National Socialist Aryan League - NSAL) - ] | |||
| *] - ] | |||
| ==Neo-Nazi bands == | |||
| <!-- Do not add bands without Misplaced Pages articles showing they are Neo-Nazi. Add new bands in alphabetical order.--> | |||
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| <!-- Do not add bands without Misplaced Pages articles. Add new bands in alphabetical order.--> | |||
| == See also == | |||
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| ==Footnotes== | |||
| {{Reflist}} | |||
| ==Bibliography== | |||
| ===Primary sources=== | |||
| *'']'' by ] (using the pen name Ulick Varange, 1947, ISBN 0-911038-10-8) | |||
| *'']'' by ], (1958 (written 1948-56; ISBN 0-937944-14-9) | |||
| * ''White Power'' by ] (1967; ], 1996, ISBN 0-9656492-8-8) | |||
| *''This Time The World'' by ] (1961; ], 2004, ISBN 1-59364-014-5) | |||
| *''], Selected Writings of ]'' (ISBN 87-87063-40-9) | |||
| *''Merrie England — 2000'' by ] | |||
| *'']'' by ] (under the pseudonym '''Andrew Macdonald'''), novel (1978, ISBN 1-56980-086-3) . | |||
| * '']: The Collected Writings of ]'' edited and introduced by ] (Storm Books, 1992) or introduced by Ryan Schuster (], ISBN 0-9724408-0-1) | |||
| *'']'' by ] (under the pseudonym '''Andrew Macdonald'''), novel (National Vanguard Books, 1984, ISBN 0-937944-09-2) | |||
| *''Faith of the Future'' by ] (]; Rev edition, 1995, ISBN 0-9648533-0-2) | |||
| *'']'' by Randolph D. Calverhall (]), ] (National Vanguard Books, 1991, ISBN 0-937944-05-X) | |||
| *'']'' periodical edited by ] | |||
| *''Deceived, Damned & Defiant -- The Revolutionary Writings of David Lane'' by ], foreword by Ron McVan, preface by ] (Fourteen Word Press, 1999, ISBN 0-9678123-2-1) | |||
| *''Resistance Magazine'' published by National Vanguard Books | |||
| ===Academic surveys=== | |||
| * '']'' by Martin A. Lee, (New York: Little, Brown and Company, 1997, ISBN 0-316-51959-6) | |||
| * '']'' (Oxford Readers) by ] (1995, ISBN 0-19-289249-5) | |||
| *'']: German nationalism since 1945'' by Kurt P. Tauber (] Press; edition, 1967) | |||
| * '']'' edited by ], (1991, ISBN 0-13-089301-3) | |||
| * '']: ], the Hindu-Aryan Myth, and Neo-Nazism'' by ] (1998, ISBN 0-8147-3111-2 and ISBN 0-8147-3110-4) | |||
| * '']: ] and the Postwar Fascist International'' by ], (Autonomedia, Brooklyn, NY 1998, ISBN 1-57027-039-2) | |||
| *''Hate: George Lincoln Rockwell and the American Nazi Party'' by William H. Schmaltz (Potomac Books, 2000, ISBN 1-57488-262-7) | |||
| *''American Fuehrer: George Lincoln Rockwell and the American Nazi Party'' by Frederick J. Simonelli (], 1999, ISBN 0-252-02285-8) | |||
| *''Fascism in Britain: A History, 1918-1985'' by Richard C. Thurlow (Olympic Marketing Corp, 1987, ISBN 0-631-13618-5) | |||
| *'']: A World Survey'' by Angelo Del Boca and Mario Giovana (Pantheon Books, 1st American edition, 1969) | |||
| *''Swastika and the Eagle: Neo-Naziism in America Today'' by Clifford L Linedecker (A & W Pub, 1982, ISBN 0-89479-100-1) | |||
| *''The Silent Brotherhood: Inside America's Racist Underground'' by ] and Gary Gerhardt (Signet Book; Reprint edition, 1995, ISBN 0-451-16786-4) | |||
| *''"White Power, White Pride!": The White Separatist Movement in the United States'' by Betty A. Dobratz with Stephanie L. Shanks-Meile (hardcover, Twayne Publishers, 1997, ISBN 0-8057-3865-7); a.k.a. ''The White Separatist Movement in the United States: White Power White Pride'' (paperback, Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, 2000, ISBN 0-8018-6537-9) | |||
| * '']: A Sourcebook on the Radical Racist Right'' by ] (Rowman & Littlefield Pub Inc, 2000, ISBN 0-7425-0340-2) | |||
| *''Blood in the Face: The ], ], ], and the Rise of a New White Culture'' by ] (Thunder's Mouth Press; 2nd edition, 1995, ISBN 1-56025-100-X) | |||
| *''A Hundred Little Hitlers: The Death of a Black Man, the Trial of a White Racist, and the Rise of the Neo-Nazi Movement in America'' by Elinor Langer (Metropolitan Books, 2003, ISBN 0-8050-5098-1) | |||
| *'']: Portraits of American Neo-Nazis and Klansmen'' by Raphael S. Ezekiel (Penguin (Non-Classics); Reprint edition, 1996, ISBN 0-14-023449-7) | |||
| * '']: Aryan Cults, Esoteric Nazism and the Politics of Identity'' by ] (2001, ISBN 0-8147-3155-4) | |||
| *''Free to Hate: The Rise of the Right in Post-Communist Eastern Europe'' by Paul Hockenos (Routledge; Reprint edition, 1994, ISBN 0-415-91058-7) | |||
| *''The Dark Side of Europe: The Extreme Right Today'' by Geoff Harris, (] Press; New edition, 1994, ISBN 0-7486-0466-9) | |||
| *''The Far Right in Western and Eastern Europe'' by Luciano Cheles, Ronnie Ferguson, and Michalina Vaughan (Longman Publishing Group; 2nd edition, 1995, ISBN 0-582-23881-1) | |||
| *''] : A Comparative Analysis'' by Herbert Kitschelt (University of Michigan Press; Reprint edition, 1997, ISBN 0-472-08441-0) | |||
| *''Shadows Over Europe: The Development and Impact of the Extreme Right in Western Europe'' edited by Martin Schain, Aristide Zolberg, and Patrick Hossay (Palgrave Macmillan; 1st edition, 2002, ISBN 0-312-29593-6) | |||
| *''The Fame of a Dead Man's Deeds: An Up-Close Portrait of White Nationalist William Pierce'' by ] (Authorhouse, 2001, ISBN 0-7596-0933-0) | |||
| *'']: The Developing Euro-American Racist Subculture'' by Jeffrey Kaplan, Tore Bjorgo (Northeastern University Press, 1998, ISBN 1-55553-331-0) | |||
| *''Gods of the Blood: The Pagan Revival and White Separatism'' by Mattias Gardell (Duke University Press, 2003, ISBN 0-8223-3071-7) | |||
| * ''The Nazi conception of law (Oxford pamphlets on world affairs)'' by J. Walter Jones, Clarendon (1939) | |||
| ==External links== | |||
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Revision as of 16:39, 10 December 2007
Punk ain't no religious cult Punk means thinking for yourself You ain't hardcore cos you spike your hair When a jock still lives inside your head
Nazi punks Nazi punks Nazi punks-Fuck Off!
Nazi punks Nazi punks Nazi punks-Fuck Off!
If you've come to fight, get outa here You ain't no better than the bouncers We ain't trying to be police When you ape the cops it ain't anarchy
Nazi punks Nazi punks Nazi punks-Fuck Off!
Nazi punks Nazi punks Nazi punks-Fuck Off!
Ten guys jump one, what a man You fight each other, the police state wins Stab your backs when you trash our halls Trash a bank if you've got real balls
You still think swastikas look cool The real nazis run your schools They're coaches, businessmen and cops In a real fourth reich you'll be the first to go
Nazi punks Nazi punks Nazi punks-Fuck Off!
Nazi punks Nazi punks Nazi punks-Fuck Off!
You'll be the first to go You'll be the first to go You'll be the first to go Unless you think