Misplaced Pages

Revision as of 00:08, 25 December 2007

Nancy Davis Reagan
First Lady of the United States
In office January 20, 1981 – January 20, 1989
Preceded by	Rosalynn Carter
Succeeded by	Barbara Bush
Personal details
Born	(1921-07-06) July 6, 1921 (age 103) Flushing, New York, U.S.
Spouse	Ronald Reagan (1952–2004)
Relations	Kenneth Seymour Robbins and Edith Luckett
Children	Patti, Ron
Occupation	First Lady of the United States
Signature

Nancy Davis Reagan (born Anne Frances Robbins on July 6, 1921) is the widow of former United States President Ronald Reagan and was First Lady of the United States from 1981 to 1989. Born in New York, her parents divorced soon after her birth; she grew up in Maryland, living with an aunt and uncle while her mother pursued acting jobs. As Nancy Davis, she was an actress in the 1940s and 1950s, starring in films such as Donovan's Brain, Night into Morning, and Hellcats of the Navy. In 1952 she married Ronald Reagan, who was then president of the Screen Actors Guild; they had two children. Nancy became the First Lady of California when her husband was Governor from 1967 to 1975.

She became the First Lady of the United States in January 1981 with Ronald Reagan's presidential victory, enduring criticism early in her husband's first term due largely to her decision to replenish the White House china. Nancy sought to restore a Kennedy-esque glamor to the White House following years of what she viewed as lax formality, and her interest in high-end fashion garnered much attention. She championed recreational drug prevention causes by founding the "Just Say No" drug awareness campaign, which was considered her foremost initiative as First Lady. Further controversy ensued when it was revealed in 1988 that she had consulted an astrologer to assist in planning the president's schedule after the 1981 assassination attempt on her husband's life.

The Reagans retired to their home in Bel Air, Los Angeles, California in 1989. Nancy devoted most of her time to caring for her ailing husband, diagnosed in 1994 with Alzheimer's disease, until his death in 2004. Nancy Reagan has remained active in politics, particularly in relation to stem-cell research.

Early life

Anne Frances Robbins was born on July 6, 1921 at Manhattan's Sloane Hospital for Women in New York, the only child of car salesman Kenneth Seymour Robbins (1894–1972) and his actress wife, Edith Luckett (1888–1987). She lived for her first two years in Flushing, Queens in New York. While her parents divorced soon after her birth, they had already been separated for some time. As her mother traveled the country to pursue acting jobs, Nancy was raised in Bethesda, Maryland, for the next six years by her aunt Virginia and uncle Audley Gailbraith. Nancy describes longing for her mother during those years: "My favorite times were when Mother had a job in New York, and Aunt Virgie would take me by train to stay with her."

In 1929, her mother married Loyal Davis (1896–1982), a prominent, politically conservative neurosurgeon who moved the family to Chicago. Nancy and her stepfather got along very well; she would later write that he was "a man of great integrity who exemplified old-fashioned values". He formally adopted her in 1935, and she would always refer to him as her father. After the adoption, her name was legally changed to Nancy Davis (since birth, she had commonly been called Nancy). She attended the Girls' Latin School of Chicago (describing herself as an average student), graduated in 1939, and later attended Smith College in Massachusetts, where she majored in English and drama and graduated in 1943.

Acting career

Following her graduation, Davis held jobs in Chicago as a sales clerk in Marshall Field's department store and as a nurse's aide. With the help of her mother's colleagues in theatre, including Zasu Pitts, Walter Huston, and Spencer Tracy, she pursued a career as a professional actress. She first gained a part in Pitts' 1945 road tour of Ramshackle Inn, then settled in New York. She landed the role of Si-Tchun, a lady-in-waiting, in the 1946 Broadway musical about the Orient, Lute Song, starring Mary Martin and Yul Brynner, after the show's producer told her, "You look like you could be Chinese."

After passing a screen test, she signed a seven-year contract with Metro Goldwyn Mayer Studios (MGM) in 1949; she later remarked, "Joining Metro was like walking into a dream world." Davis appeared in 11 feature films, usually typecast as a "loyal housewife", "responsible young mother", or "the steady woman". She kept her professional name as Nancy Davis even after marrying. Her film career began with minor roles in 1949's The Doctor and the Girl with Glenn Ford, and followed with East Side, West Side starring Barbara Stanwyck. She played a child psychiatrist in the film noir Shadow on the Wall (1950) with Ann Sothern and Zachary Scott; her performance was called "beautiful and convincing" by The New York Times critic A. H. Weiler. She co-starred in 1950's The Next Voice You Hear ..., playing a pregnant housewife who hears the voice of God from her radio. Influential reviewer Bosley Crowther of The New York Times wrote that "Nancy Davis delightful as gentle, plain, and understanding wife." A later critic admired the film's effort to convincingly portray Davis as pregnant—many other films from the time neglected to do so. In 1951, Davis appeared in her favorite screen role, Night Into Morning, a study of bereavement starring Ray Milland. The Times' Crowther said that Davis "does nicely as the fiancée who is widowed herself and knows the loneliness of grief." Davis left MGM in 1952, seeking a broader range of parts. She soon starred in the 1953 science fiction film Donovan's Brain; Crowther said that Davis, playing the role of a possessed scientist's "sadly baffled wife", "walked through it all in stark confusion" in an "utterly silly" film. In her last movie, Hellcats of the Navy (1957), she played nurse Lieutenant Helen Blair and shared the screen for the only time with her husband, playing what one critic called "a housewife who came along for the ride". Another reviewer, however, stated that Davis plays her part well, and "does well with what she has to work with".

Noted author Garry Wills believes that Davis was underrated as an actress overall, because her constrained part in Hellcats was her most widely seen performance. Davis seems to have downplayed her Hollywood goals: MGM promotional material in 1949 said that her "greatest ambition" was to have a "successful happy marriage"; decades later, in 1975, she would say, "I was never really a career woman but only because I hadn't found the man I wanted to marry. I couldn't sit around and do nothing, so I became an actress." Ronald Reagan biographer Lou Cannon nevertheless characterized her as a "reliable" and "solid" performer who held her own in performances with better-known actors. After her final film, she appeared in television dramas such as Wagon Train and The Tall Man until 1962, when she retired as an actress. During her career, she served on the board of directors of the Screen Actors Guild for nearly 10 years.

Marriage and family

During her career as an actress, Nancy Davis dated actors in Hollywood; she later called Clark Gable, whom she dated briefly, the nicest of the stars she had met. On November 15, 1949, she met Ronald Reagan, who was then president of the Screen Actor's Guild. Concerned that she would be confused with another actress of the same name who appeared on the Hollywood blacklist, she contacted Reagan to help maintain her employment as a guild actress in Hollywood, and for assistance in having her name removed from the list. The two began dating and their relationship became publicly visible; one Hollywood press account described their nightclub-free times together as "the romance of a couple who have no vices". Ronald Reagan was skeptical about marriage, however, following his painful 1948 divorce from Jane Wyman, and he still saw other women. He eventually proposed to Davis in the couple's favorite booth at the Beverly Hills restaurant Chasen's. They married on March 4, 1952—in a simple ceremony designed to avoid the press—at the Little Brown Church in the San Fernando Valley of Los Angeles. The only people in attendance were actor William Holden, the best man, and his wife, the matron of honor.

The couple's first child, Patricia Ann Reagan (better known by her professional name, Patti Davis), was born on October 21, 1952. Their son, Ronald Prescott Reagan, was born six years later, on May 20. Nancy Reagan is also stepmother to Michael Reagan and the late Maureen Reagan, the children of her husband's first marriage to Jane Wyman.

Observers described Ronald and Nancy Reagan's relationship as close, real, and intimate. As President and First Lady, the Reagans were reported to display their affection frequently, with one press secretary noting, "They never took each other for granted. They never stopped courting." Ronald often called Nancy "Mommy"; she called him "Ronnie". While the President was recuperating in the hospital after the 1981 assassination attempt, Nancy Reagan wrote in her diary, "Nothing can happen to my Ronnie. My life would be over." In a letter to Nancy, Ronald wrote, "whatever I treasure and enjoy … all would be without meaning if I didn’t have you." In 1994, President Reagan wrote, "I have recently been told that I am one of the millions of Americans who will be afflicted with Alzheimer's disease … I only wish there was some way I could spare Nancy from this painful experience." In 1998, while her husband was severely affected by the disease, Nancy told Vanity Fair, "Our relationship is very special. We were very much in love and still are. When I say my life began with Ronnie, well, it's true. It did. I can't imagine life without him." Nancy was known for the focused and attentive look, nicknamed "the Gaze", that she fastened upon her husband during his speeches and appearances. President Reagan's death in June 2004 ended what actor Charlton Heston called "the greatest love affair in the history of the American Presidency."

Nancy's relationship with her children was not always as close as that with her husband; she frequently quarreled with her biological children and her stepchildren. Her relationship with Patti was the most contentious; Patti flouted American conservatism and rebelled against her parents by joining the nuclear freeze movement and authoring many anti-Reagan books. Nancy's disagreements with Michael were also shown publicly. In 1984, she was quoted on television as saying that the two were in an "estrangement right now". Michael responded that Nancy was trying to cover up for the fact she had not met his daughter, Ashley, who had been born nearly a year earlier. They eventually made peace, however. Nancy was thought to be closest to her stepdaughter Maureen during the White House years, but each of the Reagan children experienced periods of estrangement from their parents.

First Lady of California, 1967–1975

Reagan was First Lady of California during her husband's two terms as governor. She disliked living in Sacramento, which lacked the excitement, social life, and mild climate to which she was accustomed in Los Angeles. She first attracted controversy early in 1967, when, after four months' residence in the California Governor's Mansion in Sacramento, she moved her family into a wealthy suburb because fire officials had described the mansion as a "firetrap". Though the Reagans leased the new house at their expense, the move was viewed by many as snobbish. Nancy defended her actions as being for the good of her family, a judgement with which her husband readily agreed. Friends of the family later helped support the cost of the leased house, while Nancy Reagan supervised construction of a new ranch-style governor's residence in nearby Carmichael. The new residence was finished just as Ronald Reagan left office in 1975, but his successor Jerry Brown refused to live there. It was eventually sold in 1982, and California governors have been living in improvised arrangements ever since.

In 1967 Nancy Reagan was appointed by her husband to the California Arts Commission, and a year later was named Los Angeles Times' Woman of the Year; in its profile, the Times labeled her "A Model First Lady". Her glamor, style, and youthfulness made her a frequent subject for press photographers. As First Lady, Reagan visited veterans, the elderly, and the handicapped, and worked with a number of charities. She was involved with the Foster Grandparent Program, helping to popularize it in the United States, then in Australia. She later expanded her work with the organization after arriving in Washington, and wrote about it in her 1982 book To Love a Child. The Reagans also held dinners for former POWs and Vietnam War veterans while Governor and First Lady.

On the campaign trail

Governor Reagan's term ended in 1975, and he did not run for a third; instead, he met with advisors to discuss a possible bid for the presidency in 1976. His advisors approved of the bid, but Reagan still needed to convince a reluctant Nancy. Once she had approved, she contributed to his campaign by overseeing personnel, monitoring her husband's schedule, and occasionally providing press conferences. Reagan lost the 1976 Republican nomination to the incumbent President Gerald Ford, but he ran again for the presidency in 1980 and succeeded in winning the nomination and election. During this second campaign, Nancy's management of staff became more apparent. She arranged a meeting between feuding campaign staffers John Sears and Michael Deaver with her husband, which resulted in Deaver leaving the campaign and placing Sears in charge. After the Reagan camp lost the Iowa caucus and fell behind in New Hampshire polls, Nancy organized a second meeting and decided it was time to fire Sears and his associates; she gave Sears a copy of the press release announcing his dismissal.

First Lady of the United States, 1981–1989

White House glamor

Nancy Reagan became the First Lady of the United States when Ronald Reagan was inaugurated as President in 1981. Early in her tenure as First Lady, Reagan stated her desire to create a home in the White House. Rather than use government funds to renovate and redecorate, she sought private donations. Nancy drew controversy early on by announcing the purchase of 4,370 pieces of scarlet, cream and gold state china service for the White House at a cost of $210,399. Although the china was paid for by private donations, some from the private Knapp Foundation, the purchase raised eyebrows, for it was ordered at a time when the nation was undergoing an economic recession.

Another of Nancy Reagan's trademarks was her interest in fashion. After the presidencies of Gerald Ford (who favored the "Michigan Fight Song" over "Hail to the Chief") and Jimmy Carter (who dramatically reduced the formality of presidential functions), Nancy brought a Kennedy-esque glamor back into the White House. Nancy favored the color red, calling it "a picker-upper", and wore it accordingly. She chose dresses and gowns made by luxury designers, including James Galanos and Oscar de la Renta; her 1981 Galanos inaugural gown was estimated to cost $10,000.

Her elegant fashions and wardrobe were also controversial subjects. In 1982, she revealed that she had accepted thousands of dollars in clothing, jewelry, and other gifts, but defended herself by stating that she had borrowed the clothes and that they would either be returned or donated to museums. The new china, White House renovations, expensive clothing, and her attendance at the royal wedding of Prince Charles and Princess Diana gave her an aura of being "out of touch" with the American people. This and her taste for splendor inspired the derogatory nickname "Queen Nancy". In an attempt to deflect the criticism, she self-deprecatingly donned a baglady costume at the 1982 Gridiron Dinner and sang "Second-Hand Clothes", mimicking the song "Second-Hand Rose".

Assassination attempt on President Reagan

On March 30, 1981, President Reagan as well as Press Secretary James Brady, Secret Service agent Timothy McCarthy, and Washington Police Officer Thomas Delahanty were shot as they left the Hilton Washington hotel. Nancy was alerted and arrived at George Washington University Hospital not long after the shooting took place. She recalled having seen "emergency rooms before, but I had never seen one like this—with my husband in it." She was escorted into a waiting room, and when granted access to see her husband, he said to her, "Honey, I forgot to duck", borrowing the defeated boxer Jack Dempsey's explanation to his wife. While President Reagan recuperated in the hospital, Nancy slept with one of his shirts to be comforted by the scent. When Reagan was released from the hospital on April 12, she escorted him back to the White House.

"Just Say No"

Nancy Reagan launched the "Just Say No" drug awareness campaign in 1982, which was her primary project and major initiative as First Lady. While visiting a school in Oakland, California, Reagan was asked by a schoolgirl what to do when offered drugs; Nancy's response was "Just say no." The phrase proliferated in the popular culture of the 1980s and was eventually adopted as the name of club organizations and school anti-drug programs. Reagan traveled more than 250,000 miles (400,000 km) throughout the United States and several nations, visiting drug abuse prevention programs and drug rehabilitation centers. She also appeared on television talk shows, recorded public service announcements, and wrote guest articles.

In 1985, Nancy expanded the campaign to an international level by inviting the First Ladies of various nations to the White House for a conference on drug abuse. On October 27, 1986, President Reagan signed a drug enforcement bill into law, which granted $1.7 billion in funding to fight the crisis and ensured a mandatory minimum penalty for drug offenses. Although the bill was criticized by some, Nancy Reagan considered it a personal victory. In 1988, she became the first First Lady invited to address the United Nations General Assembly, where she spoke on international drug interdiction and trafficking laws.

Critics of the "Just Say No" campaign and the American "War on Drugs" argued that the program was too costly and questioned its purpose. Author Jeff Elliott states that the Reagan administration's synonymous use of the terms "drug use" and "drug abuse" was improper, referencing Dr. Michael Newcomb's claim that there is "no evidence that most people who experiment with drugs get hooked."

Nonetheless, a number of "Just Say No" clubs and organizations remain in operation around the country, and they aim to educate children and teenagers about the effects of drugs. In 1983, Reagan appeared as herself in an episode of the hit television drama Dynasty to underscore support for the anti-drug campaign. As she continued to promote "Just Say No", she appeared in an episode of the popular 1980s sitcom Diff'rent Strokes and in a 1985 rock music video, "Stop the Madness".

Her husband's protector

Reagan assumed the role of unofficial "protector" for her husband after his attempted assassination in 1981. An early example occurred when Senator Strom Thurmond entered the President's hospital room that day in March, passing the Secret Service detail by claiming he was the President's "close friend", presumably to acquire media attention. Nancy was outraged and demanded he leave.

Nancy stated in her memoirs, "I felt panicky every time left the White House", and made it her concern to know her husband's schedule: the events he would be attending, and with whom. Eventually, this protectiveness led to her consulting an astrologer, Joan Quigley, who offered insight on which days were "good", "neutral", or should be avoided, which influenced her husband's White House schedule. Days were color-coded according to the astrologer's advice to discern precisely which days and times would be optimal for the President's safety and success. The White House Chief of Staff, Donald Regan, grew frustrated with this regimen, which created friction between him and the First Lady. Regan became so angry with Nancy that he hung up on her during a 1987 telephone conversation. According to former ABC News correspondent Sam Donaldson, when the President heard of this treatment, he demanded—and eventually received—Regan's resignation. In his 1988 memoirs, Regan wrote about Nancy's consultations with the astrologer, which resulted in embarrassment for the First Lady.

Cold War

In 1985, 1987, and 1988, while Cold War discussions took place regarding nuclear affairs between Soviet Leader Mikhail Gorbachev and President Reagan, Nancy met with Gorbachev's wife, Raisa. The two women usually had tea, and discussed differences between the USSR and the United States. Their relationship was anything but the friendly, diplomatic one between their husbands; Nancy found Raisa hard to converse with and somewhat shrewd. Visiting the United States for the first time in 1987, Raisa irked Reagan with lectures on subjects ranging from architecture to socialism, reportedly prompting the American President's wife to quip, "Who does that dame think she is?" Nancy had previously encouraged her husband to hold these "summit" conferences with Soviet General Secretary Gorbachev, and suggested they form a personal relationship beforehand.

Later life

Though Nancy was a controversial First Lady, 56 percent of Americans had a favorable opinion of her when her husband left office on January 20, 1989, with 18 percent having an unfavorable opinion and the balance not giving an opinion. Compared to fellow First Ladies when their husbands left office, Reagan's approval was higher than those of Rosalynn Carter and Hillary Rodham Clinton, however she was less popular than Barbara Bush and her disapproval rating was double that of Carter's.

Upon leaving the White House, the couple returned to California, where they purchased a second home in the Bel Air section of Los Angeles, dividing their time between Bel Air and the Reagan Ranch in Santa Barbara, California; Ronald and Nancy regularly attended Bel Air Presbyterian Church as well. After leaving Washington, Nancy made numerous public appearances, many on behalf of her husband.

Activities

In late 1989, the former First Lady established the Nancy Reagan Foundation, which aimed to continue to educate people about the dangers of substance abuse. The Foundation teamed with the BEST Foundation For A Drug-Free Tomorrow in 1994, and developed the Nancy Reagan Afterschool Program. She continued to travel around the nation, speaking out against drug and alcohol abuse. After President Reagan revealed that he had been diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease in 1994, she made herself his primary caregiver and became actively involved with the National Alzheimer's Association and its affiliate, the Ronald & Nancy Reagan Research Institute in Chicago, Illinois.

Ronnie's long journey has finally taken him to a distant place where I can no longer reach him.

— Nancy Reagan, May 2004

Also in 1989 she published My Turn: The Memoirs of Nancy Reagan, in which gives an account of her life in the White House, speaking openly about her influence within the Reagan administration and about the myths and controversies that surrounded the couple. In 1991, the controversial author Kitty Kelley wrote an unauthorized and largely uncited biography about Nancy Reagan, repeating rumors of her supposed sexual relations with singer Frank Sinatra, and of her poor relationship with her children. The publications USAToday and National Review state that Kelley's largely unsupported claims are most likely false.

Nancy Reagan was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the nation's highest civilian honor, by President George W. Bush on July 9, 2002. President Reagan received his own Presidential Medal of Freedom in January 1993. Nancy and her husband were jointly awarded the Congressional Gold Medal on May 16, 2002 at the Capitol Building, and were only the third President and First Lady to receive it; she received the medal for both of them.

Ronald Reagan's funeral

Nancy Reagan resides in her Bel Air home, where she lived with her husband until his death on June 5, 2004. During the seven-day state funeral, Nancy, accompanied by her children and military escort, traveled from her home to the Reagan Library for a memorial service, then to Washington, D.C., where her husband's body lay in state for 34 hours prior to a national funeral service in the Washington National Cathedral. She returned to the library in California for a sunset memorial service and interment, where, overcome with emotion, she cried in public for the first time during the week. After accepting the folded flag, she kissed the casket and mouthed "I love you" before leaving. Journalist Wolf Blitzer said of Reagan during the week, "She's a very, very strong woman, even though she looks frail."

The funeral had a great impact on Reagan's public image. Following substantial criticism during her tenure as First Lady, Reagan was seen somewhat as a national heroine, praised by many for supporting and caring for her husband while he suffered from Alzheimer's disease.

Recent life

Reagan remains active in politics, particularly relating to stem cell research. Beginning in 2004, she favored what many consider to be the Democratic Party's position, and urged President George W. Bush to support federally funded embryonic stem cell research in the hope that this science could lead to a cure for Alzheimer's disease. Although she failed to change the president's position, she did support his campaign for a second term.

Reagan was briefly hospitalized in 2005 upon falling during a trip to the United Kingdom, and attended the national funeral service for Gerald Ford two years later in the Washington National Cathedral. She continues to present the Ronald Reagan Freedom Award to a notable person who "embodies President Reagan's lifelong belief that one man or woman truly can make a difference." On February 6, 2007, she presented the award to former President George H.W. Bush; other recipients include Mikhail Gorbachev, Margaret Thatcher, and Rudy Giuliani. On May 3 of the same year, Reagan hosted and attended the first 2008 Republican Presidential Candidates Debate at the Reagan Presidential Library. While she did not participate in the discussions, she sat in the front row and listened as the men vying to become the nation's 44th president claimed to be a rightful successor to her husband, the 40th.

She attended the funeral of former First Lady Lady Bird Johnson in Austin, Texas on July 14, 2007, and three days later accepted the highest Polish distinction, the Order of the White Eagle, on behalf of Ronald Reagan at the Reagan Library. She mourned the death of her friends Merv Griffin and Michael Deaver in August of that year. On October 18, 2007, Reagan joined socialite Betsy Bloomingdale and Beverly Hills Mayor Jimmy Delshad in honoring her one-time fashion designer James Galanos with the Rodeo Drive Style Award.

Filmography

Footnotes

1. ^ "Nancy Reagan > Her Life & Times". Ronald Reagan Presidential Foundation. Retrieved 2007-09-22.
2. When Nancy Davis signed with MGM, she gave her birthdate as July 6, 1923, shaving two years off her age, a common practice in Hollywood (see Cannon, Governor Reagan, p. 75). This caused subsequent confusion as some sources would continue to use the incorrect year of birth.
3. Powling, Anne (1997). New Oxford English. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0198311923. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help) p. 79.
4. Some sources and websites erroneously list her as either being born in Flushing or being raised in Manhattan.
5. Reagan, Nancy (1989), p. 66
6. ^ "First Lady Biography: Nancy Reagan". National First Ladies Library. Retrieved 2007-06-02.
7. David Gonzalez (1991-04-12). "Talk and More Talk About Nancy (That One!) in Flushing". The New York Times. Retrieved 2007-10-29. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
8. Reagan, Nancy (1989), p. 67
9. "The 'just say no' first lady". MSNBC. February 18 2004. Retrieved 2007-10-16. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
10. Reagan, Nancy (1989), p. 71
11. ^ Lally Weymouth (1980-10-26). "The Biggest Role of Nancy's Life". The New York Times Magazine. Retrieved 2007-10-20. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
12. Reagan, Nancy (1989), p. 74
13. Reagan, Nancy (1989), p. 67
14. Reagan, Nancy (1989), p. 82
15. "Lute Song". Internet Broadway Database. Retrieved 2007-10-18.
16. Reagan, Nancy (1989), p. 85
17. Reagan, Nancy (1989), p. 88
18. "Biography for Nancy Davis". Turner Broadcasting System, Inc. 2007. Retrieved 2007-10-17. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |115968&afiPersonalNameId= ignored (help)
19. ^ Cannon, Lou (2003), pp. 75–76.
20. ^ "Nancy Reagan > Her Films". Ronald Reagan Foundation. Retrieved 2007-03-08.
21. A. H. Weiler (credited as "A. W.") (1950-05-19). "Another View of Psychiatrist's Task". The New York Times. Retrieved 2007-10-18. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
22. Bosley Crowther (1950-06-30). "'The Next Voice You Hear ...', Dore Schary Production, Opens at Music Hall". The New York Times. Retrieved 2007-10-18. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
23. Sindelar, Dave. "The Next Voice You Hear... (1950)". SciFilm. Retrieved 2007-10-17.
24. Reagan, Nancy (1989), p. 91
25. Bosley Crowther (1951-06-11). "'Night Into Morning,' Starring Ray Milland as a Bereaved Professor, at Loew's State". The New York Times. Retrieved 2007-10-18. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
26. Wills, Garry (1987). Reagan's America: Innocents at Home. Doubleday. ISBN 0385182864. p. 184.
27. Bosley Crowther (1954-01-21). "' Donovan's Brain,' Science-Fiction Thriller, Has Premiere at the Criterion Theatre". The New York Times. Retrieved 2007-10-20. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
28. Erickson, Glenn (2003). "Hellcats of the Navy, review one". Kleinman.com Inc. Retrieved 2007-10-17.
29. Harper, Erick (2003). "Hellcats Of The Navy, review two". DVDVerdict. Retrieved 2007-10-17.
30. "Screen Actors Guild Presidents". Screen Actors Guild. Retrieved 2007-03-08.
31. ^ Cannon, Lou (2003), pp. 77–78.
32. "Noteworthy places in Reagan's life". The Baltimore Sun. 2004-06-05. Retrieved 2007-04-11. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
33. "First Ladies: Nancy Reagan". The White House. Retrieved 2007-03-08.
34. Beschloss, Michael (2007), p. 296
35. ^ "End of a Love Story". BBC News. June 5, 2004. Retrieved 2007-03-21. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
36. ^ Berry, Deborah Barfield (June 6, 2004). "By Reagan's Side, but her own person". Newsday. Retrieved 2007-08-15. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
37. ^ Beschloss, Michael (2007), p. 284
38. "Reagan Love Story". NBC News. June 9, 2004. Retrieved 2007-05-25. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
39. "Up Next for Nancy Reagan: tending her Ronnie's flame". St. Petersburg Times. June 13, 2004. Retrieved 2007-03-08. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
40. Wolf, Julie (2000). "The Reagan Children". PBS. Retrieved 2007-10-17.
41. Reagan, Nancy (1989), pp. 148–149
42. ^ Cannon, Lou (2003), p. 233
43. ^ Reagan, Nancy (1989), pp. 135–137
44. ^ Charlie LeDuff (2004-11-19). "Forget the White House, Schwarzenegger Needs Digs Now". The New York Times. Retrieved 2007-10-19. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
45. Robert_Windeler (1967-11-17). "Reagan Panel Fills Arts Chief's Post After It Ousted Aide". The New York Times. Retrieved 2007-10-18. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
46. Lynn Lilliston (1968-12-13). "A Model First Lady". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2007-10-19. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
47. Cook, Lynn (2007). The First Ladies of California. Xlibris Corporation. ISBN 1425729657. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help) pp. 110–111.
48. "Medal of Freedom Recipients: Nancy Reagan". medaloffreedom.com. Retrieved 2007-03-08.
49. ^ "Foster Grandparent's Program". Scholastic. Retrieved 2007-03-08.
50. Anthony, Carl Sferrazza (2003). America's Most Influential First Ladies. The Oliver Press. ISBN 1881508692. p. 135.
51. Samantha Jonas (2004-06-05). "Bio: Nancy Reagan". Fox News. Retrieved 2007-10-19. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
52. Benze, James G. (2005), p. 32
53. ^ Benze, James G., Jr. (2005), p. 33
54. ""Lenox: White House"". Lenox, Inc. Retrieved 2007-06-02.
55. Klapthor, Margaret Brown (1999), p. 184
56. ^ West, Kevin. "Nancy's Closet". Style.com. Retrieved 2007-10-20.
57. Downie, Leonard Jr. (1981-07-30). "Britain Celebrates, Charles Takes a Bride". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2007-11-16. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
58. Page, Susan (2004-06-13). "Husband's Past will shape Nancy Reagan". USA Today. Retrieved 2007-03-08. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
59. Reagan, Nancy (1989), p. 5
60. Noonan, Peggy. "Character Above All: Ronald Reagan essay". PBS. Retrieved 2007-08-15.
61. Beschloss, Michael (2007), p. 284
62. "Remarks at the Nancy Reagan Drug Abuse Center Benefit Dinner in Los Angeles, California". Ronald Reagan Foundation. 1989-01-04. Retrieved 2007-10-03. ...in Oakland where a schoolchild in an audience Nancy was addressing stood up and asked what she and her friends should say when someone offered them drugs. And Nancy said, "Just say no." And within a few months thousands of Just Say No clubs had sprung up in schools around the country. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
63. "Thirty Years of America's Drug War". pbs.org. Retrieved 2007-04-04.
64. ^ Elliott, Jeff (May 1993). "Just say nonsense - Nancy Reagan's drug education programs". Washington Monthly. p. 3. Retrieved 2007-10-10. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
65. ""Mrs. Reagan's Crusade"". Ronald Reagan Foundation. Retrieved 2007-03-08.
66. "'Diff'rent Strokes': The Reporter (1983)". The Internet Movie Database. Retrieved 2007-10-18.
67. Brian L. Dyak (Executive Producer), William N. Utz (Executive Producer). Stop the Madness (Music Video). Hollywood, California and The White House, Washington, D.C.: E.I.C. Event occurs at 3:15. {{cite AV media}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Unknown parameter |date2= ignored (help)
68. "His Fierce Protector: Nancy". CBS. June 5, 2004. Retrieved 2007-11-15. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
69. "Final Edited Transcript: Interview with Max Friedersdorf" (PDF). Miller Center of Public Affairs. October 24–October 25, 2002. p. 60. Retrieved 2007-10-20. Mrs. Reagan was all upset, of course. He said that Senator Thurmond had come over to the hospital and had talked his way in, past the lobby, up to the President's room—he's in intensive care, tubes coming out of his nose and his throat, tubes in his arms and everything—and said that Strom Thurmond had talked his way past the secret service into his room and Mrs. Reagan was outraged, distraught. She couldn't believe her eyes. He said, 'You know, those guys are crazy. They come over here trying to get a picture in front of the hospital and trying to talk to the President when he may be on his deathbed. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
70. Reagan, Nancy (1989), p. 21
71. Molly Ivins (March 18, 1990). "Stars and Strife". The New York Times. Retrieved 2007-11-16. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
72. Thomas, Rhys (Writer/Producer); Donaldson, Sam (interviewee) (2005). The Presidents (Documentary). A&E Television.
73. Howard Kurtz (2007-05-02). "Ronald Reagan, In His Own Words". The Washington Post. {{cite news}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Check date values in: |date= (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help); Text "http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/05/01/AR2007050102070.html" ignored (help)
74. Chua-Eoan, Howard G. (June 6, 1988). ""My Wife Is a Very Independent Lady"". Time Magazine. Retrieved 2007-10-05. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
75. ^ "A Look Back At The Polls". CBS Interactive Inc. June 7, 2004. Retrieved 2007-09-23. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |accessate= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
76. Stevens, Pam (January 21, 2001). "Reagan paid back his friends for house they bought for him". CNN. Retrieved 2007-11-16. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
77. Netburn, Deborah (December 24, 2006). "Agenting for God". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2007-11-16. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
78. "Nancy Reagan: Her Life and Times". Ronald Reagan Presidential Foundation. Retrieved 2007-05-12.
79. ^ "Nancy Reagan emerges as public icon". BBC News. 2004-06-10. Retrieved 2007-11-02. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
80. ""My Turn Review"". A-1 Women's Discount Bookstore. Retrieved 2007-03-28.
81. Kiely, Kathy (2004-09-13). "Critical book on Bushes sparks firestorm". USA Today. Retrieved 2007-12-24. In 1991, The New York Times published a front-page story on Kelley's biography of Nancy Reagan — and then apologized for repeating some of its salacious charges without attempting to verify them. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
82. "Judging the Reagans". The New York Times. May 26, 1991. Retrieved 2007-03-28. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
83. "Here Kitty, Kitty - public reaction to Kitty Kelley's book 'Nancy Reagan: The Unauthorized Biography'". National Review. May 13, 1991. Retrieved 2007-04-24. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
84. "President Bush Honors Recipients of the Presidential Medal of Freedom Award" (Press release). The White House. July 9, 2002. Retrieved 2007-03-21. {{cite press release}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
85. ""Congressional Gold Medal History"". United States House of Representatives. Retrieved 2007-03-08.
86. "Ronald Reagan dies at 93". CNN. 2004-06-05. Retrieved 2007-02-07. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
87. ""Reagan Laid to Rest"". Fox News. June 12 2004. Retrieved 2007-03-24. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
88. "Reagan's Casket Arrives in Washington" (Transcript). CNN. aired June 9, 2004. Retrieved 2007-11-02. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
89. Erika Check (2004). "Bush pressured as Nancy Reagan pleads for stem-cell research". Nature. 429: 116. doi:10.1038/429116a.
90. "Former first lady Nancy Reagan supports Bush's re-election". USA Today. August 4, 2004. Retrieved 2007-10-17. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
91. "Nancy Reagan to rest after fall in London". Associated Press. 2005-06-16. Retrieved 2007-02-07. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
92. ^ "Ronald Reagan Freedom Award". Ronald Reagan Presidential Foundation. Retrieved 2007-03-08.
93. Daisy Nguyen (2007-02-07). "Ex-President Bush Receives Reagan Award". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2007-11-16. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
94. Nagourney, Adam (May 4, 2007). "'08 Republicans Differ on Defining Party's Future". The New York Times. Retrieved 2007-05-04. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
95. Alex Johnson (May 4, 2007). "Republicans walk tightrope over war in Iraq". MSNBC. Retrieved 2007-05-03. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
96. "Friends Mourn TV Legend Merv Griffin". People Magazine. August 13, 2007. Retrieved 2007-07-12. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
97. "Obituary: Michael Deaver". Legacy.com. Retrieved 2007-09-22.
98. "Designer James Galanos Rodeo Drive Walk of Style Induction Ceremony and Plaque Unveiling". McClathy Tribune. October 18, 2007. Retrieved 2007-10-20. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)

References

• Benze, James G., Jr. (2005). Nancy Reagan: On the White House Stage. United States of America: University Press of Kansas. ISBN 070061401X.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
• Beschloss, Michael (2007). Presidential Courage: Brave Leaders and How They Changed America. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0684857057.
• Klapthor, Margaret Brown (1999). Official White House China: 1789 to the Present. Harry N. Abrams. ISBN 0810939932.
• Cannon, Lou (2003). Governor Reagan: His Rise to Power. Public Affairs. ISBN 1586480308.
• Reagan, Nancy (1980). Nancy: The Autobiography of America's First Lady. United States: HarperCollins. ISBN 9780688035334.
• Reagan, Nancy (1982). To Love a Child. United States: Bobbs-Merrill. ISBN 0672527111.
• Reagan, Nancy (1989). My Turn: The Memoirs of Nancy Reagan. New York: Random House. ISBN 0394563689. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
• Reagan, Nancy (2002). I Love You, Ronnie: The Letters of Ronald Reagan to Nancy Reagan. United States: Random House. ISBN 0375760512.

External links

• Nancy Davis at IMDb
• White House profile
• Nancy Reagan profile at NNDB

• 1921 births
• Living people
• People from New York City
• First Ladies of the United States
• Spouses of U.S. State Governors
• American film actors
• Reagan family
• Smith College alumni
• Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients
• Congressional Gold Medal recipients
• American adoptees
• American socialites