Misplaced Pages

Holodomor denial: Difference between revisions

Article snapshot taken from Wikipedia with creative commons attribution-sharealike license. Give it a read and then ask your questions in the chat. We can research this topic together.
Browse history interactively← Previous editNext edit →Content deleted Content addedVisualWikitext
Revision as of 18:20, 31 December 2007 editHorlo (talk | contribs)1,929 editsNo edit summary← Previous edit Revision as of 18:44, 31 December 2007 edit undoBandurist (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users9,321 edits Removal of Weasal words , styleNext edit →
Line 1: Line 1:
'''Holodomor Denial''' is stating that the ], the great ] of 1932&ndash;1933 in ] (at the time, the ], in the ]), which claimed millions of lives, never took place.<ref>''The Soviet Union dismissed all references to the famine as anti-Soviet propaganda. Denial of the famine declined after the Communist Party lost power and the Soviet empire disintegrated'' @ ISBN 0028658485</ref><ref>After over half a century of denial, in January 1990 the Communist Party of Ukraine adopted a special resolution admitting that the Ukrainian Famine had indeed occured, cost millions of lives... ISBN 0415944295</ref> The Holodomor was denied immediately and repeatedly by Soviet authorities, and this denial continued unabated, well into the 1980s. The Soviet ] was supported by Soviet-friendly journalists from the ], such as ] and ]. Today, Holodomor denial is the field of fringe writers, and not supported by any serious academic scholars. However, the Holodomor remains a controversial and emotionally charged issue. '''Holodomor Denial''' is stating that the ], the great ] of 1932&ndash;1933 in ] (at the time, the ], in the ]), which claimed millions of lives, never took place.<ref>''The Soviet Union dismissed all references to the famine as anti-Soviet propaganda. Denial of the famine declined after the Communist Party lost power and the Soviet empire disintegrated'' @ ISBN 0028658485</ref><ref>After over half a century of denial, in January 1990 the Communist Party of Ukraine adopted a special resolution admitting that the Ukrainian Famine had indeed occured, cost millions of lives... ISBN 0415944295</ref> The Holodomor was denied immediately and repeatedly by Soviet authorities, and this denial continued unabated, well into the 1980s. The Soviet ] was supported by Soviet-friendly journalists from the ], such as ] and ]. Today, Holodomor denial is the field of fringe writers, and not supported by any serious academic scholars. However, the Holodomor remains a controversial and emotionally charged issue.


In November 2006, the ] passed a bill branding the Holodomor as an act of genocide against the Ukrainian people.<ref>Jan Maksymiuk, , '']'', ], ]</ref> In November 2007, the ] tabled a law which would make both Holodomor and ] illegal acts in Ukraine. In November 2006, the ] passed a bill branding the Holodomor as an act of genocide against the Ukrainian people.<ref>Jan Maksymiuk, , '']'', ], ]</ref> In November 2007, the ] tabled a law which would make public statements of both Holodomor and ] illegal acts in Ukraine.


==Soviet Union== ==Soviet Union==
===Cover-up during the famine=== ===Cover-up during the famine===
The Soviet leadership undertook an extensive set of "]" to prevent the spread of any information about the Holodomor. State communications about the famine were kept a ]. ] and ] sent a secret telegram to the party and provincial police chefs requiring to stop Ukrainian peasants from going north to ] to seek bread. The telegram blamed the influx of peasants on ] agents, who allegedly wanted to start a famine scare. ] chairman ] reported that over two hundred thousands peasants had been sent back. The secret correspondence included a letter sent by a party official from ] where he warned that "there will be no one left" alive to sow and ensure grain production, unless some amount of grain will not be taken. Molotov replied that the needs of the state, as "defined in party resolutions", are more important than the lives of people.<ref>] ''The Dragons of Expectation. Reality and Delusion in the Course of History'', W.W. Norton and Company (2004), ISBN 0-393-05933-2, page 102.</ref> The Soviet leadership undertook an extensive set of "]" to prevent the spread of any information about the Holodomor. State communications about the famine were kept a ]. ] and ] sent a secret telegram to the party and provincial police chefs requiring that Ukrainian peasants going north to ] to seek bread were to be stopped. The telegram blamed the influx of peasants on ] agents, who allegedly wanted to start a famine scare. ] chairman ] reported that over two hundred thousands peasants had been sent back. The secret correspondence included a letter sent by a party official from ] where he warned that "there will be no one left" alive to sow and ensure grain production, unless some amount of grain will not be taken. Molotov replied that the needs of the state, as "defined in party resolutions", are more important than the lives of people.<ref>] ''The Dragons of Expectation. Reality and Delusion in the Course of History'', W.W. Norton and Company (2004), ISBN 0-393-05933-2, page 102.</ref>


To conceal the number of dead people, only 3,997 corpses were registered in the Kiev Medical Inspectorate out of 9,472, and similar actions took place everywhere.<ref name="reflections"/> Various acts were committed to conceal the true number of dead people. Out of 9,472 only 3,997 corpses were registered in the Kiev Medical Inspectorate. Similar actions took place everywhere.<ref name="reflections"/>
Stalin's wife, ], was able to learn about the Holodomor only through her private channels. She was told about that by Ukrainian students from a technical school where she was enrolled. Students described acts of ] and bands of orphaned children. Terrified, Allilueva complained to Stalin, who of course was well aware of the events. Stalin ordered the OGPU to purge all the college students who had taken part in ].<ref>(Harvest of Sorrow, page 325) </ref> That quarrel with Stalin was presumably one of the reasons that led to Allilueva's death on ] ]. Stalin's wife, ], learned about the Holodomor through private channels. Ukrainian students in the technical school she was attending described acts of ] and bands of orphaned children. Allilueva complained to Stalin, who ordered the OGPU to purge all the college students who had taken part in ].<ref>(Harvest of Sorrow, page 325) </ref> That quarrel with Stalin was presumably one of the reasons that led to Allilueva's death on ] ].


===Early Years=== ===Early Years===
While the famine was taking place, ] authorities denied its existence. It was a criminal offense to mention the famine in any way, even in the affected villages, punished by five years in labor camp. Blaming the authorities led to death sentence <ref name="reflections"> ] ''Reflections on a Ravaged Century'' (2000) ISBN 0-393-04818-7, page 96 </ref> While the famine was taking place, ] authorities denied its existence. It was a criminal offense to mention the famine with five years terms in labor camps. Placing the Blame on the authorities led to death sentence <ref name="reflections"> ] ''Reflections on a Ravaged Century'' (2000) ISBN 0-393-04818-7, page 96 </ref>


Due to the direct death toll as well as indirect demographic losses due to the famine the population growth failed to meet the expected targets set by the Communist party. When this became evident from the population statistics data, three successive heads of the ] were executed, while others were arrested.<ref>Lisa Shymko, , '']'', ] ]</ref>. Due to the direct death toll as well as indirect demographic losses due to the famine, the population growth failed to meet the expected targets set by the Communist party. When this became evident from the population statistics data, three successive heads of the ] were executed, while others were arrested.<ref>Lisa Shymko, , '']'', ] ]</ref>.


Initially, the ] was thought to be exemplary due to its apparent thoroughness and near-perfect organization ensuring the utmost precision. The government officials put in charge of the census received the state awards immediately upon the census conclusion. However, when it became apparent that the final population figures were much lower than expected, the results were classified and the census organizers were repressed (this coincided with the ] by ]). The new ] was organized in such a way as to have certainly inflated data on population numbers. It showed a population figure of 170.6 million people, manipulated so as to match exactly the numbers stated by ] in his report to the 18th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party. No other censuses were conducted until 1959. Initially, the ] was thought to be exemplary due to its apparent thoroughness and near-perfect organization ensuring the utmost precision. The government officials in charge of the census received state awards immediately upon the census conclusion. However, when it became apparent that the final population figures were significantly lower than expected, the results were classified and the census organizers were repressed (this coincided with the ] by ]). The new ] was organized in such a way as to have certainly inflated data on population numbers. It showed a population figure of 170.6 million people, manipulated so as to match the numbers stated by ] in his report to the 18th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party. No other censuses were conducted until 1959.


=== Official Holodomor denial by Soviet officials === === Official Holodomor denial by Soviet officials ===
Soviet President ] responded to Western offers of food by telling of “political cheats who offer to help the starving Ukraine,” and commented that, “only the most decadent classes are capable of producing such cynical elements."<ref></ref> <ref name="reflections"/> Soviet President ] responded to Western offers of food by telling of “political cheats who offer to help the starving Ukraine,” and commented that, “only the most decadent classes are capable of producing such cynical elements."<ref></ref> <ref name="reflections"/>


On instructions from Soviet Foreign Minister ], Boris Skvirsky, embassy counselor of the recently opened Soviet Embassy in the ], published a letter on ], ], in response to a pamphlet about the Holodomor.<ref name="Carynnyk">Marco Carynnyk, , ''The Ukrainian Weekly'', ], ], No. 39, Vol. LI</ref> In his letter, Skvirsky called the idea that the Soviet government was "deliberately killing the population of the Ukraine" "wholly grotesque." He claimed that the Ukrainian population was increasing at an annual rate of 2 percent during the preceding five years. He asserted that the death rate in Ukraine "was the lowest of that of any of the constituent republics composing the Soviet Union," concluding that it "was about 35 percent lower than the pre-war death rate of ] days."<ref name="Mace">James E. Mace, (paper delivered at a conference on "Recognition and Denial of Genocide and Mass Killing in the 20th Century", held in ] on ], ]), '']'', ], ], No. 2, Vol. LVI</ref> On instructions from Soviet Foreign Minister ], Boris Skvirsky, embassy counselor of the recently opened Soviet Embassy in the ], published a letter on ], ], in response to a pamphlet about the Holodomor.<ref name="Carynnyk">Marco Carynnyk, , ''The Ukrainian Weekly'', ], ], No. 39, Vol. LI</ref> In his letter, Skvirsky stated that the idea that the Soviet government was "deliberately killing the population of the Ukraine" "wholly grotesque." He claimed that the Ukrainian population was increasing at an annual rate of 2 percent during the preceding five years. He asserted that the death rate in Ukraine "was the lowest of that of any of the constituent republics composing the Soviet Union," concluding that it "was about 35 percent lower than the pre-war death rate of ] days."<ref name="Mace">James E. Mace, (paper delivered at a conference on "Recognition and Denial of Genocide and Mass Killing in the 20th Century", held in ] on ], ]), '']'', ], ], No. 2, Vol. LVI</ref>


===The early 1980s=== ===The early 1980s===
The Soviet Union denied any existence of the famine until the 50th anniversary of the Holodomor, in 1983. For the first time Holodomor remembrance was co-ordinated by the Ukrainian community world wide. At that time, the ] exerted significant pressure on various governments, including the governments of the ] and ], to raise the issue of the Holodomor with the government of the Soviet Union. These governments did, likely simply looking for ways to add pressure on the Soviet Union in the atmosphere of the cold war, and the United States created a Commission into the into the famine. The Soviet authorities correctly predicted this commission would put the Soviet state responsible for the act<ref></ref>. The Soviet Union denied any existence of the famine until the 50th anniversary of the Holodomor, in 1983. For the first time Holodomor remembrance was co-ordinated by the Ukrainian community world wide. At that time, the ] exerted significant pressure on the media and various governments, including the governments of the ] and ], to raise the issue of the Holodomor with the government of the Soviet Union. The United States created a Commission into the famine. The Soviet authorities predicted this commission would put the Soviet state responsible for the act<ref></ref>.


In an attempt to counter this, the ] admitted that some peasantry died to climatic conditions, such as ], which was the reason for another famine in the Soviet Union during 1946-1947. In an attempt to counter this, the ] admitted that some peasantry died to climatic conditions, such as ], which was the reason for another famine in the Soviet Union during 1946-1947.
Line 31: Line 31:
The future ], ], was charged with finding rainfall evidence for the 1930s famine. However, despite the official stand, which was shared by loyal Soviet government '']s'' and sympathetic journalists in the ], Kravchuk's inquiry into the rainfalls for the 1933-1932 period found that they were within normal parameters.<ref name="Bandera">Stephen Bandera, , ''Ukrainian Echo'', ], ]</ref> The future ], ], was charged with finding rainfall evidence for the 1930s famine. However, despite the official stand, which was shared by loyal Soviet government '']s'' and sympathetic journalists in the ], Kravchuk's inquiry into the rainfalls for the 1933-1932 period found that they were within normal parameters.<ref name="Bandera">Stephen Bandera, , ''Ukrainian Echo'', ], ]</ref>


It was only during the late 1980s, as part of ] that the Soviet Government admitted that its agricultural policies played a direct role in the causing Holodomor. It was only during the late 1980s, as part of ] that the Soviet Government admitted that its agricultural policies played a direct role in the causing Holodomor. Ultimately, as President of Ukraine, Kravchuk would admit to the cover-up attempts, and support in recognizing the Holodomor as genocide.<ref name="Bandera"/>

Ultimately, as President of Ukraine, Kravchuk would admit to the cover-up attempts, and support in recognizing the Holodomor as genocide.<ref name="Bandera"/>


==Contemporary denial outside of the USSR== ==Contemporary denial outside of the USSR==
Line 45: Line 43:
Duranty wrote articles denying the fact that the Holodomor was taking place in Ukraine. He also wrote denunciations of those who wrote about the famine, accusing them of being reactionaries and ] ]. He continued to do this despite visiting the famine-stricken areas and informing the British embassy of the several million who had died. Duranty repeated Soviet propaganda without verifying its veracity. As the ''New York Times'' notes: "Taking Soviet propaganda at face value this way was completely misleading, as talking with ordinary Russians might have revealed even at the time."<ref name="NYT"/> Duranty wrote articles denying the fact that the Holodomor was taking place in Ukraine. He also wrote denunciations of those who wrote about the famine, accusing them of being reactionaries and ] ]. He continued to do this despite visiting the famine-stricken areas and informing the British embassy of the several million who had died. Duranty repeated Soviet propaganda without verifying its veracity. As the ''New York Times'' notes: "Taking Soviet propaganda at face value this way was completely misleading, as talking with ordinary Russians might have revealed even at the time."<ref name="NYT"/>


In August 1933, ] of ] called for relief efforts, stating that the Ukrainian famine was claiming lives “likely. . . numbered. . . by the millions” and driving those still alive to ] and ]. See ''The New York Times'', ], ], reporting both Innitzer’s charge and the official denial: “in the Soviet Union we have neither ] nor ]”. The next day, the Times added Duranty’s own denial.<ref>Nicholas Lysson, , April 2007</ref> In August 1933, ] of ] called for relief efforts, stating that the Ukrainian famine was claiming lives “likely. . . numbered. . . by the millions” and driving those still alive to ] and ]. ''The New York Times'', ], ], reported Innitzer’s charge and published an official denial: “in the Soviet Union we have neither ] nor ]”. The next day, the Times added Duranty’s own denial. These denials affected the collection of aid and relief to the evictims.<ref>Nicholas Lysson, , April 2007</ref>


] journalist ] characterised Duranty as "The greatest liar that I ever met in 50 years of Journalism."<ref></ref> ] journalist ] characterised Duranty as "The greatest liar that I ever met in 50 years of Journalism."<ref></ref>


Campaigns have been launched in 1986 for the retraction of the Pulitzer Prize given to '']''. Despite the fact that the Times admits that the fraudulent coverage led to it receiving the prize, they have refused to give it up.<ref></ref> The Times acknowledges that "some of Duranty's editors criticized his reporting as tendentious", Campaigns have been launched in 1986 for the retraction of the Pulitzer Prize given to '']''. Despite the fact that the Times admits that the fraudulent coverage led to it receiving the prize, they have refused to give it up.<ref></ref> The Times acknowledges that "some of Duranty's editors criticized his reporting as tendentious", and that "collectivization was the main cause of a famine that killed millions of people in Ukraine, the Soviet ], in 1932 and 1933 - two years after Duranty won his prize."<ref name="NYT"/>
and that "collectivization was the main cause of a famine that killed millions of people in Ukraine, the Soviet ], in 1932 and 1933 - two years after Duranty won his prize."<ref name="NYT"/>


===Louis Fisher and ''The Nation''=== ===Louis Fisher and ''The Nation''===
Line 67: Line 64:


===Communist Party of the USA === ===Communist Party of the USA ===
The Ukrainian American community in November and December 1933 organized marches in a number of U.S. cities to protest against American recognition of a government which was starving millions of Ukrainians. ] sometimes resorted to violence in an attempt to silence the Ukrainians. On ], ], in ], 8,000 Ukrainians marched from ] to 67th Street, while 500 Communists ran beside the parade and snatched the Ukrainians' handbills, spat on the marchers and tried to hit them. Five persons were injured. Only the presence of 300 policemen on foot and a score on horseback leading the parade and riding along its flanks prevented serious trouble. The Ukrainian American community in November and December 1933 organized marches in a number of U.S. cities to protest against American recognition of a government which was starving millions of Ukrainians. ] resorted to violence in an attempt to silence the Ukrainians. On ], ], in ], 8,000 Ukrainians marched from ] to 67th Street, while 500 Communists ran beside the parade and snatched the Ukrainians' handbills, spat on the marchers and tried to hit them. Five persons were injured. Only the presence of 300 policemen on foot and a score on horseback leading the parade and riding along its flanks prevented serious trouble.


In ], on ], ], several hundred Communists mounted a massed attack on the vanguard of 5,000 Ukrainian American marchers, leaving over 100 injured in what ''The New York Times'' called "the worst riot in years": In ], on ], ], several hundred Communists mounted a massed attack on the vanguard of 5,000 Ukrainian American marchers, leaving over 100 injured in what ''The New York Times'' called "the worst riot in years":
Line 77: Line 74:


The height of manipulation was reached during a visit to Ukraine carried out between The height of manipulation was reached during a visit to Ukraine carried out between
] and ], ], by ] ], who denied accounts of the famine. The day before his arrival, all beggars, homeless children and starving people were removed from the streets. Shop windows in local stores were filled with food, but purchases were forbidden, and anyone coming too close to the stores was arrested. The streets were washed. Just like all other ] visitors, Herriot met fake "peasants," all selected Communists or Komsomol members, who showed him healthy cattle.<ref>''Reflections'', p. 122</ref> Herriot declared to the press that there was no famine in Ukraine, that he did not see any trace of it, and that this showed adversaries of the Soviet Union were spreading the rumour. "When one believes that the Ukraine is devastated by famine, allow me to shrug my shoulders," he declared. The ] ] issue of '']'' was able to write that Herriot "categorically contradicted the lies of the bourgeoisie press in connection with a famine in the ] and ], ], by ] ], who denied accounts of the famine. The day before his arrival, all beggars, homeless children and starving people were removed from the streets. Shop windows in local stores were filled with food, but purchases were forbidden, and anyone coming too close to the stores was arrested. The streets were washed. Just like all other ] visitors, Herriot met fake "peasants," all selected Communists or Komsomol members, who showed him healthy cattle.<ref>''Reflections'', p. 122</ref> Herriot declared to the press that there was no famine in Ukraine, that he did not see any trace of it, and that this showed adversaries of the Soviet Union were spreading the rumour. "When one believes that the Ukraine is devastated by famine, allow me to shrug my shoulders," he declared. The ] ] issue of '']'' was able to write that Herriot "categorically contradicted the lies of the bourgeoisie press in connection with a famine in the
USSR."<ref></ref>. USSR."<ref></ref>.


Line 84: Line 81:
==Modern denial== ==Modern denial==
===The 50th Anniversary=== ===The 50th Anniversary===
The rallying and lobbying of the Ukrainian Community around the 50th anniversary of the Holodomor made a significant impact on the Soviet Union.{{Fact|date=December 2007}} In February 1983 the Politbureau of the Communist Party of the USSR activated its counterpropaganda section to focus on the Ukrainian famine. The head of the directorate for relations with foreign countries for the CPSU A. Merkulov was given the task of directing the disinformation to the West and contacted L. Kravchuk in Ukraine. The materials were to be sent to the Novosti press (APN) centres in the USA and Canada to demonstrate the "antidemocratic base of the Ukrainian bourgeois Nationalists, the collaboration of the Banderovtsev and the Hitlerite Fascists during the Second World War"<ref>ЦГАООУ. Ф.1. Оп. 25 Д. 2719. Л.27-28. Подлинник.</ref>. The rallying and lobbying of the Ukrainian Community around the 50th anniversary of the Holodomor became a concern for the governing body of the Soviet Union<ref></ref>. In February 1983 the Politbureau of the Communist Party of the USSR activated its counterpropaganda section to focus on the Ukrainian famine. The head of the directorate for relations with foreign countries for the CPSU A. Merkulov was given the task of directing the disinformation to the West and contacted ] the chief idealogue for the Communist Party in Ukraine. The materials were to be sent to the ] (APN) centres in the USA and Canada to demonstrate the "antidemocratic base of the Ukrainian bourgeois Nationalists, the collaboration of the Banderovtsev and the Hitlerite Fascists during the Second World War"<ref>ЦГАООУ. Ф.1. Оп. 25 Д. 2719. Л.27-28. Подлинник.</ref>.


In preparation for the expected rise in activity associated with the 55th anniversary, the Soviet Union began to feed disinformation to various groups. In ], the ] (a pro-Communist Labour temple movement in the Ukrainian community) published numerous articles denying the Holodomor in Ukraine in its magazines and newspapers. Through its bookstore outlets, it spread pamphlets and materials whose point of view corresponded with that of the Special Services of the Soviet Union. In 2007, correspondence and instructions from Soviet officials to the organization regarding the Holodomor were made available for study by scholars. In preparation for the expected rise in activity associated with the 55th anniversary, the Soviet Union launched a campaign of disinformation. In ], the ] (a pro-Communist Labour temple movement in the Ukrainian community) published numerous articles denying the Holodomor in Ukraine in its English and Ukrainian language magazines and newspapers. Through its chain of bookstore outlets, it distributed pamphlets and materials whose point supplied to them from the counterpropaganda section of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. In 2007, correspondence and instructions from Soviet sources to the organization regarding the Holodomor have been made available for study by scholars.


===Douglas Tottle and Holodomor denial === ===Douglas Tottle and Holodomor denial ===
In 1987 the Canadian trade-unionist and activist ], published the controversial book ], where he claimed that the Holodomor was "fraudulent", and "a creation of ] propagandists".<ref>http://www.rationalrevolution.net/special/library/famine.htm/</ref> By the author's own account, his book is only carried by 28 libraries around the world. In 1987 the Canadian trade-unionist and activist ], published the controversial book ], where he claimed that the Holodomor was "fraudulent", and "a creation of ] propagandists".<ref>http://www.rationalrevolution.net/special/library/famine.htm/</ref> By the author's own account, his book is only carried by 28 libraries around the world.


In a book review of Tottle's book in the '']'', published by the pro-Communist Association of United Ukrainian Canadians, ] wrote: "Members of the general public who want to know about the famine, its extent and causes, and about the motives and techniques of those who would make this tragedy into something other than what it was will find Tottle's work invaluable" (''The Ukrainian Canadian'', April 1988, p. 24).<ref name="Szcz"></ref> In a review of Tottle's book in the '']'', published by the pro-Communist Association of United Ukrainian Canadians, ] wrote: "Members of the general public who want to know about the famine, its extent and causes, and about the motives and techniques of those who would make this tragedy into something other than what it was will find Tottle's work invaluable" (''The Ukrainian Canadian'', April 1988, p. 24).<ref name="Szcz"></ref>


Tottle's book inspired a number of similar writings by other Holodomor deniers, such as ]'s article "In Search of a Soviet Holocaust".<ref name="conlon">Jeff Coplon, , '']'', ], ].</ref> This article not only denies the Holodomor, but also tries to associate those who continued to bring the Holodomor to the attention of the public with the ], even giving quotes from ]'s '']'' to make the point. Tottle's book inspired a number of similar writings by other Holodomor deniers, such as ]'s article "In Search of a Soviet Holocaust".<ref name="conlon">Jeff Coplon, , '']'', ], ].</ref> This article not only denies the Holodomor, but also tries to associate those who continued to bring the Holodomor to the attention of the public with the ], even giving quotes from ]'s '']'' to stress this point.
<blockquote> <blockquote>
"Just as the Nazis used the OUN for their own ends, so has ] exploited the famine, from his purple-prosed commemoration of "this callous act" to his backing of the Mace commission. ... But if people could be convinced that Communism is worse than fascism; that ] was an insane monster, even worse than Hitler; that the seven million died in more unspeakable agony than the six million ... One cannot appease an ], after all.<ref name="conlon" /> "Just as the Nazis used the OUN for their own ends, so has ] exploited the famine, from his purple-prosed commemoration of "this callous act" to his backing of the Mace commission. ... But if people could be convinced that Communism is worse than fascism; that ] was an insane monster, even worse than Hitler; that the seven million died in more unspeakable agony than the six million ... One cannot appease an ], after all.<ref name="conlon" />
Line 99: Line 96:
Other such writings include an article by Wilfred Szczesny ("Fraud, Famine and Fascism", ''The Ukrainian Canadian'', April 1988); an unsigned article ("The Ukrainian Famine: Fact or Fiction"), which appeared in the '']'', ], ],<ref name="Szcz" /> and another unsigned article ("The Hoax of the Man-Made Ukraine Famine of 1932-33"), which appeared in a newspaper of the ] in 1987.<ref>, ''Challenge-Desafio'', ], ].</ref> Other such writings include an article by Wilfred Szczesny ("Fraud, Famine and Fascism", ''The Ukrainian Canadian'', April 1988); an unsigned article ("The Ukrainian Famine: Fact or Fiction"), which appeared in the '']'', ], ],<ref name="Szcz" /> and another unsigned article ("The Hoax of the Man-Made Ukraine Famine of 1932-33"), which appeared in a newspaper of the ] in 1987.<ref>, ''Challenge-Desafio'', ], ].</ref>


In November 2007, an International Conference was held at ], organized by the ], entitled "The Ukrainian Holodomor and the Denial of Genocides". The Ukrainian Ambassador, ], addressed the conference and spoke about the importance of international education and recognition of the Ukrainian Holodomor. Federigo Argentieri from the Guarini Institute of John Cabot University spoke gave the paper: “Ideology and Diplomacy: How the Ukrainian Famine Was—and Still is—Denied.” In his presentation, Argentieri introduced the history of denial of the Ukrainian famine of 1932-33. Conflicting reports on the events in 1933 highlighted the willingness of the ] to ignore the plain facts witnessed by British government officials in the Soviet Union. At the time, political and economic interests took precedence over internal human rights matters. Argentieri noted that today, the famine remains virtually ignored, even in academic circles in the West.<ref></ref> In November 2007, an International Conference was held at ], organized by the ], entitled "The Ukrainian Holodomor and the Denial of Genocides". The Ukrainian Ambassador, ], addressed the conference and spoke about the importance of international education and recognition of the Ukrainian Holodomor. ] from the ] of ] spoke gave the paper: “Ideology and Diplomacy: How the Ukrainian Famine Was—and Still is—Denied.” In his presentation, Argentieri introduced the history of denial of the Ukrainian famine of 1932-33. Conflicting reports on the events in 1933 highlighted the willingness of the ] to ignore the plain facts witnessed by British government officials in the Soviet Union. At the time, political and economic interests took precedence over internal human rights matters. Argentieri noted that today, the famine remains virtually ignored, even in academic circles in the West.<ref></ref>


Despite the fact that the Holodomor was included in the Canadian Centre for Genocide & Human Rights Education fourth annual session for teachers, at the Armenian Cultural Centre in ],<ref></ref> the ] has chosen not to include the Holodomor in its 11th grade Genocide study course.<ref></ref> Despite the fact that the Holodomor was included in the Canadian Centre for Genocide & Human Rights Education fourth annual session for teachers, at the Armenian Cultural Centre in ],<ref></ref> the ] has chosen not to include the Holodomor in its 11th grade Genocide study course.<ref></ref>


==Holodomor denial and Ukrainian law== ==Holodomor denial and Ukrainian law==
On ] ], Ukraine's parliament, the ], passed a law recognizing the 1932&ndash;1933 Holodomor as an act of genocide against the Ukrainian people. Public denial of this event will be considered a violation of the memory of the millions of its victims, and has been declared illegal. The voting figures were as follows: supporting the bill were BYuT—118 deputies, NSNU—79 deputies, Socialists—30 deputies, 4 independent deputies, and the Party of Regions—2 deputies (200 deputies did not cast a vote). In all, 233 deputies supported the bill—a minimum of 226 votes were required for it to be passed.<ref>, ] ]</ref><ref>, ], ]</ref> On ] ], Ukraine's parliament, the ], passed a law recognizing the 1932&ndash;1933 Holodomor as an act of genocide against the Ukrainian people. Public denial of the Holodomor will be considered a violation of the memory of the millions of its victims, and has been declared illegal. The voting figures were as follows: supporting the bill were BYuT—118 deputies, NSNU—79 deputies, Socialists—30 deputies, 4 independent deputies, and the Party of Regions—2 deputies (200 deputies did not cast a vote). The Communist Party of Ukraine voted against the bill. In all, 233 deputies supported the bill—a minimum of 226 votes were required for it to be passed.<ref>, ] ]</ref><ref>, ], ]</ref>


A draft law "On Amendments to the Criminal and the Procedural Criminal Codes of Ukraine" was submitted by ] ] for consideration by the ]. The draft law envisages prosecution for public denial of the Holodomor Famine of 1932&ndash;1933 in Ukraine as a fact of genocide of the Ukrainian people, and of ] as the fact of genocide of the ]ish people. The draft law foresees that public denial as well as production and dissemination of materials denying the above shall be punished by a fine of 100 to 300 untaxed minimum salaries, or imprisonment of up to two years.<ref>, ], ]</ref> A draft law "On Amendments to the Criminal and the Procedural Criminal Codes of Ukraine" was submitted by ] ] for consideration by the ]. The draft law envisages prosecution for public denial of the Holodomor Famine of 1932&ndash;1933 in Ukraine as a fact of genocide of the Ukrainian people, and of ] as the fact of genocide of the ]ish people. The draft law foresees that public denial as well as production and dissemination of materials denying the above shall be punished by a fine of 100 to 300 untaxed minimum salaries, or imprisonment of up to two years.<ref>, ], ]</ref>

Revision as of 18:44, 31 December 2007

Holodomor Denial is stating that the Holodomor, the great famine of 1932–1933 in Ukraine (at the time, the Ukrainian SSR, in the Soviet Union), which claimed millions of lives, never took place. The Holodomor was denied immediately and repeatedly by Soviet authorities, and this denial continued unabated, well into the 1980s. The Soviet party line was supported by Soviet-friendly journalists from the West, such as Walter Duranty and Louis Fisher. Today, Holodomor denial is the field of fringe writers, and not supported by any serious academic scholars. However, the Holodomor remains a controversial and emotionally charged issue.

In November 2006, the Ukrainian Parliament passed a bill branding the Holodomor as an act of genocide against the Ukrainian people. In November 2007, the government of Ukraine tabled a law which would make public statements of both Holodomor and Holocaust denial illegal acts in Ukraine.

Soviet Union

Cover-up during the famine

The Soviet leadership undertook an extensive set of "active measures" to prevent the spread of any information about the Holodomor. State communications about the famine were kept a top secret. Joseph Stalin and Vyacheslav Molotov sent a secret telegram to the party and provincial police chefs requiring that Ukrainian peasants going north to Russia to seek bread were to be stopped. The telegram blamed the influx of peasants on Polish agents, who allegedly wanted to start a famine scare. OGPU chairman Genrikh Yagoda reported that over two hundred thousands peasants had been sent back. The secret correspondence included a letter sent by a party official from Dnepropetrovsk where he warned that "there will be no one left" alive to sow and ensure grain production, unless some amount of grain will not be taken. Molotov replied that the needs of the state, as "defined in party resolutions", are more important than the lives of people.

Various acts were committed to conceal the true number of dead people. Out of 9,472 only 3,997 corpses were registered in the Kiev Medical Inspectorate. Similar actions took place everywhere.

Stalin's wife, Nadezhda Allilueva, learned about the Holodomor through private channels. Ukrainian students in the technical school she was attending described acts of cannibalism and bands of orphaned children. Allilueva complained to Stalin, who ordered the OGPU to purge all the college students who had taken part in collectivization. That quarrel with Stalin was presumably one of the reasons that led to Allilueva's death on 5 November 1932.

Early Years

While the famine was taking place, Soviet authorities denied its existence. It was a criminal offense to mention the famine with five years terms in labor camps. Placing the Blame on the authorities led to death sentence

Due to the direct death toll as well as indirect demographic losses due to the famine, the population growth failed to meet the expected targets set by the Communist party. When this became evident from the population statistics data, three successive heads of the Soviet Central Statistical Administration were executed, while others were arrested..

Initially, the 1937 Soviet Census was thought to be exemplary due to its apparent thoroughness and near-perfect organization ensuring the utmost precision. The government officials in charge of the census received state awards immediately upon the census conclusion. However, when it became apparent that the final population figures were significantly lower than expected, the results were classified and the census organizers were repressed (this coincided with the Great Purge by Nikolay Yezhov). The new 1939 census was organized in such a way as to have certainly inflated data on population numbers. It showed a population figure of 170.6 million people, manipulated so as to match the numbers stated by Joseph Stalin in his report to the 18th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party. No other censuses were conducted until 1959.

Official Holodomor denial by Soviet officials

Soviet President Mikhail Kalinin responded to Western offers of food by telling of “political cheats who offer to help the starving Ukraine,” and commented that, “only the most decadent classes are capable of producing such cynical elements."

On instructions from Soviet Foreign Minister Maxim Litvinov, Boris Skvirsky, embassy counselor of the recently opened Soviet Embassy in the United States, published a letter on January 3, 1934, in response to a pamphlet about the Holodomor. In his letter, Skvirsky stated that the idea that the Soviet government was "deliberately killing the population of the Ukraine" "wholly grotesque." He claimed that the Ukrainian population was increasing at an annual rate of 2 percent during the preceding five years. He asserted that the death rate in Ukraine "was the lowest of that of any of the constituent republics composing the Soviet Union," concluding that it "was about 35 percent lower than the pre-war death rate of tsarist days."

The early 1980s

The Soviet Union denied any existence of the famine until the 50th anniversary of the Holodomor, in 1983. For the first time Holodomor remembrance was co-ordinated by the Ukrainian community world wide. At that time, the Ukrainian diaspora exerted significant pressure on the media and various governments, including the governments of the United States and Canada, to raise the issue of the Holodomor with the government of the Soviet Union. The United States created a Commission into the famine. The Soviet authorities predicted this commission would put the Soviet state responsible for the act.

In an attempt to counter this, the Soviet government admitted that some peasantry died to climatic conditions, such as drought, which was the reason for another famine in the Soviet Union during 1946-1947.

Glasnost and the late 1980s

The future President of Ukraine, Leonid Kravchuk, was charged with finding rainfall evidence for the 1930s famine. However, despite the official stand, which was shared by loyal Soviet government apparatchiks and sympathetic journalists in the West, Kravchuk's inquiry into the rainfalls for the 1933-1932 period found that they were within normal parameters.

It was only during the late 1980s, as part of Glasnost that the Soviet Government admitted that its agricultural policies played a direct role in the causing Holodomor. Ultimately, as President of Ukraine, Kravchuk would admit to the cover-up attempts, and support in recognizing the Holodomor as genocide.

Contemporary denial outside of the USSR

Walter Duranty and The New York Times

File:Duranty.jpg
Walter Duranty

One of the first Western Holodomor deniers was Walter Duranty, the winner of the 1932 Pulitzer prize in journalism in the category of correspondence, for his dispatches on Russia and the working out of the Five Year Plan. While the famine was raging, he wrote in the pages of The New York Times that "Any report of a famine in Russia is today an exaggeration or malignant propaganda," and that "There is no actual starvation or deaths from starvation but there is widespread mortality from diseases due to malnutrition."

In his reports, Duranty downplayed the impact of food shortages in Ukraine, although in private he told Eugene Lyons and reported to the British Embassy that at least seven million had died of famine . While other Western reporters reported the famine conditions as best they could due to Soviet censorship and restrictions on visiting areas affected by the famine, Duranty acted more like a spokesman for the Soviet government than an independent reporter for a Western newspaper. As Duranty wrote in a dispatch from Moscow in March 1933, "Conditions are bad, but there is no famine... But—to put it brutally—you can't make an omelet without breaking eggs."

Duranty wrote articles denying the fact that the Holodomor was taking place in Ukraine. He also wrote denunciations of those who wrote about the famine, accusing them of being reactionaries and anti-Bolshevik propagandists. He continued to do this despite visiting the famine-stricken areas and informing the British embassy of the several million who had died. Duranty repeated Soviet propaganda without verifying its veracity. As the New York Times notes: "Taking Soviet propaganda at face value this way was completely misleading, as talking with ordinary Russians might have revealed even at the time."

In August 1933, Theodor Cardinal Innitzer of Vienna called for relief efforts, stating that the Ukrainian famine was claiming lives “likely. . . numbered. . . by the millions” and driving those still alive to infanticide and cannibalism. The New York Times, August 20, 1933, reported Innitzer’s charge and published an official denial: “in the Soviet Union we have neither cannibals nor cardinals”. The next day, the Times added Duranty’s own denial. These denials affected the collection of aid and relief to the evictims.

British journalist Malcolm Muggeridge characterised Duranty as "The greatest liar that I ever met in 50 years of Journalism."

Campaigns have been launched in 1986 for the retraction of the Pulitzer Prize given to The New York Times. Despite the fact that the Times admits that the fraudulent coverage led to it receiving the prize, they have refused to give it up. The Times acknowledges that "some of Duranty's editors criticized his reporting as tendentious", and that "collectivization was the main cause of a famine that killed millions of people in Ukraine, the Soviet breadbasket, in 1932 and 1933 - two years after Duranty won his prize."

Louis Fisher and The Nation

Next to Duranty, the American reporter most consistently willing to gloss Soviet reality was Louis Fischer, who had a deep ideological commitment to Soviet communism dating back to 1920. When Fischer traveled to Ukraine in October and November of 1932, for The Nation, he was alarmed at what he saw. "In the Poltava, Vinnitsa, Podolsk and Kiev regions, conditions will be hard," he wrote, "I think there is no starvation anywhere in Ukraine now - after all they have just gathered in the harvest but it was a bad harvest."

Initially critical of the Soviet grain procurement program because it created the food problem, Fischer by February of 1933 adopted the official Soviet government view, which blamed the problem on Ukrainian counter-revolutionary nationalist "wreckers." It seemed "whole villages" had been "contaminated" by such men, who had to be deported to "lumbering camps and mining areas in distant agricultural areas which are now just entering upon their pioneering stage." These steps were forced upon the Kremlin, Fischer wrote, but the Soviets were, nevertheless, learning how to rule wisely.

Fischer was on a lecture tour in the United States when Gareth Jones' famine story broke. Speaking to a college audience in Oakland, California, a week later, Fischer stated emphatically: "There is no starvation in Russia." He spent the spring of 1933 campaigning for American diplomatic recognition of the USSR. As rumors of a famine in the USSR reached American shores, Fischer vociferously denied the reports.

Fischer's article entitled "Russia's Last Hard Year," stated, "The first half of 1933 was very difficult indeed. Many people simply did not have sufficient nourishment." Fischer blamed poor weather and the refusal of peasants to harvest the grain, which then rotted in the fields. Government requisitions drained the countryside of food, he admitted, but military needs (a potential conflict with Japan) explained the need for such deadly thoroughness in grain collections.

Fischer maintained his general optimism about the Soviet Union through the publication of his Soviet Journey in 1935. The book devoted three pages to a discussion of the famine of 1932-1933, in which Fischer described his October travels through Ukraine. He told of food left rotting in the fields as the result of peasants' "passive resistance." Fischer blamed the peasants directly for having "brought the calamity upon themselves." Fischer stressed the positive results ensuing from Bolshevik victory in the countryside and connected the famine to peasant action (or inaction).

Time magazine

In March 1935 Time published some photos accredited to the Ukrainian famine with the comment, "Such pictures prove nothing, since almost any picture could be made to lie."

Communist Party of the USA

The Ukrainian American community in November and December 1933 organized marches in a number of U.S. cities to protest against American recognition of a government which was starving millions of Ukrainians. American Communists resorted to violence in an attempt to silence the Ukrainians. On November 18, 1933, in New York City, 8,000 Ukrainians marched from Washington Square Park to 67th Street, while 500 Communists ran beside the parade and snatched the Ukrainians' handbills, spat on the marchers and tried to hit them. Five persons were injured. Only the presence of 300 policemen on foot and a score on horseback leading the parade and riding along its flanks prevented serious trouble.

In Chicago, on December 17, 1933, several hundred Communists mounted a massed attack on the vanguard of 5,000 Ukrainian American marchers, leaving over 100 injured in what The New York Times called "the worst riot in years":

"Brick, clubs, rotten eggs and other missiles rained on the marchers from the Hermitage Avenue elevated station bridging Madison Street. The street fight which followed saw brass knuckles, blackjacks, fists and rifle butts used until a dozen squads of police restored order."

Holodomor denial by Foreign Dignitaries Visiting the USSR

Prominent British writers who visited the Soviet Union in 1934, such as George Bernard Shaw and H. G. Wells, are also on record as denying the existence of the Famine in Ukraine.

The height of manipulation was reached during a visit to Ukraine carried out between August 26 and September 9, 1933, by French Prime Minister Edouard Herriot, who denied accounts of the famine. The day before his arrival, all beggars, homeless children and starving people were removed from the streets. Shop windows in local stores were filled with food, but purchases were forbidden, and anyone coming too close to the stores was arrested. The streets were washed. Just like all other Western visitors, Herriot met fake "peasants," all selected Communists or Komsomol members, who showed him healthy cattle. Herriot declared to the press that there was no famine in Ukraine, that he did not see any trace of it, and that this showed adversaries of the Soviet Union were spreading the rumour. "When one believes that the Ukraine is devastated by famine, allow me to shrug my shoulders," he declared. The September 13 1933 issue of Pravda was able to write that Herriot "categorically contradicted the lies of the bourgeoisie press in connection with a famine in the USSR.".

The lack of knowledge of this genocide was observed by English writer George Orwell, who commented that "huge events like the Ukraine famine of 1933, involving the deaths of millions of people, have actually escaped the attention of the majority of English Russophiles".

Modern denial

The 50th Anniversary

The rallying and lobbying of the Ukrainian Community around the 50th anniversary of the Holodomor became a concern for the governing body of the Soviet Union. In February 1983 the Politbureau of the Communist Party of the USSR activated its counterpropaganda section to focus on the Ukrainian famine. The head of the directorate for relations with foreign countries for the CPSU A. Merkulov was given the task of directing the disinformation to the West and contacted L. Kravchuk the chief idealogue for the Communist Party in Ukraine. The materials were to be sent to the Novosti press (APN) centres in the USA and Canada to demonstrate the "antidemocratic base of the Ukrainian bourgeois Nationalists, the collaboration of the Banderovtsev and the Hitlerite Fascists during the Second World War".

In preparation for the expected rise in activity associated with the 55th anniversary, the Soviet Union launched a campaign of disinformation. In Canada, the Association of United Ukrainian Canadians (a pro-Communist Labour temple movement in the Ukrainian community) published numerous articles denying the Holodomor in Ukraine in its English and Ukrainian language magazines and newspapers. Through its chain of bookstore outlets, it distributed pamphlets and materials whose point supplied to them from the counterpropaganda section of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. In 2007, correspondence and instructions from Soviet sources to the organization regarding the Holodomor have been made available for study by scholars.

Douglas Tottle and Holodomor denial

In 1987 the Canadian trade-unionist and activist Douglas Tottle, published the controversial book Fraud, Famine, and Fascism the Myth of the Ukrainian Genocide from Hitler to Harvard, where he claimed that the Holodomor was "fraudulent", and "a creation of Nazi propagandists". By the author's own account, his book is only carried by 28 libraries around the world.

In a review of Tottle's book in the Ukrainian Canadian Magazine, published by the pro-Communist Association of United Ukrainian Canadians, Wilfred Szczesny wrote: "Members of the general public who want to know about the famine, its extent and causes, and about the motives and techniques of those who would make this tragedy into something other than what it was will find Tottle's work invaluable" (The Ukrainian Canadian, April 1988, p. 24).

Tottle's book inspired a number of similar writings by other Holodomor deniers, such as Jeff Coplon's article "In Search of a Soviet Holocaust". This article not only denies the Holodomor, but also tries to associate those who continued to bring the Holodomor to the attention of the public with the Nazis, even giving quotes from Adolf Hitler's Mein Kampf to stress this point.

"Just as the Nazis used the OUN for their own ends, so has Reagan exploited the famine, from his purple-prosed commemoration of "this callous act" to his backing of the Mace commission. ... But if people could be convinced that Communism is worse than fascism; that Stalin was an insane monster, even worse than Hitler; that the seven million died in more unspeakable agony than the six million ... One cannot appease an Evil Empire, after all.

Other such writings include an article by Wilfred Szczesny ("Fraud, Famine and Fascism", The Ukrainian Canadian, April 1988); an unsigned article ("The Ukrainian Famine: Fact or Fiction"), which appeared in the McGill Daily, November 22, 1988, and another unsigned article ("The Hoax of the Man-Made Ukraine Famine of 1932-33"), which appeared in a newspaper of the Progressive Labor Party in 1987.

In November 2007, an International Conference was held at John Cabot University, organized by the Guarini Institute, entitled "The Ukrainian Holodomor and the Denial of Genocides". The Ukrainian Ambassador, Heorhiy Cheriavskyi, addressed the conference and spoke about the importance of international education and recognition of the Ukrainian Holodomor. Federigo Argentieri from the Guarini Institute of John Cabot University spoke gave the paper: “Ideology and Diplomacy: How the Ukrainian Famine Was—and Still is—Denied.” In his presentation, Argentieri introduced the history of denial of the Ukrainian famine of 1932-33. Conflicting reports on the events in 1933 highlighted the willingness of the Great Powers to ignore the plain facts witnessed by British government officials in the Soviet Union. At the time, political and economic interests took precedence over internal human rights matters. Argentieri noted that today, the famine remains virtually ignored, even in academic circles in the West.

Despite the fact that the Holodomor was included in the Canadian Centre for Genocide & Human Rights Education fourth annual session for teachers, at the Armenian Cultural Centre in Toronto, the Toronto District School Board has chosen not to include the Holodomor in its 11th grade Genocide study course.

Holodomor denial and Ukrainian law

On November 28 2006, Ukraine's parliament, the Verkhovna Rada, passed a law recognizing the 1932–1933 Holodomor as an act of genocide against the Ukrainian people. Public denial of the Holodomor will be considered a violation of the memory of the millions of its victims, and has been declared illegal. The voting figures were as follows: supporting the bill were BYuT—118 deputies, NSNU—79 deputies, Socialists—30 deputies, 4 independent deputies, and the Party of Regions—2 deputies (200 deputies did not cast a vote). The Communist Party of Ukraine voted against the bill. In all, 233 deputies supported the bill—a minimum of 226 votes were required for it to be passed.

A draft law "On Amendments to the Criminal and the Procedural Criminal Codes of Ukraine" was submitted by President Viktor Yushchenko for consideration by the Ukrainian Parliament. The draft law envisages prosecution for public denial of the Holodomor Famine of 1932–1933 in Ukraine as a fact of genocide of the Ukrainian people, and of the Holocaust as the fact of genocide of the Jewish people. The draft law foresees that public denial as well as production and dissemination of materials denying the above shall be punished by a fine of 100 to 300 untaxed minimum salaries, or imprisonment of up to two years.

See also

References

  1. The Soviet Union dismissed all references to the famine as anti-Soviet propaganda. Denial of the famine declined after the Communist Party lost power and the Soviet empire disintegrated @ Encyclopedia of Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity By Dinah Shelton; Page 1055 ISBN 0028658485
  2. After over half a century of denial, in January 1990 the Communist Party of Ukraine adopted a special resolution admitting that the Ukrainian Famine had indeed occured, cost millions of lives... Century of Genocide: Critical Essays and Eyewitness Accounts - Page 93 ISBN 0415944295
  3. Jan Maksymiuk, "Ukraine: Parliament Recognizes Soviet-Era Famine As Genocide", RFE/RL, November 29, 2006
  4. Robert Conquest The Dragons of Expectation. Reality and Delusion in the Course of History, W.W. Norton and Company (2004), ISBN 0-393-05933-2, page 102.
  5. ^ Robert Conquest Reflections on a Ravaged Century (2000) ISBN 0-393-04818-7, page 96
  6. (Harvest of Sorrow, page 325)
  7. Lisa Shymko, "The Politics of Genocide", The American Spectator, November 14 2007
  8. How Liberals Funked It
  9. Marco Carynnyk, "The New York Times and the Great Famine", The Ukrainian Weekly, September 25, 1983, No. 39, Vol. LI
  10. ^ James E. Mace, "Collaboration in the suppression of the Ukrainian famine" (paper delivered at a conference on "Recognition and Denial of Genocide and Mass Killing in the 20th Century", held in New York City on November 13, 1987), The Ukrainian Weekly, January 10, 1988, No. 2, Vol. LVI
  11. The Great Famine of 1932-33 - A Symposium - 22 October, 2003 p.4
  12. ^ Stephen Bandera, "Holodomor as a source of national unity", Ukrainian Echo, February 5, 2007
  13. "Correspondence between Markian Pelech and the Board of the Pulitzer Prizes regarding Walter Duranty's 1932 Pulitzer Prize" (December 30, 2002–April 28, 2003)
  14. Arnold Beichman, Pulitzer-Winning Lies, The Weekly Standard, June 12 2003
  15. Embassy dispatch dated 30 September 1933 included the following: "According to Mr. Duranty the population of North Caucasus and the Lower Volga had decreased in the past year by three million, and the population of Ukraine by four to five million" (cited from "Reflections on the ravaged century", p. 123)
  16. ^ "New York Times Statement About 1932 Pulitzer Prize Awarded to Walter Duranty"
  17. Nicholas Lysson, "Holocaust and Holodomor", April 2007
  18. "Walter Duranty for Pulitzer Board Dummies"
  19. Correspondence between Markian Pelech and the Board of Pulitzer Prizes
  20. ^ Louis Fisher, at ArtUkraine.com
  21. "Triumph of Emphasis", Time, March 4, 1935
  22. Stalin-Wells talk / the verbatim record and a discussion by G.B.Shaw, H.G.Wells, J.M.Keynes, E.Toller and others
  23. Reflections, p. 122
  24. "France, Germany and Austria Facing the famine of 1932-1933 in Ukraine"
  25. George Orwell, "Notes on Nationalism" in "The Collected Essays, Journalism and Letters of George Orwell" (London, 1968), Vol. 3, p. 370.
  26. The Great Famine of 1932-33 - A Symposium - 22 October, 2003 p.5
  27. ЦГАООУ. Ф.1. Оп. 25 Д. 2719. Л.27-28. Подлинник.
  28. http://www.rationalrevolution.net/special/library/famine.htm/
  29. ^ "The last stand of the Ukrainian famine-genocide deniers"
  30. ^ Jeff Coplon, "In Search of a Soviet Holocaust", The Village Voice, January 12, 1988.
  31. "The Hoax of the Man-Made Ukraine Famine of 1932-33", Challenge-Desafio, February 25, 1987.
  32. "The Ukranian Holodomor and the Denial of Genocides"
  33. Holodomor Ukrainian Famine at Genocide Education Institute
  34. Genocide: Historical and Contemporary Implications
  35. "Holodomor and Holocaust denial to be a criminal offense", 3 April 2007
  36. "What the Verkhovna Rada actually passed", February 28, 2007
  37. "Public denial of Holodomor Famine of 1932-1933 in Ukraine as genocide of Ukrainian people to be prosecuted", December 12, 2007

Sources

  • Andreopoulos, George J., Ed. Genocide: Conceptual and Historical Dimensions. University of Pennsylvania Press, 1994.
  • Colorosa, Barbara. Extraordinary Evil: A Brief History of Genocide … And Why It Is Important. Penguin Canada, 2007.
  • New Internationalist. Justice After Genocide. December (385). 2005.
  • Paris, Erna. Long Shadows: Truth, Lies and History. Alfred A. Knopf, 2002.
  • Springer, Jane. Genocide. Groundwood Books, 2006.
  • Tauger, Mark B. The 1932 Harvest and the Famine of 1933, Slavic Review, Vol. 50, No. 1 (Spring, 1991), pp. 70-89
  • Waller, James. Becoming Evil: How Ordinary People Commit Genocide and Mass Killing. Oxford University Press, 2002.
  • Crowl, James William. Angels in Stalin's Paradise. Western Reporters in Soviet Russia, 1917 to 1937. A case study of Louis Fisher and Walter Duranty. University Press of America, 1982.
  • Taylor, Sally J. Stalin's Apologist: Walter Duranty : The New York Times Man in Moscow. Oxford University Press (1990)

Video resources

  • Harvest of Despair. (1983), produced by the Ukrainian Canadian Research and Documentation Centre.
  • Numerous Holodomor videos available
Categories: