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Revision as of 22:24, 20 January 2008 edit70.133.64.78 (talk) m← Previous edit Revision as of 23:08, 20 January 2008 edit undoSpace Cadet (talk | contribs)8,095 edits OR and kitchen linguistics. The original POLISH name of the place was Tarnowo, not some "gate"..Next edit →
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== History == == History ==
The first settlement in the vicinity is dated by archaeologists to 1100 BC (]).<ref>, part of study by scientists from the ]’s Institute Of Archaeology.</ref> There is a claim, that during medieval times, in the 7th-13th centuries, it was a place of an old Polish settlement,<ref name="PWN"> Encyklopedia Powszechna PWN Warsaw 1976</ref> at the crossing of the river. However the first recording of Polish or rather ] is in the mid 900s. The first settlement in the vicinity is dated by archaeologists to 1100 BC (]).<ref>, part of study by scientists from the ]’s Institute Of Archaeology.</ref> During medieval times, in the 7th-13th centuries, it was a place of an old Polish settlement,<ref name="PWN"> Encyklopedia Powszechna PWN Warsaw 1976</ref> at the crossing of the river.


⚫ The ] built a castle there in the years 1230-31. The town was granted ] by the Polish Crown in 1233. In 1236 it was relocated to the present site of the Old Town. In 1263 ] monks settled in the city, followed in 1239 by ]. In 1264 the nearby New Town was founded. In 1280, the city joined the mercantile ]. Both New and Old Towns were amalgamated in 1454, and soon turned into an important medieval trade centre.
Thorn/Torun was strategicly build at the crossing of the Vistula river, where coming north from Poland it was known as gate (German: ''Thor'') to coming into ], ]. It once held a key position for river trade and only in later years Danzig's trade became more pronounced. The ] built a castle in ], in the years 1230-31. The town was granted ]. Because of flooding of the Vistula river the town and its people in 1236 relocated to the present site of the Old Town.


⚫ The ] ending the ] was signed in the city in 1411. In 1440 the gentry of Toruń formed ] and rose with the Confederation against the ] in 1454. The resulting ] ended in 1466 with the ], in which the Teutonic Order ceded their control over western Prussia (]). Toruń became again an autonomous subject under the protectorate of the ].
⚫ In 1263 ] monks settled in the city, followed in 1239 by ]. In 1264 the nearby New Town was founded. In 1280, the city joined the mercantile ]. Both New and Old Towns were amalgamated in 1454, and soon turned into an important medieval trade centre.


⚫ The city adopted ] in 1557 during the ], while most Polish cities remained ]. During the time of the mayor Heinrich Stroband (1586-1609), Toruń became centralised and its administrative power went into the hands of the city council. In 1595, ] arrived in order to promote the ], taking control of the Church of St. John. Protestant city officials tried to limit the influx of the Catholic population into the city, as Catholics (Jesuits and ] monks) already controlled most churches, leaving only St. Mary to the Protestant citizens.
⚫ The ] ending the ] was signed in the city in 1411. In 1440 the gentry of Thorn and other Prussian Hanseatic cities formed the ] and rose with the Confederation against the ] in 1454. The resulting ] ended in 1466 with the ], in which the Teutonic Order ceded their control over western Prussia (]). Thorn became autonomous and selfgoverning under the protectorate of the ].


⚫ In 1677, the Prussian historian and educator ] was invited to be director of the ''Toruń ]'', a post which he held until his death in 1687. Hartknoch wrote histories of ], including the cities of ].
⚫ The city adopted ] in 1557 during the ], while in contrast Polish cities remained ]. During the time of mayor ] (1586-1609), Thorn became centralised and its administrative power went into the hands of the ''Ratsherren'' city council. In 1595, ] arrived in order to promote the ], taking control of the Church of St. John. Protestant city officials tried to limit the influx of the Catholic population into the city, as Catholics (Jesuits and ] monks) already controlled most churches, leaving only St. Mary to the Protestant citizens.

⚫ In 1677, the Prussian historian and educator ] was invited to be director of the ''Thorn ]'', a post which he held until his death in 1687. Hartknoch wrote histories of ], including the cities of ].


] — ''] (Rathaus)''.]] ] — ''] (Rathaus)''.]]
In the second half of the 17th century, tensions between Catholics and Protestants grew leading to events known as the '']''. In the second half of the 17th century, tensions between Catholics and Protestants grew leading to events known as the '']''.
In 1793 the city was annexed by the ] following the ]. In 1807, the city became part of the ] created by ] and ruled by King ] of ], although Prussia took it over again upon Napoleon's defeat in 1814. In 1870, ] ] taken during the ] built a chain of forts surrounding the town. In the following year, the city, along with the rest of Prussia, became part of the new ]. During this period it became one of centers of resistance to ] and ] by Poles, who resisted ]. Poles established a Polish-language newspaper called "Gazeta Toruńska"<ref name="PWN"/>. In 1875 a Polish Science Society was established and in 1884 a secret organisation dedicated to restoration of Poland<ref name="PWN"/>. In 1793 the city was annexed by the ] following the ]. In 1807, the city became part of the ] created by ] and ruled by King ] of ], although Prussia took it over again upon Napoleon's defeat in 1814. In 1870, ] ] taken during the ] built a chain of forts surrounding the town. In the following year, the city, along with the rest of Prussia, became part of the new ]. During this period it became one of centers of resistance to ] and ] by Poles, who established a Polish-language newspaper called "Gazeta Toruńska"<ref name="PWN"/>. In 1875 a Polish Science Society was established and in 1884 a secret organisation dedicated to restoration of Poland<ref name="PWN"/>.


In the 1919 ] after ], Thorn as Toruń became part of ], as the capital of the ], even though it was not situated in ]. In 1925 the Baltic Institute was established in the city, with the task of documenting Polish heritage in Pomerania. In general, the interwar period was a time of significant urban development in Toruń. Major investments were completed in areas like transportation (new streets, tramway lines and the Piłsudski Bridge), residential constructions (many new houses, particularly in Bydgoskie Przedmieście) and public buildings. In the 1919 ] after ], Toruń became part of ], as the capital of the ], even though it was not situated in ]. In 1925 the Baltic Institute was established in the city, with the task of documenting Polish heritage in Pomerania. In general, the interwar period was a time of significant urban development in Toruń. Major investments were completed in areas like transportation (new streets, tramway lines and the Piłsudski Bridge), residential constructions (many new houses, particularly in Bydgoskie Przedmieście) and public buildings.


Toruń was annexed by ] after the ] in 1939 and administered as part of ]. During ], the chain of forts were used by the Germans as POW camps, collectively known as ]. Toruń was liberated from the Nazis in 1945 by the ] ] and given to Communist Polish administration by the ]. The city was quite fortunate to avoid significant destruction during the war. According to the decision of the victorious ] powers, the remaining German population of Toruń was ] between 1945 and 1947. Toruń was annexed by ] after the ] in 1939 and administered as part of ]. During ], the chain of forts were used by the Germans as POW camps, collectively known as ]. Toruń was liberated from the Nazis in 1945 by the ] ] and returned to Polish administration by the ]. The city was quite fortunate to avoid significant destruction during the war. According to the decision of the victorious ] powers, the remaining German population of Toruń was ] between 1945 and 1947.


] ]
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</center> </center>


] (1644-87) Illustration of THORN featured in his book ''Old and New Prussia'']] ] 1644–87) featured in his book ''Old and New Prussia'']]
] ]


Revision as of 23:08, 20 January 2008

Place in Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland
Toruń
Old Town in Toruń from the left side of the Vistula RiverOld Town in Toruń from the left side of the Vistula River
Flag of ToruńFlagCoat of arms of ToruńCoat of arms
Motto: Durabo (Latin: I will last)
CountryPoland
VoivodeshipKuyavian-Pomeranian
PowiatCity county
GminaToruń
Established13th century
City rights1233
Government
 • MayorMichał Zaleski
Area
 • City117.71 km (45.45 sq mi)
Elevation30 m (100 ft)
Population
 • City207,190
 • Density1,798/km (4,660/sq mi)
 • Metro297,646
Time zoneUTC+1 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)
Postal code87-100 to 87-120
Area code+48 56
Car PlatesCT
Websitewww.torun.pl
UNESCO World Heritage Site
Medieval Town of Toruń
UNESCO World Heritage Site
Dąbski Palace in Toruń
CriteriaCultural: ii, iv
Reference835
Inscription1997 (21st Session)

Toruń (; Template:Lang-la, Template:Audio-de, Template:Lang-csb, see also: other names) is a city in northern Poland, on the Vistula River, with population over 207,190 as of 2006, making it the second largest city of the Kujawy-Pomerania Province, after Bydgoszcz. The medieval old town of Toruń is a birthplace of Nicolaus Copernicus. It was inscribed onto the World Heritage List of UNESCO as World Heritage Site in 1997.

Previously it was the capital of Toruń Voivodeship (1975-98) and Pomeranian Voivodeship (1921-39). Since 1999 Toruń is the main location of the self-government of Kujawy-Pomerania Province with administration located in Bydgoszcz. Toruń, together with Bydgoszcz, at a 45 km distance, forms the Bydgoszcz-Toruń urban agglomeration. In September 2004, Bydgoszcz Medical School joined Toruń's Nicolaus Copernicus University as its Collegium Medicum.

History

The first settlement in the vicinity is dated by archaeologists to 1100 BC (Lusatian culture). During medieval times, in the 7th-13th centuries, it was a place of an old Polish settlement, at the crossing of the river.

The Teutonic Knights built a castle there in the years 1230-31. The town was granted city rights by the Polish Crown in 1233. In 1236 it was relocated to the present site of the Old Town. In 1263 Franciscan monks settled in the city, followed in 1239 by Dominicans. In 1264 the nearby New Town was founded. In 1280, the city joined the mercantile Hanseatic League. Both New and Old Towns were amalgamated in 1454, and soon turned into an important medieval trade centre.

The First Peace of Toruń ending the Polish-Lithuanian-Teutonic War (1409-1411) was signed in the city in 1411. In 1440 the gentry of Toruń formed Prussian Confederation and rose with the Confederation against the monastic state of the Teutonic Knights in 1454. The resulting Thirteen Years' War ended in 1466 with the Second Peace of Toruń, in which the Teutonic Order ceded their control over western Prussia (Royal Prussia). Toruń became again an autonomous subject under the protectorate of the Kingdom of Poland.

The city adopted Protestantism in 1557 during the Protestant Reformation, while most Polish cities remained Roman Catholic. During the time of the mayor Heinrich Stroband (1586-1609), Toruń became centralised and its administrative power went into the hands of the city council. In 1595, Jesuits arrived in order to promote the Counter-Reformation, taking control of the Church of St. John. Protestant city officials tried to limit the influx of the Catholic population into the city, as Catholics (Jesuits and Dominican Order monks) already controlled most churches, leaving only St. Mary to the Protestant citizens.

In 1677, the Prussian historian and educator Christoph Hartknoch was invited to be director of the Toruń Gymnasium, a post which he held until his death in 1687. Hartknoch wrote histories of Prussia, including the cities of Royal Prussia.

City Hall — Ratusz (Rathaus).

In the second half of the 17th century, tensions between Catholics and Protestants grew leading to events known as the Tumult of Thorn. In 1793 the city was annexed by the Kingdom of Prussia following the Second Partition of Poland. In 1807, the city became part of the Duchy of Warsaw created by Napoleon and ruled by King Frederick Augustus I of Saxony, although Prussia took it over again upon Napoleon's defeat in 1814. In 1870, French prisoners of war taken during the Franco-Prussian War built a chain of forts surrounding the town. In the following year, the city, along with the rest of Prussia, became part of the new German Empire. During this period it became one of centers of resistance to Germanisation and Kulturkampf by Poles, who established a Polish-language newspaper called "Gazeta Toruńska". In 1875 a Polish Science Society was established and in 1884 a secret organisation dedicated to restoration of Poland.

In the 1919 Treaty of Versailles after World War I, Toruń became part of Poland, as the capital of the Pomeranian Voivodeship, even though it was not situated in Pomerania. In 1925 the Baltic Institute was established in the city, with the task of documenting Polish heritage in Pomerania. In general, the interwar period was a time of significant urban development in Toruń. Major investments were completed in areas like transportation (new streets, tramway lines and the Piłsudski Bridge), residential constructions (many new houses, particularly in Bydgoskie Przedmieście) and public buildings.

Toruń was annexed by Nazi Germany after the Invasion of Poland in 1939 and administered as part of Danzig-West Prussia. During World War II, the chain of forts were used by the Germans as POW camps, collectively known as Stalag XX-A. Toruń was liberated from the Nazis in 1945 by the Soviet Red Army and returned to Polish administration by the Potsdam Conference. The city was quite fortunate to avoid significant destruction during the war. According to the decision of the victorious Allied powers, the remaining German population of Toruń was expelled to West Germany between 1945 and 1947.

City walls and Leaning Tower.

After World War II, the population increased more than twofold and industry developed significantly. However, one of the most important events of the post-war era was the founding of the Nicolaus Copernicus University in 1945. Over the years, it has become one of the best universities in Poland. Its existence has influenced the life of the city enormously, as well as its perception by non-locals.

Since 1989, when local and regional self-government was gradually reintroduced and the market economy set in, Toruń, like other cities in Poland, has undergone deep social and econonomic transformation. There is some debate among locals as to whether this time has been really spent as successfully as it should have been, but the fact is that Toruń has recently reclaimed its strong position as a regional leader, together with Bydgoszcz.

Etymology

Early documents record the city's name as Thorun (1226, 1466), Turon, Turun, Toron, Thoron and Thorn.


There are several different etymological explanations for the names, and whether an original name was Germanized or Polonized.


When Toruń became a royal city, subject to the kings of Poland, Latin documents and coins usually spelled it Thorun, Thorunium, civitas Thorunensis, or civitas Torunensis, and after the 15th century, the current Polish name Toruń.


German


Polish

  • It may come from the Polish word tor, which means "track (of the Vistula river)". Toruń would therefore mean "town on the track".
  • It may have been originally Tarnów, based on the Polish word tarnina, a kind of river plant. There are many cities in Poland with a similar derivation.
  • It may have come from the Polish word "Ruń", to lean, named because of the leaning tower along the wall surrounding the old city.

Other

  • Some people, such as Jan Miodek, claim that "Toruń" does not have any etymological meaning.
  • It may come from the personal name Toron and mean "Toron's town".

Landmarks


Painting of the city Christoph Hartknoch 1644–87) featured in his book Old and New Prussia
Gothic St George Guildhall in Toruń

Listed on the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites since 1997, Toruń has many monuments of architecture beginning from the Middle Ages, including 200 military structures. The city is famous for having preserved almost intact its medieval spatial layout and many Gothic buildings, all built from brick, including monumental churches, the Town Hall and many burgher houses. The most interesting monuments are:

  • Gothic churches:
    • The Cathedral of Ss. John the Evangelist and John the Baptist, an aisled hall church built in the 14th century and extended in the 15th century; outstanding Gothic sculptures and paintings inside (Moses, St. Mary Magdalene, gravestone of Johann von Soest), Renaissance and Baroque epitaphs and altars (amongst them the epitaph of Copernicus from 1580)
    • St. Mary's church, a formerly Franciscan aisled hall built in the 14th century
    • St. Jacob's church, a basilica from the 14th century, with monumental wall paintings and Gothic stalls
  • The Old Town Hall, begun in 1274, extended and rebuilt between 1391 and 1399, and extended at the end of the 16th century; one of the most monumental town halls in Central Europe
  • City fortifications, begun in the 13th century, extended between the 14th and 15th centuries, mostly demolished in the 19th century, but partially preserved with a few city gates and watchtowers (among them the so-called Leaning Tower) from the Vistula side
  • A Gothic house from the 15th century, where Copernicus was allegedly born (now a museum)
  • Ruins of the Teutonic Knights' castle from the 13th century
  • The House Under the Star (Template:Lang-pl), previously Gothic, briefly owned by Filip Callimachus, then rebuilt in the 16th century and in 1697, with a richly decorated stucco facade and wooden spiral stairs
  • Toruń has the largest number of preserved Gothic houses in Poland, many with Gothic wall paintings or wooden beam ceilings from the 16th to the 18th centuries

An important fact is that Toruń, unlike many other historic cities in Poland, avoided significant destruction during World War II. In particular, the Old Town was left intact, so all its important monuments of architecture are original ones - not rebuilt after destruction.

Major renovation projects have been undertaken in recent years to improve the condition and external presentation of the Old Town. Besides the renovation of various buildings, projects such as the reconstruction of the pavements of the streets and squares (reversing them to their historical appearance), and the introduction of new plants, trees and objects of 'small architecture', are underway.

The most spectacular, though, is the illumination of the Old Town at night. Numerous buildings and other constructions, including the city walls along the boulevard, are illuminated at night, creating an impressive effect - probably unique among Polish cities with respect to the size of Toruń's Old Town and the scale of the illumination project itself.

Population

View of Torun Old Town Square at dusk

The most recent statistics show a decrease in the population of the city, to ca. 208,007 at the end of 2006. This is mainly because quite a large number of citizens have been moving to nearby communities, adjacent to the formal administrative area of Toruń, but still outside it. As a result Toruń is surrounded by a belt of densely-populated settlements, whose inhabitants work, shop and entertain in the city proper, but do not officially live there.

In recent years, a discussion has been taking place as to whether or not these surrounding communities should be incorporated into the city's administrative area. This seems rather inevitable in the longer term, though many say Toruń has almost reached the limit of its development within the city's boundary.

Inside the city itself, most of the population is concentrated on the right (northern) bank of the Vistula river. Two of the most densely populated areas are Rubinkowo and Na Skarpie, housing projects built mostly in the 1970s and 80s, recently located between the central and easternmost districts; their total population is about 70,000.

Toruń and Bydgoszcz together make up a bipolar metroplex which, including those cities' counties and a number of smaller towns, may have a population of as much as 800,000. Thus the area contains about one third of the population of the Kuyavia-Pomerania region (which has about 2.1 million inhabitants).

Transport

The transportation network in the city itself has been a subject of much criticism for years. Although the city is not very large, the underdeveloped street and road network is a source of problems. Even the construction of new wide avenues, both by reconstructing existing streets and by construction of others from scratch, has not been enough to combat the opinion of Toruń as a rather "driver-unfriendly" place. The most serious problem, however, is that only a single car traffic bridge crosses the Vistula river inside the city's boundaries. The construction of beltways, and thus the reduction of the inflow of vehicles into the city, has helped somewhat, but still the existence of only one town centre bridge causes serious transportation difficulties, especially traffic jams. Another bridge has been proposed in an atmosphere of heated discussions, but it is unclear when and where this will be built.

The mass transit system is composed of 4 tram lines and about 30 bus lines, covering the city and some of the neighbouring communities.

Toruń is situated at a major road junction, one of the most important in Poland. The A1 highway reaches Toruń, and a southern beltway surrounds the city. Besides these, the European route E75 and a number of domestic roads (numbered 10, 15, and 80) run through the city.

Three main railway stations (Toruń Główny, Toruń Miasto and Toruń Wschodni)and four railway lines connect Toruń with Bydgoszcz and the smaller towns of the surrounding region, as well as with distant major cities. Two bus depots serve to connect the city with other towns and cities in Poland.

As of 2005, only a small tourist airport exists in Toruń; however, a passenger airport is under construction. The nearest larger airports are located in Bydgoszcz, Gdańsk and Warsaw.

Economy

Although a medium-sized city, Toruń is a seat of the headquarters of some companies considered as belonging to largest and most influential in Poland, or at least of their subsidiaries. The official unemployment, as of July 2006, is quite moderate as regards Polish reality - 10.5%, what is fairly below the country's average (15.7%). Actually, in day-to-day living, unemployment doesn't seem to be a very serious problem in Toruń.

In 2006 a construction of new plants owned by Sharp corporation and other companies of mainly Japanese origin has started in neighboring community of Łysomice (about 10 km from city center). Next investments in the area are expected soon. The facilities under construction are located in a newly-created special economical area. As a result of cooperation of the beforementioned companies, a vast high-tech complex is to be constructed in next few years' time, providing even as much as 10,000 jobs (prediction for 2010) at the cost of about 450 million euros. There are no doubts it will seriously influence both city's and even whole region's economy, first signs of which could have been already observed (particularly on Toruń real estate market).

Thanks to numerous monuments of architecture Toruń is visited by about 1.5 million tourists a year. This number may vary depending on source and means of calculation, nevertheless tourism is a quite important branch of local economy. Although such things like time spent in the city by individual tourists or number of hotels which can serve them are still considered as not satisfying. Anyway, a significant increase in numbers of visitors has been observed in 2006.

About 20,000 to 25,000 local firms are registered in Toruń.

Culture

Toruń planetarium.

Toruń has two drama theatres (Teatr im. Wilama Horzycy with three stages and Teatr Wiczy), two children's theatres (Baj Pomorski and Zaczarowany Świat), two music theatres (Mała Rewia, Studencki Teatr Tańca), and numurous other theatre groups. The city hosts, among others, the international theatre festival, "Kontakt", annually in May

The building called Baj Pomorski has recently been under complete reconstruction. When finished, it will be one of the most modern cultural facilities in the city. It is located at the southeast edge of the Old Town.

Movies in Toruń can be enjoyed in the city's Cinema City, which has over 2000 seats, and in another five or more public cinemas.

Over ten major museums document the history of Toruń and the region. Among others, the "House of Kopernik" and the accompanying museum commerorate Nicolaus Copernicus and his revolutionary work, the university museum reveals the history of the city's academic past.

Construction of a Center of Contemporary Art (Centrum Sztuki Współczesnej - CSW) was to have begun in summer 2006. It will probably be opened in 2007 and be one of the most important cultural facilities of this kind in Poland. Its modern building is to be located in the very center of the city, adjacent to the Old Town.

The Toruń Symphony Orchestra (formerly the Toruń Chamber Orchestra) deserves mention, as it is well-rooted in the Toruń cultural landscape.

Toruń is equipped with a planetarium (located downtown) and astronomical observatory (located in nearby community of Piwnice). The latter boasts the largest radiotelescope in the Eastern part of Central Europe with 32 m in diameter, second only to the Effelsberg 100 m radio telescope.

Toruń is well-known for Toruń gingerbread, a type of pierniki often made in elaborate moulds.

Education

Over 30 elementary and primary schools, and over ten high schools make up the educational base of Toruń, and besides these students can also attend a handful of private schools.

The largest institution of higher education in Toruń, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, serves over 40 thousand students and was founded in 1945, based on the Toruń Scientific Society, Stefan Batory University in Wilno, and Jan Kazimierz University in Lvov. Undoubtedly, the existence of a high-ranked and wide-profiled university with many students plays a great role both in keeping the city's position and importance in general, as well as in creating the image of Toruń's streets and clubs filled with crowds of young people. It also has a serious influence on local economy.

Other public institutions of higher education:

  • Wyższe Seminarium Duchowne (section of the Theological Faculty of the Nicolaus Copernicus University)
  • College of English - Nauczycielskie Kolegium Języków Obcych (affiliated by the Nicolaus Copernicus University)
  • College of Fashion (Kolegium Mody)

There are also a number of private higher education facilities:

Healthcare

Five hospitals of various specialization provide medical service for Toruń itself, its surrounding area and, to some extent, to the region in general. In addition, there is a number of other healthcare facilities in the city.

Media

Sport clubs

Notable residents

Sister cities

Bulwar Filadelfijski (Philadelphia Boulevard), both a 1.5 km long street running mostly between Vistula River and walls of the Old Town, and the 2k m long boulevard itself (bearing the same name), honours sister relationship with Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Ślimak Getyński (Goettingen Helix, German: Goettingen Schnecke) is one of the lanes connecting Piłsudski Bridge / John Paul II Avenue with Philadelphia Boulevard at their downtown interchange. It honours the relationship with Göttingen, its name derived from the street's half-circular shape (Polish word ślimak meaning "snail").

Deputies (2000-05)

Members of Parliament (Sejm) elected from Toruń constituency

  • Ryszard Chodynicki, SLD-UP
  • Bogdan Derwich, SLD-UP
  • Lech Kuropatwiński, Samoobrona
  • Bogdan Lewandowski, SLD-UP
  • Krystian Łuczak, SLD-UP
  • Antoni Mężydło, PiS
  • Marek Olewiński, SLD-UP
  • Sławomir Rybicki, PO
  • Anna Sobecka, LPR
  • Zbigniew Sosnowski, PSL
  • Leszek Sułek, Samoobrona
  • Elżbieta Szparaga, SLD-UP
  • Jerzy Wenderlich, SLD-UP

Deputies (2005-2007)

  • Jan Wyrowiński, PO
  • Tomasz Lenz, PO
  • Zbigniew Girzyński, PiS
  • Anna Sobecka, LPR
  • Jerzy Wenderlich, SLD-UP

Miscellanea

Depending on the calculation method, the Geographic Center of Europe may be located here.

Notes

  1. Hypothetical reconstruction of a Lusatian culture settlement, built using bronze age tools: Wola Radziszowska, Poland, part of study by scientists from the Jagiellonian University’s Institute Of Archaeology.
  2. ^ Encyklopedia Powszechna PWN Warsaw 1976

External links


Members of the Hanseatic League by quarter, and trading posts of the Hanseatic League
Wendish
Lübeck
Principal trading routes of the Hanseatic League

Lubeck — a main city of the Hanseatic League
Saxon
Brunswick
Magdeburg
Baltic
Danzig
(Gdańsk)
Westphalian
Cologne
Dortmund
Kontore
Vitten
Factories
  • Cologne and Dortmund were both chief city of the Westphalian Quarter at different times.
  • The kontor was moved to Antwerp once Bruges became inaccessible due to the silting of the Zwin channel.

Template:Poland

World Heritage Sites in Poland
Cultural
Natural
  • shared with Germany
  • shared with Ukraine
  • shared with 17 other countries
  • shared with Belarus

53°01′N 18°37′E / 53.017°N 18.617°E / 53.017; 18.617

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