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John Dury (Edinburgh1596-Kassel, 1680) was a Scottish Calvinist minister, a millenarian, and a significant intellectual of the English Civil War period. He made efforts to re-unite the Calvinist and Lutheran wings of Protestantism, hoping to succeed when he moved to Kassel in 1661, but he did not accomplish this. He was a prolific preacher, pamphleteer and writer.

Early life

He was brought up in the Netherlands, at Leiden, attending the university there. He was in Cologne, at the Walloon Church, 1624-6, and subsequently at Elbing. He was a close associate of Samuel Hartlib, a native of Elbing, whom he met there, and shared his interest in education. According to Richard Popkin , another key influence was Joseph Mede, from whom Dury took a method of scriptural interpretation.

From 1628 he petitioned Gustavus Adolphus for help in the cause of Protestant unity. He spent much time wandering Europe. He met Comenius, who, spent some years in Elbląg (Elbing) as well, with an introduction from Hartlib.

Up to 1633, he had Anglican support from George Abbot. In that year, Abbot died and was replaced by William Laud, with whom Dury had a much more difficult relationship; Christopher Hill states Laud had no use for the efforts of Comenius, Dury and Hartlib to reunite Protestants. He was ordained in 1634, and went to Sweden, supported by 38 English Puritans. The networking of Dury and Hartlib in the 1630s brought them close to Oliver Cromwell, through Oliver St John (a relation by marriage, and friend) and the Godmanchester preacher Walter Welles, a neighbour.

He then travelled widely in northern Europe, and was tutor to Mary, Princess of Orange in the Hague. He had a long though unproductive meeting with René Descartes in 1635; also in the Netherlands he was an associate of Adam Boreel and Petrus Serrarius, and an influential figure.

In Civil War and Commonwealth England

In 1645, Dury and Comenius came to England; an invitation had been mooted in a sermon by John Gauden in 1641, at the start of the Long Parliament. Dury gave a well-known sermon to the Parliament on 26 November 1645, Israels Call to March out of Babylon into Jerusalem. He was given an official appointment, as tutor to the younger children of Charles I; from 1646 these had been in the care of Algernon Percy, 10th Earl of Northumberland.

After the war in England had ended, he argued both for religious toleration, and for acceptance of the Parliamentarian regime. He incurred the displeasure of the Westminster Assembly, to which he belonged, for his part in the 1648 publication (with Hartlib and John Goodwin) in translation of part the theological work Satanae Strategemata of Jacob Acontius on toleration. He called on the Ranter Abiezer Coppe to repent, and helped in drafting his recantation. He provided arguments in pamphlets of March and October 1649 for supporting the Rump Parliament. Hill places Dury with Anthony Ascham and Marchamont Nedham as propounding the theory that Parliament had legitimacy conferred by God because it held power de facto. Barbara Lewalski calls Dury's arguments 'Hobbesian'. Hill considers that the failure of Cromwell's plan to create a unified Protestant church in England of the 1650s put paid to Dury's ecumenical ideas.

In 1652 he translated John Milton's Eikonoklastes into French as Eikonoklastēs, ou, Réponse au livre intitulé Eikon basilikē. In 1655 Milton quoted from letters of Dury in his Pro se defensio contra Alexandrum Morum.

In 1654 he was sent as a diplomat by Oliver Cromwell to Germany, the Netherlands and Switzerland. In 1652/3 he had travelled with Bulstrode Whitelocke to Sweden.

He also worked with Whitelocke as a deputy librarian, from 1649, of the collection going back to Jane Lumley. His book of 1650 on librarianship, sometimes said to be the first such work, came out of his experience in this post..

His views on the Jews

He met Manasseh ben Israel in 1644, and heard from him an account of Antonio de Montesinos's alleged discovery of the Ten Tribes in America. In 1649 he addressed a further inquiry to Manasseh on the subject, which resulted in the publication of The Hope of Israel. In 1650 appeared Thomas Thorowgood's Jewes in America; Dury read it in manuscript, and contributed to later editions. A year or so before, Dury had written in favour of a Hartlib Circle project, for a College of Jewish Studies. Parliament was lobbied for funds.

Dury is considered to have been one of those around Cromwell influencing the decision to allow Jews to enter England officially (they were expelled by Edward I).. His millennarian views pointed to 1655 as apocalyptic. He was the cautious author of a pamphlet of 1656, A Case of Conscience: Whether It Be Lawful to Admit Jews into a Christian Commonwealth. To a question put to him by Hartlib, as to the general lawfulness of their admission, Dury replied in the affirmative; but from the point of view of expediency he considered that circumstances as to a particular time and place might render their admission unwise. He took a particular interest in the Karaites .

Irenicist

Dury's long ecumenical efforts have earned him a name as an irenicist. This territory he shared, to an extent, with his contemporary Hugo Grotius. Dury made contact with Grotius through his follower Samson Johnson (1603-1661). That relationship soured, since Dury had a hand in Johnson's dismissal as chaplain to Elizabeth, Queen of Bohemia, suspected of Socinianism. According to Trevor-Roper,

Dury, like Grotius, was an idealist, but their ideals were not quite the same. He wished to achieve not reunion for the peace of the Church but union of all Protestants for the holy war: in particular union of Lutherans and Calvinists.

Position in the Hartlib Circle

Young writes:

At its nexus, it was an association of personal friends. Hartlib and Dury were the two key figures: Comenius, despite their best efforts, always remained a cause they were supporting rather than a fellow co-ordinator. Around them were Hübner, Haak, Pell, Moriaen, Rulise, Hotton and Appelius, later to be joined by Sadler, Culpeper, Worsley, Boyle and Clodius. But as soon as one looks any further than this from the centre, the lines of communication begin to branch and cross, threading their way into the entire intellectual community of Europe and America. It is a circle with a definable centre but an almost infinitely extendable periphery.

Pansophism and alchemy

Alchemy was within the interests of the Hartlibian group, and both Dury and his wife were involved. In 1649 they were quizzing Worsley on distillation. In the first half of 1651 Dury was a witness to George Starkey, in an apparent transmutation, and then recommended Starkey to Moriaen.

Family

In 1645 he married Dorothy Moore, an Irish Puritan widow. The match was arranged by Dorothy's niece, Katherine Jones, Viscountess Ranelagh (1615–1691), daughter of Richard Boyle, 1st Earl of Cork, and wife of Arthur Jones, 2nd Viscount Ranelagh. To be precise on the somewhat tenuous relationship, Arthur Moore, Dorothy's first husband, and Frances Jones nee Moore, mother of Arthur Jones, were half-brother and half-sister, children of Garret Moore, 1st Viscount Moore of Drogheda, by different wives. By this marriage Dury was connected to Robert Boyle, brother of Lady Ranelagh.

Their daughter Dora Katherina Dury (1654-77) was Henry Oldenburg's second wife.

Works

• Analysis Demonstrativa
• Paraenesin
• Answer to the Lutherans
• De pace inter evangelicos procuranda sententiæ quatuor quarum tres a reverendis Dominis episcopis (1638) with Thomas Morton, John Davenant, Joseph Hall
• A Briefe Relation of That Which Hath Been Lately Attempted to Procure Ecclesiasticall Peace Amongst Protestants (1641)
• A summary discourse concerning the work of peace ecclesiasticall (1641)
• Consultatio theologica super negotio pacis ecclesiasticæ promovendo (1641)
• Good counsells for the peace of reformed churches (1641) with John Davenant, Thomas Morton, Joseph Hall and James Ussher
• A motion tending to the publick good of this age and of posteritie (1642)
• An epistolary discourse (1644)
• A model of church-government (1647)
• Considerations tending to the happy Accomplishment of Englands Reformation in Church and State (1647) with Samuel Hartlib
• The Reformed School (1648), edited by H. M. Knox (1958)
• Considerations Concerning the Present Engagement (1649)
• A Seasonable Discourse (1649)
• The Reformed Librarie-Keeper (1650) Online text at Project Gutenberg
• The unchanged, constant, and single-hearted Peace-maker drawn forth into the world (1650)
• Objections Against the Taking of The Engagement Answered (1650)
• Jvst re-proposals to humble proposals (1650)
• The Reformed Spiritual Husbandman (1652)
• A summarie platform of the heads of a body of practicall divinity which the ministers of the Protestant churches abroad have sued for, and which is farther enlarged in a treatise intituled, An earnest plea for gospel-communion (1654)
• A Declaration of John Dury, to make known the Truth of his Way and Deportment in all these Times of Trouble (1660)
• Irenicorum Tractatuum Prodromus (1662)
• Extractum ex harmonia confessionum oblatum ecclesiis reformatis ut examinetur antequam opus ipsum Lutheranis offeratur (1671)
• Touchant l'intelligence de l'Apocalypse par l'Apocalypse même (1674)
• Le Vrai Chrestien (1676)

References

• J. Minton Batten (1944), John Dury, Advocate of Christian Reunion
• G. H. Turnbull (1947), Hartlib, Dury, and Comenius
• Thomas H. H. Rae (1998), John Dury and the Royal Road to Piety

Notes

1. John Durie, Johannes Duraeus, Johannes Dureus, Johann Dureus.
2. Durie timeline
3. J. T. Young (1998), Faith, Alchemy and Natural Philosophy: Johann Moriaen, Reformed Intelligencer, and the Hartlib Circle, p.11.
4. Hugh Trevor-Roper, Three Foreigners, p.251 in Religion, the Reformation, and Social Change; online PDF.
5. Popkin, The Pimlico History of Western Philosophy/Columbia History (1998/9), p. 334.
7. Hugh Trevor-Roper, Archbishop Laud (1962 edition), pp. 264-9.
8. A Nation of Change and Novelty (1990), p. 83.
9. Christopher Hill, Intellectual Origins of the English Revolution (1965), p. 100. Hill lists among Dury's English supporters Richard Holdsworth (p.100), John Stoughton (p.101), John Pym (p. 107); Thomas Goodwin, Philip Nye and Henry Burton (p.308).
10. PDF, p.4; John Morrill, The Nature of the English Revolution (1993), p. 138 — Welles had studied in Leiden.
11. Concise Dictionary of National Biography
12. Jonathan Israel, The Dutch Republic (1995) p.589; see also Popkin, p. 334.
13. Jonathan Israel, The Radical Englightenment (2001) p.204, speaking of 30 years later, describes Dury as anti-Cartesian and a correspondent of Johann Heinrich Heidegger.
14. Hill, Intellectual Origins, p. 104.
15. Christopher Hill, The English Bible and the Seventeenth-Century Revolution (1993), p. 111.
16. Hill, Intellectual Origins, p. 102.
18. Hill, Intellectual Origins, p. 102; Hill, Milton, p. 289.
19. Christopher Hill, The Experience of Defeat (1984), p. 42.
20. Hill, A Nation of Change, p. 201.
21. Richard Tuck, Philosophy and Government 1572-1651 (1993), pp. 257-259.
22. Christopher Hill, A Turbulent, Seditious, and Factious People (1988), p. 314; also Hill, Experience p. 101.
23. The Life of John Milton (2000) p. 249; Hill, Intellectual Consequences p. 21 endorses the idea that these theorists anticipated Thomas Hobbes.
24. Some Intellectual Consequences of the English Revolution (1980), p. 73.
25. Lewalski, p. 324.
26. Trevor-Roper, Three Foreigners, p.283.
27. , letter 19 To Evangelical Churches, given as March 1654, with signatories.
28. Hill, Intellectual Origins, p. 103.
29. Hill, Intellectual Origins, p. 215.
30. E.g. . See Tudor Parfitt, The Lost Tribes of Israel (2002), pp.74-7.
31. Young, p.43. The first college for Jewish studies (1984), Richard Henry Popkin.
32. Hill, Intellectual Origins, p. 102-3.
33. Parfitt, p.80.
34. Jewish Encyclopedia
35. Mordecai L. Wilensky, Thomas Barlow's and John Dury's Attitude Towards the Readmission of the Jews to England, The Jewish Quarterly Review, New Ser., Vol. 50, No. 3 (Jan., 1960), pp. 256-268.
36. S. Mandelbrote, John Dury and the practice of Irenicism, in Religious change in Europe 1650-1914: Essays for John McManners, ed. N. Aston, 41-58. (Oxford, 1997); A. Milton, ’The Unchanged Peacemaker’? John Dury and the politics of Irenicism in England, 1628-1643 in Samuel Hartlib and Universal Reformation: studies in intellectual communication, ed. M. Greengrass, M. Leslie, and T. Raylor, 95-117. (Cambridge 1994).
37. PDF, p.181, note.
38. Hugh Trevor-Roper, From Counter-Reformation to Glorious Revolution (1992) pp.71-2.
39. Ibid., p.68.
40. Young, p.248
41. Young, p. 161.
42. William R. Newman and Lawrence M. Principe (2002), Alchemy Tried in the Fire, p. 244.
43. Young p. 229.
44. Newman and Principe, p. 246.
45. She was a daughter of Sir John King of Kingston, and had previously married Arthur Moore of Drumoghan, who died 1635. Dury's connection with Milton (both Johns were friends of Hartlib) has led to a theory that Dorothy's father was the Sir John King who was father to Edward King, Milton's Lycidas. That Sir John King was known as from Abbey Boyle. See James G. Taafe, Mrs. John Dury: a sister of Lycidas, Notes and Queries 1962. For support see ,, , but the last of these doesn't give Dorothy's second marriage.
47. Christopher Hill, Milton and the English Revolution (1977), p. 146; Hill there also confirm the Lycidas connection.
49. Hill, Milton, p. 215.
50. Suggested the setting-up of a public lectureship on Scriptural learning; Hill p.237.
51. See Hill English Bible, pp.191-2.
52. A Seasonable Discourse ... 1. What the Grounds and Method of our Reformation ought to be in Religion and Learning. 2. How, even in these times of distraction, the Work may be advanced: By the Knowledge of Orientall tongues and Jewish mysteries; By an agency for advancement of universall learning.
53. Mainly by Hartlib, PDF extract.

External links

• Works by John Dury at Project Gutenberg
• Biography of John Dury
• Bibliography containing many Dury titles
• Template:De icon BBK page

• 1596 births
• 1680 deaths
• Scottish theologians
• Scottish librarians