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| ==Possible relationship with Zoroastrianism through the Old Testament== | ==Possible relationship with Zoroastrianism through the Old Testament== | ||
| Some scholars{{ref|ZoroastrianismScholars}} believe the entire eschatology of Judaism, a key influence on Christianity, originated in ], and was transferred to Judaism during the ] |
Some scholars{{ref|ZoroastrianismScholars}} believe the entire eschatology of Judaism, a key influence on Christianity, originated in ], and was transferred to Judaism during the ]. According to ] "Zoroastrianism is the oldest of the revealed credal religions, and it has probably had more influence on mankind, directly or indirectly, than any other single faith... some of its leading doctrines were adopted by Judaism, Christianity and Islam". {{ref|Boyce}} Zoroastrianism has been proposed as the source of some of the most important post-] aspects of Judaic religious thinking, which emerged after the ], from which Jews were liberated by Cyrus the Great. This is a view put forward by King and Moore, who wrote in ''The Gnostics and Their Remains'' (1887) that "it was from this very creed of Zoroaster that the Jews derived all the angelology of their religion... the belief in a future state; of rewards and punishments, ...the soul's immortality, and the Last Judgment - all of them essential parts of the Zoroastrian scheme." {{ref|KingMoore}} | ||
| However, according to other scholars, the Persians may have gotten some of their ideas from the Jews, and from Ezekiel or Daniel. There are general ideas they have in common, but in terms of borrowing, no definitive evidence exists one way or the other, and a determination depends on the interpretations and datings of Zoroastrian texts. According to ], Zoroastrian scholars offer no consensus on the subject; he cites one Zoroastrian scholar who believes that the Jews borrowed, another that says there is no way to tell who borrowed, and yet another who says that the borrowing was the other way.{{ref|Yamauchi}} ] states "we cannot say with any certainty whether the Jews borrowed from Zoroastrianism or the Zoroastrians from the Jews or whether either in fact borrowed from each other"{{ref|Zaehner}} and the ''The Oxford History of the Biblical World'' states "There is little if any effect of Zoroastrian elements on Judaism in the Persian period."{{ref|OxfordHistoryOnZoroastrianism}} | However, according to other scholars, the Persians may have gotten some of their ideas from the Jews, and from Ezekiel or Daniel. There are general ideas they have in common, but in terms of borrowing, no definitive evidence exists one way or the other, and a determination depends on the interpretations and datings of Zoroastrian texts. According to ], Zoroastrian scholars offer no consensus on the subject; he cites one Zoroastrian scholar who believes that the Jews borrowed, another that says there is no way to tell who borrowed, and yet another who says that the borrowing was the other way.{{ref|Yamauchi}} ] states "we cannot say with any certainty whether the Jews borrowed from Zoroastrianism or the Zoroastrians from the Jews or whether either in fact borrowed from each other"{{ref|Zaehner}} and the ''The Oxford History of the Biblical World'' states "There is little if any effect of Zoroastrian elements on Judaism in the Persian period."{{ref|OxfordHistoryOnZoroastrianism}} | ||
Revision as of 23:05, 21 July 2005
Christianity and world religions appear to share some elements. In a look at Christianity's relationship with other world religions, this article investigates the differences and similiarities of Christianity to other religions.
Relationship with Judaism
The Jewish conception of the messiah ("mosiach" in Hebrew) holds certain similarities to that of Christians, yet there are substantial differences. According to Jews, the Hebrew Scriptures contain a small number of prophecies concerning a future descendant of King David, who will be anointed (Hebrew: moshiach) as the Jewish people's new leader and will establish the throne of David in Jerusalem forever. In the Jewish view, this fully human and mortal leader will rebuild the land of Israel and restore the Davidic Kingdom. This subject is covered in the section on Jewish eschatology. Christian understandings of the term "messiah" are based on Jesus' statements about himself in the New Testament, namely: (a) that he was the fulfilment of many Old Testament prophecies, most significantly the 'Servant Songs' in Isaiah, (b) that he came to establish the Kingdom of God (or Kingdom of Heaven), which was not to be an earthly kingdom, (c) that when asked whether he was the expected messiah, he pointed at the miracles he performed, (d) prophecies he fulfilled, (e) as well as referring to himself by titles that Jews would recognize as belonging properly to the messiah, and (f) by showing himself to be the exemplar of lowliness of mind in his role as heir of the Kingdom of God. (See Judeo-Christian and Comparing and Contrasting Judaism and Christianity).
Possible relationship with Zoroastrianism through the Old Testament
Some scholars believe the entire eschatology of Judaism, a key influence on Christianity, originated in Zoroastrianism, and was transferred to Judaism during the Babylonian captivity. According to Mary Boyce "Zoroastrianism is the oldest of the revealed credal religions, and it has probably had more influence on mankind, directly or indirectly, than any other single faith... some of its leading doctrines were adopted by Judaism, Christianity and Islam". Zoroastrianism has been proposed as the source of some of the most important post-Torah aspects of Judaic religious thinking, which emerged after the Babylonian captivity, from which Jews were liberated by Cyrus the Great. This is a view put forward by King and Moore, who wrote in The Gnostics and Their Remains (1887) that "it was from this very creed of Zoroaster that the Jews derived all the angelology of their religion... the belief in a future state; of rewards and punishments, ...the soul's immortality, and the Last Judgment - all of them essential parts of the Zoroastrian scheme."
However, according to other scholars, the Persians may have gotten some of their ideas from the Jews, and from Ezekiel or Daniel. There are general ideas they have in common, but in terms of borrowing, no definitive evidence exists one way or the other, and a determination depends on the interpretations and datings of Zoroastrian texts. According to Edwin Yamauchi, Zoroastrian scholars offer no consensus on the subject; he cites one Zoroastrian scholar who believes that the Jews borrowed, another that says there is no way to tell who borrowed, and yet another who says that the borrowing was the other way. R.C. Zaehner states "we cannot say with any certainty whether the Jews borrowed from Zoroastrianism or the Zoroastrians from the Jews or whether either in fact borrowed from each other" and the The Oxford History of the Biblical World states "There is little if any effect of Zoroastrian elements on Judaism in the Persian period."
Relationship with Mithraism
There are many parallels between Mithraism and Christianity. These include the central figures of each religion having the same birthdate (December 25th) and virgin births, the stories of Christ and Mithra as children being visited by shepherds, the trinity, and the immortal soul. Mithraism was popular in the Roman administered regions before the advent of Christianity, and some have theorized that these themes were transferred to early Christianity by proponents of Mithraism.
However, writers of Christian apologetics have argued that because the Gospels were written before 100 and that since little is known of Roman Mithraism until after 100 that it is not possible to definitively state that Christianity borrowed any of its doctrines from Mithraism; some have even suggested it is more likely the flow was the other way. Ronald H. Nash has stated "allegations of an early Christian dependence on Mithraism have been rejected on many grounds. Mithraism had no concept of the death and resurrection of its god and no place for any concept of rebirth -- at least during its early stages...During the early stages of the cult, the notion of rebirth would have been foreign to its basic outlook...Moreover, Mithraism was basically a military cult. Therefore, one must be skeptical about suggestions that it appealed to nonmilitary people like the early Christians."
Relationship with Islam
Islam shares a number of beliefs with Christianity. They both share similar views on monotheism, judgment, heaven, hell, spirits, angels, and a future resurrection. Christ is acknowledged and respected by Muslims as a great and sinless prophet to whom are ascribed titles such as Messiah and the Spirit of God. However, while Islam relegates Christ to a lesser status than God — "In the company of those nearest to Allah" in the Qur'an, mainstream Christianity believes quite firmly and without question that Christ is God, one of the three hypostases (persons) of Christianity's Holy Trinity, equally God as are the Father and the Holy Spirit.
The religions both share a belief in Christ's virgin birth, his miracles and healings, and that he ascended bodily into heaven. However, Christ is not accepted as the Person of the Son within the Trinity by Muslims (except in the sense of being someone loved by God). They believe only in God as a single entity, not as the Trinity accepted by the vast majority of Christians. Neither do Muslims accept Christ's crucifixion. Since Muslims believe only in the worship of a strictly monotheistic God who never assumed human flesh, they do not accept the use of icons, seeing this as shirk (idolatry). Muslims were the first instigators of iconoclasm. For the same reason, they do not worship or pray to the Prophet Muhammad, Jesus, or any other prophets; only to God.
Relationship with the Bahá'í Faith
The Bahá'í Faith has a strong basis in Islam and recognizes the prophets of Islam, which include Jesus, as messengers of God. Interpretations vary, but Bahá'í is sometimes considered an Abrahamic faith. Although followers of Bahá'í believe in God, as do Christians, they reject the Trinity and divinity of Jesus, but do recognize some of his teachings. Bahá'ís views prophets with both human and divine characteristics but not themselves God. They see them as a "divine manifestations."
Bahá'í shares some views with Christianity regarding moral and immoral behavior. Although the views of liberal Christians about homosexuality vary, Bahá'í, like mainstream Christianity, forbids homosexuality and polygamy. Premarital sex is also forbidden.
Relations with other faiths
The spread of Christianity has been international, in some cases entirely displacing the religions and altering the customs encountered among those people to whom it has come. This centuries-long process has been met with violent opposition at times, and likewise the spread of Christianity has in some cases been carried out with martial force. The relationship of Christianity to other faiths is encumbered to some extent by this history, with modern Christians, particularly in the West, expressing embarrassment over the violence in Christianity's past. While military conquest for the spread of Christianity per se has been disavowed by nearly all branches of Christianity in modern times;.
Converting adherents of other religions, without martial force, is widely accepted within Christianity. Many Christian organizations believe that they have a duty to make converts among every people. In recent years, ecumenism and dialogue between different religions has been endorsed by many official representatives of the Christian churches, as a way of effecting reconciliation between Christian people and people of other faiths, leading to many cases of reconciliation. In some cases, this endorsement is accompanied by a complete disavowal of all proselytizing efforts under the banner of religious pluralism.
A special case is the issue of Christian-Jewish reconciliation, in which significant reconciliation has been reached.
See also
Notes
- See Zoroastrianism: A Shadowy but Powerful Presence in the Judaeo-Christian World, Mary Boyce, London, 1987, Peake's Commentary on the Bible, Matthew Black and H.H. Rowley, ed., Revised edition, Nelson, New York, 1982, section 607b, and Encyclopedia Americana, Danbury, CT, 1988, vol 29, pp. 813-815, article by J. Duchesne-Guillemin.
- Boyce, Mary. Zoroastrians: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices, Routledge, London, 1979, p. 1.
- C. W. King, Gnostics and their Remains Ancient and Mediaeval page?
- Yamauchi, Edwin. Persia and the Bible (Baker, 1990) p. 461.
- Zaehner, R.C. The Dawn and Twilight of Zoroastrianism. G.P. Putnam's Sons, New York, 1961, pp.57-58.
- The Oxford History of the Biblical World, M. Coogan, ed., 1998.
- Doesn't the religion of Mithra prove that Christianity is false?, Christian Apologetics & Research Ministry. Retrieved July 17, 2005.
- R. Nash, Christianity and the Hellenistic World as quoted in Baker's Encyclopedia of Christian Apologetics, Norman Geisler; Baker Books, Grand Rapids, Mich.; 1999, p. 492.