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| In ] ] led an uprising against ] and assumed the title "]. Pei was in old ] territory and when many other part of old ] rebelled, Liu Bang killed the magistrate of Pei County and rebelled himself, assuming the title "Lord Pei". | In ] ] led an uprising against ] and assumed the title "]. Pei was in old ] territory and when many other part of old ] rebelled, Liu Bang killed the magistrate of Pei County and rebelled himself, assuming the title "Lord Pei". | ||
| Liu Bang served first as a subordinate of ] and then, after ] was killed in action, became a subordinate of ], the nominal leader of |
Liu Bang served first as a subordinate of ] and then, after ] was killed in action, became a subordinate of ], who was also the nominal leader of the coalition of the rebel states. Prince Xin created Liu Bang as Marquis of Wu'an. | ||
| ] made a promise that whoever occupied Guanzhong (the plain of Central Shaanxi, the ] homeland, and the core of ]) first should be awarded Guanzhong as his kingdom. He then sent Liu Bang for this mission, partly because he considered Liu Bang a kind and merciful man, partly because he did not like ]. When ] was busy fighting the main force of ], Liu Bang invaded |
] made a promise that whoever occupied Guanzhong (the plain of Central Shaanxi, the ] homeland, and the core of ]) first should be awarded Guanzhong as his kingdom. He then sent Liu Bang for this mission, partly because he considered Liu Bang a kind and merciful man, partly because he did not like ], whom he considered cruel and impetuous. When ] was busy fighting the main force of ], Liu Bang invaded Guanzhong with relative ease. | ||
| In December ], the last Qin ruler ] surrendered to Liu Bang and his rebel army, and in ] Liu Bang entered the Qin capital ]. However, now ] was the most powerful rebel at that time Instead, both ] and ] was forced to be handed to ]. ] even considered killing Liu Bang in one dinner party but decided otherwise. | In December ], the last Qin ruler ] surrendered to Liu Bang and his rebel army, and in ] Liu Bang entered the Qin capital ]. However, now ] was the most powerful rebel at that time Instead, both ] and ] was forced to be handed to ]. ] even considered killing Liu Bang in one dinner party (later known as the ]) but decided otherwise. | ||
| ==Chu-Han Contention== | ==Chu-Han Contention== | ||
Revision as of 15:56, 26 July 2005
| File:HanGaozu.jpg | |
| Emperor Gao of Han | |
|---|---|
| Birth and death: | 256 BC¹/247 BC²– June 1, 195 BC |
| Family name: | Liu (劉) |
| Given name: | Ji ³ (季), later Bang (邦) |
| Courtesy name (字): | Ji (季) |
| Dates of reign: | Feb. 28, 202 BC–Jun. 1, 195 BC |
| Temple name: | Taizu (太祖), later Gaozu (高祖) |
| Posthumous name: (short) |
Emperor Gao (高帝) |
| Posthumous name: (full) |
Emperor Gao (高皇帝) |
| General note: Dates given are in the proleptic Julian calendar. | |
| %u2014%u2014%u2014 | |
| 1. This is the birth year reported by Huangfu Mi (皇甫謐) (215-282), the famous author of acupuncture books. | |
| 2. This is the birth year reported by Chen Zan (臣瓚) around AD 270 in his comments of the Book of Han (漢書) . | |
| 3. Name meaning "the youngest one". Liu Bang was the third son of his father, his oldest brother was called Bo (伯) , i.e. the "First one", and his second older brother was called Zhong (仲) , i.e. the "Middle one". | |
| 4. Had his name changed into Bang, meaning "country", either when he was made Prince of Han, or when he ascended the imperial throne. | |
| 5. Ji was the courtesy name according to Sima Qian in his Records of the Grand Historian. It may be that Liu Bang, after he changed his name into Bang, kept his original name Ji as his courtesy name. However, some authors do not think that "Ji" was ever used as the courtesy name of Liu Bang. | |
| 6. Was already Prince of Han (漢王) since March 206 BC, having been enfeoffed by the rebelled leader Xiang Yu. Liu Bang was proclaimed emperor on February 28, 202 BC after defeating Xiang Yu. | |
| 7. Meaning "supreme ancestor". Was apparently the original temple name of Emperor Gao. Taizu, in the most ancient Chinese tradition, going back to the Shang Dynasty, was the temple name of the founder of a dynasty. | |
| 8. Sima Qian in his Records of the Grand Historian referred to Emperor Gao as "Gaozu", meaning "high ancestor", perhaps a combination of the temple name and posthumous name of the emperor (doubts still remain about why Sima Qian used "Gaozu" instead of "Taizu", and what the exact nature of this name is). Following Sima Qian, later historians most often used "Han Gaozu" (漢高祖), and this is the name under which he is still known inside China. Furthermore, it seems that in the Later Han Dynasty "Gaozu" had replaced "Taizu" as the temple name of Emperor Gao. | |
Emperor Gao (256 BC or 247 BC–June 1, 195 BC), commonly known inside China as Gaozu, personal name Liu Bang, was the first emperor of the Chinese Han Dynasty, ruling over China from 202 BC until 195 BC, and one of only two dynasty founders who emerged from the peasant class (the other one being Zhu Yuanzhang founder of the Ming Dynasty). Before becoming an emperor, he was also called Lord Pei (沛公) after his birthplace. He was also created as King of Han by Xiang Yu, King Ba of Chu following the collapse of Qin Dynasty, and was called so before becoming emperor.
Early Life
Liu Bang was born into a peasant family in Pei (present Pei County in Jiangsu Province). When he was young, he did not like farm work, and was evidently living a rogue's life. Not surprisingly, he was not the favorite son of his peasant father.
After he was grown up, Liu Bang served as a patrol officer in his county. Once he was responsible of transporting a group of prisoners to Mount Li in now Shaanxi province. During the trip many prisoners fled, and when it was obvious that at this rate no one would make to the destination, Liu Bang released all the rest prisoners and fled himself.
Insurection against Qin
In 209 BC Chen Sheng led an uprising against Qin Dynasty and assumed the title "King of Rising Chu. Pei was in old Chu territory and when many other part of old Chu rebelled, Liu Bang killed the magistrate of Pei County and rebelled himself, assuming the title "Lord Pei".
Liu Bang served first as a subordinate of Xiang Liang and then, after Xiang Liang was killed in action, became a subordinate of Mi Xin, Prince Huai of Chu, who was also the nominal leader of the coalition of the rebel states. Prince Xin created Liu Bang as Marquis of Wu'an.
Prince Xin made a promise that whoever occupied Guanzhong (the plain of Central Shaanxi, the Qin homeland, and the core of Qin Dynasty) first should be awarded Guanzhong as his kingdom. He then sent Liu Bang for this mission, partly because he considered Liu Bang a kind and merciful man, partly because he did not like Xiang Yu, whom he considered cruel and impetuous. When Xiang Yu was busy fighting the main force of Qin Dynasty, Liu Bang invaded Guanzhong with relative ease.
In December 207 BC, the last Qin ruler Ziying surrendered to Liu Bang and his rebel army, and in 206 BC Liu Bang entered the Qin capital Xianyang. However, now Xiang Yu was the most powerful rebel at that time Instead, both Ziying and Xianyang was forced to be handed to Xiang Yu. Xiang Yu even considered killing Liu Bang in one dinner party (later known as the Feast of Hong Gate) but decided otherwise.
Chu-Han Contention
Now considering the whole China was in his hands, Xiang Yu realligned the territories of the rebel kings and created the 18 Kingdoms. Xiang Yu did not honor the promise by Xin, King Huai of Chu, who would soon himself be assassinated by Xiang Yu. Instead, he gave Guanzhong to the kings of three Qin. Liu Bang was only awarded the kingdom of Han (Southern part of now Shaanxi province).
In Hanzhong, Liu Bang focused his efforts on developing agriculture methods and training an army, through which he reinforced his resource accumulation and military power. Before long, Liu Bang left Hanzhong, deposed the kings of three Qin and occupied Guanzhong, where he launched a war now known as the Chu-Han War, against Xiang Yu.
Although Xiang Yu was far superior in military to Liu Bang, he was short of political maneuover. Xiang Yu kept defeating Liu Bang in the battlefield, but each of his victories only made more people stand by the side of Liu Bang. When Xiang Yu finally was defeated, he could never recovered and committed suicide.
The war lasted four years (206–202 BC) and ended with Liu Bang's victory. Having defeated Xiang Yu, Liu Bang claimed himself emperor and established the Han Dynasty in 202 BC and made Chang'an (present city of Xi'an) his capital city. Liu Bang became historically known as Emperor Gao of Han.
Reign as the Emperor
After Liu Bang came into power, he re-centralised China based on Qin's model. He gradually replaced the original vassals, granting their lands to his relatives. Since the economy had been devastated by the war following the demise of the Qin Dynasty, he reduced taxes and corvée, developed agriculture and restricted spending. However, in response to what he saw as the decadence of Qin merchants, he restricted commerce by levying heavy taxes and legal restrictions on merchants. He also made peace with the Xiongnu. Under Gaozu's reign, Confucian thought gradually replaced Legalist thought; Confucian scholars were welcomed into his government, while the harsh Legalist laws were lessened. Emperor Gaozu's efforts laid a solid foundation for the over four-hundred-year reign of the Han Dynasty.
Liu Bang also devoted to subduing the unruly kings. He soon annexed most of the kingdoms and established princehoods, with his sons and relatives as princes. By doing so he consolidated his new-born empire.
Liu Bang tried military solutions against the Xiongnu but was beaten hard in the battlefield. He then decided to appease the Xiongnu by marrying ladies from royal family to Chanyu, the leaders of the Xiongnu. This policy would not change for about 70 years.
Succession
Crown Prince Hui, the eldest son of Liu Bang and Empress Lü, was the heir apparent of Liu Bang. However, Liu Bang disliked him because he considered Crown Prince Hui to be too weak as a ruler. His favorite son was Ruyi, Prince Yin of Zhao, by Lady Qi, one of his favorite concubine. Liu Bang attempted to make Ruyi crown prince but failed because most of his ministers remained loyal to Crown Prince Hui.
Liu Bang's affection for Lady Qi and Ruyi inflamed Empress Dowager Lü, who poisoned Ruyi and tortured Qi to death after Liu Bang's death.
Personality
By historians' account, Liu Bang was the contrary to his rival, Xiang Yu. While Xiang Yu was normally depicted as a romantic and noble man, Liu Bang was often mentioned as a rogue. Xiang Yu was always kind and gentle to his peer and subordinate. However, he was inferior in political maneuver. Although kind, one contemporary described Xiang Yu as "kind like a woman", which accurately reflected his indecision in things really matter. Xiang Yu also did not know how to utillize his talented subordinates, one of which, Han Xin later defected to Liu Bang and became his chief of army.
Liu Bang, on the contrary, was treacherous, bold and arrogant. These being said, he knew how to manipulate his peers and subordinates. He bid them glory and territories generously when he was fighting Xiang Yu, which won the hearty support of most of his peer kings and subordinates. However, once he became the emperor, Liu Bang ruthlessly oppressed them and killed several of them, most notably Han Xin, Peng Yue and Ying Bu.
Xiang Yu was generally remembered as a fallen hero while many considered Liu Bang as a rogue. However, Liu Bang treated the commons much better than the former nobles. He was a true popular monarch.
Personal information
- Father: Liu Zhijia (劉執嘉) (3rd son of)
- Mother: Wang Hanshi (王含始)
- Wife: Empress Lü, who later became Empress Dowager Lü
- Major concubines:
- Children: 8 sons:
- Emperor Hui and Princess Luyuan from Empress Lü
- Ruyi, Prince Yin of Zhao from consort Qi
- Emperor Wen from consort Bo
- Fei, Prince Daohui of Qi from consort Cao
- Hui, Prince Gong of Zhao
- You, Prince You of Zhao
- Chang, Prince Li of Huainan
- Jian, Prince of Yan
- Emperor Hui and Princess Luyuan from Empress Lü