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	Predominantly known for its use in ]s, Linux is supported by corporations such as ], ], ], ], ], ], and ]. It is used as an operating system for a wide variety of computer ], including ]s, ],<ref>{{ cite web \| title = Linux rules supercomputers \| url = http://www.forbes.com/home/enterprisetech/2005/03/15/cz_dl_0315linux.html \| last = Lyons \| first = Daniel \| accessdate = 2007-02-22 }}</ref> video game systems, such as the ] and ], several ], and ] such as ]s, ], and ] systems.		Predominantly known for its use in ]s, Linux is supported by corporations such as ], ], ], ], ], ], and ]. It is used as an operating system for a wide variety of computer ], including ]s, ],<ref>{{ cite web \| title = Linux rules supercomputers \| url = http://www.forbes.com/home/enterprisetech/2005/03/15/cz_dl_0315linux.html \| last = Lyons \| first = Daniel \| accessdate = 2007-02-22 }}</ref> video game systems, such as the ] and ], several ], and ] such as ]s, ], and ] systems.
	], creator of the ].]]		], creator of the ].]]
	== ~~History~~ ==		== TURKISH CAMELz ATE MEH! ==
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	{{seealso\|History of Linux}}
	The ] operating system was conceived and implemented in the 1960s and first released in 1970. Its wide availability and ] meant that it was widely adopted, copied and modified by academic institutions and businesses, with its design being influential on authors of other systems.

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	], founder of the ] ]]

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	The ], started in 1984, had the goal of creating a "''complete Unix-compatible software system''"<ref name="gnu_announce"></ref> made entirely of ]. In 1985, ] created the ] and developed the ] (GNU GPL). Many of the programs required in an OS (such as libraries, ]s, ]s, a ], and a windowing system) were completed by the early 1990s, although low level elements such as ]s, ]s, and the ] were stalled and incomplete.<ref name="gnu history"></ref> Linus Torvalds has said that if the GNU kernel had been available at the time (1991), he would not have decided to write his own.<ref>{{ cite web \| url = http://people.fluidsignal.com/~luferbu/misc/Linus_vs_Tanenbaum.html \| title = Linus vs. Tanenbaum debate }}</ref>

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	=== MINIX ===

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	], a Unix-like system intended for academic use, was released by ] in 1987. While source code for the system was available, modification and redistribution were restricted (that is not the case today). In addition, MINIX's ] design was not well adapted to the ] design of the increasingly cheap and popular ] architecture for personal computers.

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	In 1991, Torvalds began to work on a non-commercial replacement for MINIX while he was attending the ].<ref>{{ cite newsgroup \| title = What would you like to see most in minix? \| newsgroup = comp.os.minix \| id = 1991Aug25.205708.9541@klaava.Helsinki.FI \| url = http://groups.google.com/group/comp.os.minix/msg/b813d52cbc5a044b \| last = Torvalds \| first = Linus \| accessdate = 2006-09-09 }}</ref> This eventually became the ].

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	In 1992, Tanenbaum posted an article on ] claiming Linux was obsolete. In the article, he criticized the operating system as being ] in design and being tied closely to the x86 architecture and thus not portable, as he described "a fundamental error."<ref name='deb'>{{Citation
	\| title = Open Sources: Voices from the Open Source Revolution
	\| date = Jauary
	\| year = 1999
	\| url = http://www.oreilly.com/catalog/opensources/book/appa.html
	\| accessdate = }}</ref> Tanenbaum suggested that those who wanted a modern operating system should look into one based on the ] model. The posting elicited the response of Torvalds and ], one of the founders of ], which resulted in a well known debate over the microkernel and monolithic kernel designs.<ref name='deb' />

			Curabitur mi augue, imperdiet vel, mollis ut, varius eu, libero. Proin nisi orci, convallis ut, imperdiet non, mattis ultrices, mauris. Morbi id dui vel erat iaculis facilisis. Curabitur sed velit sit amet diam consequat congue. Sed eros ligula, viverra ut, mollis ut, tempus at, metus. Vivamus nec nulla vitae purus pretium pulvinar. Donec convallis aliquam ante. Mauris vehicula, justo vel congue cursus, libero nulla tincidunt augue, eget tincidunt arcu nunc nec nisi. Nulla ut nunc eu justo ultricies auctor. In hac habitasse platea dictumst.
	Linux was dependent on the MINIX ] at first. With code from the GNU system freely available, it was advantageous if this could be used with the fledgling OS. Code licensed under the GNU GPL can be used in other projects, so long as they also are released under the same or a compatible license. In order to make the Linux kernel compatible with the components from the GNU Project, Torvalds initiated a switch from his original license (which prohibited commercial redistribution) to the GNU GPL.<ref>{{ cite web \| title = RELEASE NOTES FOR LINUX v0.12 \| first = Linus \| last = Torvalds \| url = http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/Historic/old-versions/RELNOTES-0.12 \| authorlink = Linus Torvalds \| date = 1992-01-05 \| accessdate = 2007-07-23 \| publisher = Linux Kernel Archives \| quote = The Linux copyright will change: I've had a couple of requests to make it compatible with the GNU copyleft, removing the “you may not distribute it for money” condition. I agree. I propose that the copyright be changed so that it confirms to GNU ─ pending approval of the persons who have helped write code. I assume this is going to be no problem for anybody: If you have grievances (“I wrote that code assuming the copyright would stay the same”) mail me. Otherwise The GNU copyleft takes effect as of the first of February. If you do not know the gist of the GNU copyright ─ read it. }}</ref> Linux and GNU developers worked to integrate GNU components with Linux to make a fully functional and free operating system.<ref name="gnu history"/>

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	=== Commercial and popular uptake ===
	Today Linux is used in numerous domains, from ]s<ref>{{ cite web \| title = Linux system development on an embedded device \| url = http://www-128.ibm.com/developerworks/library/l-embdev.html \| first = Anand \| last = Santhanam \| coauthors = Vishal Kulkarni \| work = DeveloperWorks \| publisher = IBM \| date = ] ] \| accessdate = 2007-07-26 }}</ref> to ]s,<ref>{{cite web\| last = Lyons \| first = Daniel\| title = Linux rules supercomputers \| url = http://www.forbes.com/home/enterprisetech/2005/03/15/cz_dl_0315linux.html \| accessdate = 2007-02-22}}</ref> and has secured a place in ] installations with the popular ] application stack.<ref>{{cite web\| last = Schrecker\| first = Michael\| title = Turn on Web Interactivity with LAMP \| url = http://www.techsoup.org/learningcenter/webbuilding/page5067.cfm \| accessdate = 2007-02-22}}</ref> Torvalds continues to direct the development of the kernel. Stallman heads the Free Software Foundation, which in turn supports the GNU components. Finally, individuals and corporations develop third-party non-GNU components. These third-party components comprise a vast body of work and may include both kernel modules and user applications and libraries. Linux vendors and communities combine and distribute the kernel, GNU components, and non-GNU components, with additional package management software in the form of ]s.

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	== Design ==
	<!-- stub section to give an overview of "what Linux is": a Unix-like general-purpose OS with a modular design -->

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	Linux is a modular ] operating system. It derives much of its basic design from principles established in Unix during the 1970s and 1980s. Linux uses a ], the ], which handles process control, networking, and ] and ] access. ] are integrated directly with the kernel.

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	Much of Linux's higher-level functionality is provided by separate projects which interface with the kernel. The GNU ] is an important part of most Linux systems, providing the ] and ]s which carry out many basic operating system tasks. On top these tools form a Linux system with a ] that can be used, usually running in the ].

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	{{section-stub}}

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	=== User interface ===
	{{see also\|User interface}}

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	Linux can be controlled by one or more of a text-based ] (CLI), ] (GUI) (usually the default for desktop), or through controls on the device itself (common on embedded machines).

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	On desktop machines, ], ] and ] are the most popular user interfaces,<ref>{{ cite web \| title = Debian popularity-contest program information \| url = http://times.debian.net/1092-30000-popcon-submissions }}</ref> though a variety of other user interfaces exist. Most popular user interfaces run on top of the ] (X), which provides ], enabling a graphical application running on one machine to be displayed and controlled from another.

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	Other GUIs include ]s such as ], ] and ]. The window manager provides a means to control the placement and appearance of individual application windows, and interacts with the X window system.

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	A Linux system usually provides a ] of some sort through a ], which is the traditional way of interacting with a Unix system. A Linux distribution specialized for servers may use the CLI as its only interface. A “headless system” run without even a monitor can be controlled by the command line via a protocol such as ] or ].

			Aliquam ut mauris. Cras mattis orci sit amet leo. In iaculis. Nam id velit. Curabitur vitae eros vitae justo ultricies placerat. Pellentesque nunc risus, euismod quis, ultrices et, condimentum vel, nunc. Nulla libero. Praesent nisl enim, fringilla aliquet, blandit non, posuere eget, arcu. Nulla aliquam pretium nulla. Mauris libero sapien, porta non, vehicula eget, tristique a, sem. Mauris commodo, diam imperdiet ornare vulputate, metus tellus dapibus turpis, sed pharetra arcu orci eu mauris. Duis dignissim magna ut lectus. Praesent tincidunt ipsum eget nulla. Cum sociis natoque penatibus et magnis dis parturient montes, nascetur ridiculus mus. Pellentesque at mauris. Aliquam mi sapien, molestie quis, feugiat ac, cursus ultricies, arcu.
	Most low-level Linux components, including the GNU ], use the CLI exclusively. The CLI is particularly suited for automation of repetitive or delayed tasks, and provides very simple ]. A graphical ] program is often used to access the CLI from a Linux desktop.

	== Development ==
	{{main\|Linux distribution}}

	] operating systems showing Linux's origins. Note that despite similar architectural designs and concepts being shared as part of the ] standard, Linux does not share any non-free source code with the original ] nor ].]]

	The primary difference between Linux and many other popular contemporary operating systems is that the ] and other components are ] and ]. Linux is not the only such operating system, although it is the best-known and most widely used. Some ] and ] software licences are based on the principle of ], a kind of reciprocity: any work derived from a copyleft piece of software must also be copyleft itself. The most common free software license, the ], is a form of copyleft, and is used for the Linux kernel and many of the components from the ].

	As an operating system ] competing with mainstream operating systems, Linux cannot rely on a ] advantage; in order for Linux to be convenient for users, Linux aims for ] with other operating systems and established computing standards. Linux systems adhere to ],<ref>{{ cite web \| url = http://www.ukuug.org/newsletter/linux-newsletter/linux@uk21/posix.shtml \| title = POSIX.1 (FIPS 151-2) Certification }}</ref> ],<ref>{{ cite web \| title = How source code compatible is Debian with other Unix systems? \| url = http://www.debian.org/doc/FAQ/ch-compat.en.html#s-otherunices \| work = Debian FAQ \| publisher = the Debian project }}</ref> ] and ] standards where possible, although to date only one Linux distribution has been POSIX.1 certified, Linux-FT.<ref>{{ cite web \| url = http://www.linuxjournal.com/article/0131 \| title = Certifying Linux }}</ref>

	Free software projects, although developed in a ] fashion, are often produced independently of each other. However, given that the software licenses explicitly permit redistribution, this provides a basis for larger scale projects that collect the software produced by stand-alone projects and make it available all at once in the form of a ].

	A ], commonly called a “distro”, is a project that manages a remote collection of Linux-based software, and facilitates installation of a Linux operating system. Distributions are maintained by individuals, loose-knit teams, volunteer organizations, and commercial entities. They include system software and ] in the form of ''packages'', and distribution-specific software for initial system installation and configuration as well as later package upgrades and installs. A distribution is responsible for the default configuration of installed Linux systems, system security, and more generally integration of the different software packages into a coherent whole.

	=== Community ===
	]]]

	Linux is largely driven by its developer and user communities. Some vendors develop and fund their distributions on a volunteer basis, ] being a well-known example. Others maintain a community version of their commercial distributions, as ] does with ].

	In many cities and regions, local associations known as ]s (LUGs) seek to promote Linux and by extension free software. They hold meetings and provide free demonstrations, training, technical support, and operating system installation to new users. There are also many ] communities that seek to provide support to Linux users and developers. Most distributions and open source projects have ] chatrooms or ]s. ]s are another means for support, with notable examples being ] and the ] forums. Linux distributions host ]s; commonly there will be a specific topic such as usage or development for a given list.

	There are several technology websites with a Linux focus. ] is a weekly digest of Linux-related news; the ] is an online magazine of Linux articles published monthly; ] is a technology-related news website with many stories on Linux and open source software; ] has written in depth about Linux-related legal proceedings and there are many articles relevant to the Linux kernel and its relationship with ] on the ] website. Print ]s on Linux often include ]s including software or even complete Linux distributions.<ref>{{ cite web \| url=http://www.linuxformat.co.uk/dvd/ \| title=Linux Format DVD contents \| author=] \| accessdate=2008-01-17 }}</ref><ref>{{ cite web \| url=http://www.linux-magazine.com/resources/current_issue \| title=Current Issue \| author=] \| accessdate=2008-01-17 }}</ref>

	Although Linux is generally available free of charge, several large corporations have established business models that involve selling, supporting, and contributing to Linux and free software. These include ], ], ], ], ], and ]. The free software licenses on which Linux is based explicitly accommodate and encourage commercialization; the relationship between Linux as a whole and individual vendors may be seen as ]. One common business model of commercial suppliers is charging for support, especially for business users. A number of companies also offer a specialized business version of their distribution, which adds proprietary support packages and tools to administer higher numbers of installations or to simplify administrative tasks. Another business model is to give away the software in order to sell hardware.

	=== Programming on Linux ===
	Most Linux distributions support dozens of ]s. The most common collection of utilities for building both Linux applications and operating system programs is found within the ], which includes the ] (GCC) and the ]. Amongst others, GCC provides compilers for ], ], ], ], and ]. The Linux kernel itself is written to be compiled with GCC. ] compilers for Linux include the ] and IBM XL C/C++ Compiler.

	Most distributions also include support for ], ], ] and other ]. Examples of languages that are less common, but still well-supported, are ] via the ] project, and ]. A number of ]s and development kits run on Linux, including the original Sun Microsystems JVM (]), and IBM's J2SE RE, as well as many open-source projects like ]. The two main frameworks for developing graphical applications are those of ] and ]. These projects are based on the ] and ] ]s, respectively, which can also be used independently of the larger framework. Both support a wide variety of languages. There are a number of ]s available including ], ], ], ], ], ], ], and ] while the long-established editors ] and ] remain popular.<ref>{{ cite web \| first = Joe \| last = Brockmeier \| title = A survey of Linux Web development tools \| url = http://programming.linux.com/programming/05/10/03/1828224.shtml?tid=63&tid=47 \| accessdate = 2006-12-16 }}</ref>

	== Uses ==
	As well as those designed for general purpose use on desktops and servers, distributions may be specialized for different purposes including: ] support, ], stability, security, localization to a specific region or language, targeting of specific user groups, support for ] applications, or commitment to a given desktop environment. Furthermore, some distributions deliberately include only ]. Currently, over three hundred distributions are actively developed, with about a dozen distributions being most popular for general-purpose use.<ref>{{ cite web \| url = http://lwn.net/Distributions/ \| title = The LWN.net Linux Distribution List \| accessdate = 2006-05-19 }}</ref>

	Linux is a widely ] operating system. While the Linux kernel was originally designed only for ] ]s, it now runs on a more diverse range of ]s than any other operating system: in the hand-held ]-based ] and the ] ] ], in devices ranging from ]s to ]s.<ref>{{ cite web\| url = http://www.freeos.com/articles/4737/ \| title = If I could re-write Linux \| first = Prakash \| last = Advani \| date = ] ] \| accessdate = 2007-01-23 \| publisher = freeos.com }}</ref> Specialized distributions exist for less mainstream architectures. The ] kernel ] can run on ] or ] ] microprocessors, while the ] kernel fork may run on systems without a ]. The kernel also runs on architectures that were only ever intended to use a manufacturer-created operating system, such as ] computers, ]s, ]s, ], and ]s.

	=== Desktop ===
	] desktop.]]
	] 2.20 desktop.]]
	{{main\|Desktop Linux}}

	Although there is a lack of Linux ports for some ] and ] programs in domains such as ]<ref> {{cite web\|url=http://www.freeos.com/articles/2540/ \|title=Microsoft Office for Linux? \|accessdate=2008-02-03 \|last=Advani \|first=Prakash \|date=2000-10-27 \|work=FreeOS \|publisher=FreeOS Technologies (I) Pvt. Ltd. }}</ref> and ],<ref> {{cite web\|url=http://arstechnica.com/guides/tweaks/linux-audio.ars \|title=Editing audio in Linux \|accessdate=2008-02-03 \|last=Smith-Heisters \|first=Ian \|date=2005-10-11 \|work=Ars Technica \|publisher=Ars Technica, LLC }}</ref><ref> {{cite web\|url=http://www.keyboardmag.com/article/linux-its-not/apr-07/27458 \|title=Linux: It's Not Just For Computer Geeks Anymore \|accessdate=2008-02-03 \|last=Lumma \|first=Carl \|date=April 2007 \|work=Keyboard Magazine \|publisher=New Bay Media, LLC. }}</ref><ref> {{cite web\|url=http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/feb04/articles/mirrorimage.htm \|title=Using Linux For Recording & Mastering \|accessdate=2008-02-03 \|last=James \|first=Daniel \|date=February 2004 \|work=Sound On Sound \|publisher=SOS Publications Group }}</ref> applications equivalent to those available for Mac and Windows are available for Linux.<ref>{{ cite web \| title = The table of equivalents/replacements/analogs of Windows software in Linux \| url = http://www.linuxrsp.ru/win-lin-soft/table-eng.html }}</ref>

	Most Linux distributions provide a program for browsing a list of thousands of ] applications that have already been tested and configured for a specific distribution. These free programs can be downloaded and installed with one mouse click and a digital signature guarantees that no one has added a virus or a spyware to these programs.

	Many ] titles that are popular on Windows, such as ], ], ], and ], are available for Linux. A growing amount of proprietary desktop software is also supported under Linux,<ref>{{cite web \| url = http://www.iist.unu.edu/globaldesktop/ \| title = The Global Desktop Project, Building Technology and Communities\|accessdate = 2006-05-07 }}</ref> examples being ], ], ], ], ], ], and ]. In the field of animation and visual effects, most high end software, such as AutoDesk Maya, Softimage XSI and Apple Shake, is available for Linux, Windows and/or Mac OS X. ] is a proprietary solution based on the open source ] project that supports running older Windows versions of ] and ] versions through CS2. ] and Adobe Photoshop CS3 are known not to work.<ref> {{cite web\|url=http://www.codeweavers.com/compatibility/browse/group/?app_parent=1911 \|title=Microsoft Office 2007 \|accessdate=2008-01-05 \|date=2007-11-25 \|work=CodeWeavers \|publisher=CodeWeavers Inc. }}</ref><ref> {{cite web\|url=http://www.codeweavers.com/compatibility/browse/name/?app_id=3175 \|title=Photoshop CS 3 \|accessdate=2008-01-05 \|date=2007-07-11 \|work=CodeWeavers \|publisher=CodeWeavers Inc. }}</ref>

	Besides the free Windows compatibility layer ], most distributions offer ] and ] for running both Linux and Windows on the same computer.

	Linux's open nature allows distributed teams to ] Linux distributions for use in locales where localizing proprietary systems would not be cost-effective. For example the ] version of the ] distribution was available for a long time before ] was translated to Sinhalese. In this case the Lanka Linux User Group played a major part in developing the localized system by combining the knowledge of university professors, ]s, and local developers.

	The performance of Linux on the desktop has been a controversial topic, with at least one key Linux kernel developer, Con Kolivas, accusing the Linux community of favouring performance on servers. He quit Linux development because he was frustrated with this lack of focus on the desktop, and then gave a 'tell all' interview on the topic.<ref>{{cite web\|title=Linux: why I quit\|url=http://apcmag.com/node/6735/\|accessdate=2008-01-18\|date=2007-07-24\|work=APC Magazine\|publisher=ACP Magazines}}</ref>

	{{see also\|Linux gaming}}

	=== Servers and supercomputers ===
	Historically, Linux has mainly been used as a ] operating system, and has risen to prominence in that area; ] reported in September 2006 that eight of the ten most reliable internet hosting companies run Linux on their ]s.<ref>{{ cite web \| title = Rackspace Most Reliable Hoster in September \| url = http://news.netcraft.com/archives/2006/10/07/rackspace_most_reliable_hoster_in_september.html \| publisher = Netcraft \| date = ] ] \| accessdate = 2006-11-01}}</ref> This is due to its relative stability and long uptime, and the fact that desktop software with a graphical user interface for servers is often unneeded. Enterprise and non-enterprise Linux distributions may be found running on servers. Linux is the cornerstone of the ] server-software combination (Linux, ], ], ]/]/]) which has achieved popularity among developers, and which is one of the more common platforms for website hosting.

	Linux is commonly used as an operating system for ]s. As of ], out of the top 500 systems, 426 (85.2%) run Linux.<ref></ref>

	=== Embedded devices ===
	{{main\|embedded Linux}}
	Due to its low cost and ability to be easily modified, an ] is often used in ]. Linux has become a major competitor to the proprietary ] found in the majority of smartphones — 16.7% of ]s sold worldwide during 2006 were using Linux<ref>{{ cite web \| url = http://www.informationweek.com/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=197000995 \| title = The Palm OS Clings To Life }}</ref> — and it is an alternative to the proprietary ] and ] operating systems on ]s. Cell phones or PDAs running on Linux and built on open source platform became a trend from 2007, like ], ]'s ] and the on-going ]. The popular ] digital video recorder uses a customized version of Linux.<ref>{{cite web \| url = http://www.tivo.com/linux/linux.asp \| title = TiVo ─ GNU/Linux Source Code \| accessdate = 2006-12-12 \|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070519150730/http://www.tivo.com/linux/linux.asp \|archivedate=2007-05-19}}</ref> Several network ] and ] standalone products, including several from ], use Linux internally, using its advanced firewall and routing capabilities. The ] and the ] ]s also run Linux.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.mvista.com/downloads/Case_study_MontaVista_Linux_and_Yamaha.pdf \|title=Case Study: How MontaVista Linux helped Yamaha developers make a great product greater \|accessdate=2007-08-26}}</ref> Further more Linux is used in the leading ] control system, FlyingPig/HighEnd WholeHogIII Console <ref>{{cite web \| url=http://www.highend.com/products/controllers/Wholehog3Console.asp \| title=Embedded Linux: FlyingPigs the WholeHogIII runs on Linux}}</ref>.

	=== Market share and uptake ===
	{{Main\|Linux adoption}}

	Many quantitative studies of open source software focus on topics including market share and reliability, with numerous studies specifically examining Linux.<ref>{{ cite web \| first = David A \| last = Wheeler \| url = http://www.dwheeler.com/oss_fs_why.html \| title = Why Open Source Software/Free Software (OSS/FS)? Look at the Numbers! \| accessdate = 2006-04-01 }}</ref> The Linux market is growing rapidly, and the revenue of servers, desktops, and packaged software running Linux is expected to exceed $35.7 billion by 2008.<ref>{{ cite web \| url = http://www.techweb.com/wire/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=55800522 \| title = Linux To Ring Up $35 Billion By 2008 \| accessdate = 2006-04-01 }}</ref>

	]'s report for Q1 2007 says that Linux now holds 12.7% of the overall server market.<ref name="Linux-watch.com IDC's Q1 2007 report"></ref> This estimate was based on the number of Linux servers sold by various companies.

	Desktop adoption of Linux is approximately 1%. In comparison, ] hold more than 90%.<ref>{{cite news \| first=Peter \| last=Galli \| coauthors= \| title=Vista Aiding Linux Desktop, Strategist Says \| date=] \| publisher=Ziff Davis Enterprise Inc. \| url =http://www.eweek.com/article2/0,1895,2168426,00.asp \| work =eWEEK \| pages = \| accessdate = 2007-11-19 \| language = }}</ref><ref>{{cite news \| first=Ryan \| last=Paul \| coauthors= \| title=Linux market share set to surpass Win 98, OS X still ahead of Vista \| date=] \| publisher=Ars Technica, LLC \| url =http://arstechnica.com/news.ars/post/20070903-linux-marketshare-set-to-surpass-windows-98.html \| work =Ars Technica \| pages = \| accessdate = 2007-11-19 \| language = }}</ref><ref>{{cite news \| first=Stan \| last=Beer \| coauthors= \| title=Vista to play second fiddle to XP until 2009: Gartner \| date=] \| publisher=iTWire \| url =http://www.itwire.com.au/content/view/8842/53/ \| work =iTWire \| pages = \| accessdate = 2007-11-19 \| language = }}</ref><ref> {{cite web\|url=http://marketshare.hitslink.com/report.aspx?qprid=2&qpmr=15&qpdt=1&qpct=3&qptimeframe=Y \|title=Operating System Marketshare for Year 2007 \|accessdate=2007-11-19 \|date=2007-11-19 \|work=Market Share \|publisher=Net Applications }}</ref><ref>{{cite news \| first= \| last= \| coauthors= \| title=Vista slowly continues its growth; Linux more aggressive than Mac OS during the summer \| date=] \| publisher=AT Internet/XiTi.com \| url =http://www.xitimonitor.com/en-us/internet-users-equipment/operating-systems-august-2007/index-1-2-7-107.html \| work =XiTiMonitor \| pages = \| accessdate = 2007-11-19 \| language = }}</ref><ref> {{cite web\|url=http://www.w3counter.com/globalstats.php \|title=Global Web Stats \|accessdate=2007-11-19 \|date=2007-11-10 \|work=W3Counter \|publisher=Awio Web Services LLC }}</ref><ref> {{cite web\|url=http://www.google.com/press/zeitgeist/zeitgeist-jun04.html \|title=June 2004 Zeitgeist \|accessdate=2007-11-19 \|date=2004-08-12 \|work=Google Press Center \|publisher=Google Inc. }}</ref>

	The frictional cost of switching operating systems and lack of support for certain hardware and application programs designed for ] have been two factors that have inhibited adoption. Proponents and analysts attribute the relative success of Linux to its security, reliability,<ref>{{ cite web \| url = http://www-306.ibm.com/software/info/features/feb152005/ \| title = Why customers are flocking to Linux }}</ref> low cost, and freedom from ].<ref>{{cite web \| url = http://www.ca.com/za/news/2005/20051010_linux.htm\| title = The rise and rise of Linux }}</ref>

	Also most recently Google has begun to fund ], which acts as a compatibility layer, allowing users to run some Windows programs under Linux.

	The ] project of One Laptop Per Child is creating a new and potentially much larger Linux community, planned to reach and their families and communities in developing countries. have ordered a million or more units each for delivery in 2007 to distribute to schoolchildren at no charge. ], ], and ] are major supporters of the project.{{Fact\|date=November 2007}}

	{{see also\|Usage share of desktop operating systems}}
	{{see also\|List of Linux computers}}

	== Copyright and naming ==
	The Linux kernel and most GNU software are ]d under the ] (GPL). The GPL requires that anyone who distributes the Linux kernel must make the source code (and any modifications) available to the recipient under the same terms. In 1997, Linus Torvalds stated, “Making Linux GPL'd was definitely the best thing I ever did.”<ref>{{cite web \| url = http://kde.sw.com.sg/food/linus.html \| title = Linus Torvalds interview \| accessdate = 2007-09-13 \|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070311190841/http://kde.sw.com.sg/food/linus.html \|archivedate=2007-03-11}}</ref> Other key components of a Linux system may use other licenses; many libraries use the ] (LGPL), a more permissive variant of the GPL, and the ] uses the ].

	Torvalds has publicly stated that he would not move the Linux kernel (currently licensed under GPL version 2) to version 3 of the GPL, released in mid-2007, specifically citing some provisions in the new license which prohibit the use of the software in ].<ref>{{cite web \| url=http://lkml.org/lkml/2006/1/25/273 \| title=Re: GPL V3 and Linux ─ Dead Copyright Holders \| author=Torvalds, Linus \| date=2006-01-26 \| publisher=]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web \| url=http://lkml.org/lkml/2006/9/25/161 \| title=Re: GPLv3 Position Statement \| author=Torvalds, Linus \| date=2006-09-25 \| publisher=]}}</ref>

	A 2001 study of ] 7.1 found that this distribution contained 30 million ]. Using the ], the study estimated that this distribution required about eight thousand man-years of development time. According to the study, if all this software had been developed by conventional ] means, it would have cost about 1.08 billion dollars (year 2000 U.S. dollars) to develop in the United States.<ref name = "estimating_size">{{ cite web \| first = David A \| last = Wheeler \| date = 2002-07-29 \| url = http://www.dwheeler.com/sloc/redhat71-v1/redhat71sloc.html \| title = More Than a Gigabuck: Estimating GNU/Linux's Size \| accessdate = 2006-05-11 }}</ref>

	Most of the code (71%) was written in the ] ] ], but many other languages were used, including ], ], ], ], ], and various ]ing languages. Slightly over half of all lines of code were licensed under the GPL. The Linux kernel itself was 2.4 million lines of code, or 8% of the total.<ref name = "estimating_size"/>

	In a later study, the same analysis was performed for Debian GNU/Linux version 4.0.<ref>{{ cite web \| first = Juan José \| last = Amor \| coauthors = et al \| date = ] ] \| url = https://penta.debconf.org/~joerg/attachments/33-measuring_etch_slides.pdf \| title = Measuring Etch: the size of Debian 4.0 \| accessdate = 2007-09-16 }}</ref> This distribution contained over 283 million source lines of code, and the study estimated that it would have cost 5.4 billion Euros to develop by conventional means.

	In the United States, the name ''Linux'' is a ] registered to Linus Torvalds.<ref>{{ cite web \| url = http://assignments.uspto.gov/assignments/q?db=tm&rno=1916230 \| title = U.S. Reg No: 1916230 \| publisher = United States Patent and Trademark Office \| accessdate = 2006-04-01 }}</ref> Initially, nobody registered it, but on ] ], William R. Della Croce, Jr. filed for the trademark ''Linux'', and then demanded royalties from Linux distributors. In 1996, Torvalds and some affected organizations sued him to have the trademark assigned to Torvalds, and in 1997 the case was settled.<ref>{{cite web \| url = http://www.linuxjournal.com/article/9065 \| title = Linux Timeline \| publisher = Linux Journal \| date = ] ] }}</ref> The licensing of the trademark has since been handled by the ]. Torvalds has stated that he only trademarked the name to prevent someone else from using it, but was bound in 2005 by ] to take active measures to enforce the trademark. As a result, the LMI sent out a number of letters to distribution vendors requesting that a fee be paid for the use of the name, and a number of companies have complied.<ref>{{ cite web \| url = http://www.infoworld.com/article/05/09/05/36OPopenent_1.html \| title = Linus gets tough on Linux trademark \| accessdate = 2006-09-04 \| date = 2005-09-05 }}</ref>

	{{see also\|SCO-Linux controversies}}

	=== GNU/Linux ===
	{{main\|GNU/Linux naming controversy}}

	The ] views Linux distributions which use GNU software as ] and they ask that such operating systems be referred to as ''GNU/Linux'' or ''a Linux-based GNU system''.<ref>{{cite web \| title = Linux and the GNU Project \| url = http://www.gnu.org/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html \| first = Richard \| last = Stallman \| authorlink = Richard Stallman \| date = 2007-03-03 \| accessdate = 2007-03-12 \| publisher = Free Software Foundation }}</ref> However, the media and population at large refers to this family of operating systems simply as ''Linux''. While some distributors make a point of using the aggregate form, most notably ] with the '']'' distribution, the term's use outside of the enthusiast community is limited. The distinction between the Linux kernel and distributions based on it plus the GNU system is a source of confusion to many newcomers, and the naming remains controversial.

	== See also ==
	{{Portal\|Linux\|NewTux.svg}}
	{{Portal\|Free software\|Free Software Portal Logo.svg}}
	* ]
	* ]
	* ]
	* ]
	* ]
	* ]
	* ]
	* ] - free successor of AT&T Unix
	* ] - Source of detailed documentation and How To manuals

	== References ==
	{{reflist\|3}}

	== External links ==
	{{Sisterlinks\|Linux}}
	*
	* (manages the Linux trade mark)
	*
	*
	*
	*
	* Online Linux system with root access.
	*
	*
	*{{HSW\|2830-episode-55-intro-to-linux-video\|Intro to Linux}}

	{{unix-like}}
	{{linux-distro}}

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Revision as of 06:12, 22 March 2008

Template:Two other uses

v t e Linux
Linux kernel	History Linus's law Linux-libre Booting process Kernel oops Tux more…
Controversies	Criticism of Linux Criticism of desktop Linux GNU/Linux naming controversy Tanenbaum–Torvalds debate SCO and Linux
Distributions	General comparison Distributions list Netbook-specific comparison Distributions that run from RAM Lightweight Security-focused operating system Package manager Package format List of software package managers
Organizations	LinuxChix Linux Counter Linux Documentation Project Linux Foundation Linux Mark Institute Linux User Group (LUG)
Adoption	Adopters Desktop Embedded Gaming Mobile Range of use Linux malware
Media	DistroWatch Free Software Magazine Full Circle Hacker Public Radio Linux.com Linux Format Linux Gazette Linux Journal Linux Magazine LinuxUser Ubuntu User Linux Outlaws Linux Voice LugRadio LWN.net Phoronix Revolution OS The Code
Professional related certifications	CompTIA Linux+ Linux Foundation Red Hat Ubuntu
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Linux (commonly pronounced /ˈlɪnəks/ in English; variants exist) is a Unix-like computer operating system. Linux is one of the most prominent examples of free software and open source development: typically all underlying source code can be freely modified, used, and redistributed by anyone.

The name "Linux" comes from the Linux kernel, started in 1991 by Linus Torvalds. The system's utilities and libraries usually come from the GNU operating system, announced in 1983 by Richard Stallman. The GNU contribution is the basis for the alternative name GNU/Linux.

Predominantly known for its use in servers, Linux is supported by corporations such as Dell, Hewlett-Packard, IBM, Novell, Oracle Corporation, Red Hat, and Sun Microsystems. It is used as an operating system for a wide variety of computer hardware, including desktop computers, supercomputers, video game systems, such as the PlayStation 2 and PlayStation 3, several arcade games, and embedded devices such as mobile phones, routers, and stage lighting systems.

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"Re: How to pronounce "Linux"?". 23 April 1992. 1992Apr23.123216.22024@klaava.Helsinki.FI. {{cite newsgroup}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |newsgroups= ignored (help) Torvalds has made available an audio sample which indicates his own pronunciation, in English (/ˈlɪnʊks/) ─ "How to pronounce Linux?". Retrieved 2006-12-17. ─ and Swedish (/ˈlɪːnɤks/) ─ "Linus pronouncing Linux in English and Swedish". Retrieved 2007-01-20.
"Linux Online ─ About the Linux Operating System". Linux.org. Retrieved 2007-07-06.
Weeks, Alex (2004). "1.1". Linux System Administrator's Guide (version 0.9 ed.). Retrieved 2007-01-18.
Lyons, Daniel. "Linux rules supercomputers". Retrieved 2007-02-22.