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| ==FREE HONG KONG JOURNALIST ] YOU COMMUNIST BASTARDS!== | |||
| The '''Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China''' (]: 中華人民共和國香港特別行政區, <small>] {{Audio|HKSAR.ogg|listen}}</small>) is a city and a ] of the ], located on the southeastern coast of China. Hong Kong usually participates in international events under the name "Hong Kong, China". | |||
| Hong Kong consists of ], ], and the ]. The ] is attached to the New Territories in the north, and the New Territories are in turn connected to ] across the ] (Shenzhen River). In total, Hong Kong has ] in the ], of which ] is the largest, and Hong Kong Island the second largest and most populated. ] is the most densely populated island in the world. | |||
| Hong Kong has been inhabited since the ], however its population was small and scattered. When the first ]an to visit the region arrived in ], he established a ] colony in nearby ], which lead to more contact between Europe and China. ] was ceded to ] in the ], with the rest of the territory now known as Hong Kong being ceded after the ]. Most areas of Hong Kong remained mostly undeveloped until after the ], when the region was turned into a ] manufacturing centre. Hong Kong remained an important ] ] until ] ], when it was returned to Chinese rule. Under the policy of ']', Hong Kong enjoys a high degree of ] within the PRC. Hong Kong continues to have its own ], ], ], ] authorities, and its own ], with ] continuing to drive on the left. Only ] <!-- NOTE: Commonwealth spelling is used in this article --> and ] are responsibilities of the central government in ]. | |||
| {{Hong Kong infobox}} | |||
| == History == | |||
| :''Main article: ]'' | |||
| ], now believed to be Waterfall Bay on the southwestern coast of Hong Kong Island. One theory about the naming of "Hong Kong" is that the water from this waterfall was so sweet that the harbour it flowed into also turned sweet, thus "fragrant harbour". This theory, however, is less credible than others.]] | |||
| Even though Hong Kong has been occupied since the ], the area now known as Hong Kong only began to attract the attention of China and the rest of the world in the ]. Hong Kong was first visited by a European in ], the ] ] ]. Álvares began trading with the Chinese, and the Portuguese continued to make periodic trade stops at various locations up and down the coast. ], ], and other Asian ]s were introduced in Europe by the Portuguese, and by the mid-], these items were in high demand, particularly tea. The British, challenging China's near monopoly on the tea industry, invaded China, winning the ] in ]. During the war, ] was first occupied by the British, and was formally ceded by the ] of China in ] under the ]. | |||
| ] south of ] and ] were ceded to the British in ] under the ] after the ]. Various adjacent lands, known as the ] (including ] and ]), were then ] by Britain for 99 years, beginning on ] ] and ending on ] ]. Hong Kong became a ] in ]. For the first twenty years there was little contact between the European and Chinese communities. The first specially recruited Hong Kong civil servants to be taught ] were recruited in ], markedly improving relations. | |||
| ] was celebrated at the ] in ] with the raising of the ] and the ].]] | |||
| Hong Kong entered a dark age during the ] of ], which lasted for three years and eight months. The Japanese subsequently surrendered on ] ]. The port was quickly re-opened and welcomed a mass migration of Chinese ]s in ] from the ] and the new ] government in China. | |||
| Hong Kong had been a trade port ever since the British occupation, but its position as an ] declined greatly after the ] ordered a trade embargo against China as a result of the ]. In response, a ] industry was established, taking advantage of the new pool of workers from China who were willing to work for almost any wage. During this period, the economy grew extremely rapidly. Towards the ], Hong Kong began to move away from the textile industry and develop its financial and banking economy. This led to even greater growth, and Hong Kong quickly became one of the wealthiest cities in the world. | |||
| ] fell by 22.8 percent in a week of ] ] after the ] ] collapsed, severely damaging the economy.]] | |||
| In the 1980s, when it became clear that the lease for the New Territories would soon be expiring, it became necessary for Britain to negotiate the ]. Pursuant to an agreement known as the ], signed by the ] and the United Kingdom on ] ], the whole territory of Hong Kong under British ] rule became the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the PRC on ] ]. In the Joint Declaration, the PRC promised that under the "]" policy proposed by ], the ] ] would not be practised in Hong Kong, and Hong Kong's previous ] and life-style would remain unchanged for 50 years, or until ]. Hong Kong would enjoy a high degree of autonomy in all matters except foreign affairs and defence. Hong Kong returned to Chinese rule at the stroke of midnight on ] ], with the last governor, ] leaving on the ]. The handover coincided with the large scale collapse of land values in Hong Kong, greatly damaging the ], as part of the ]. The land values fell in some areas by over half, and the ] fell by over 1,500 points on ], losing 22.8 percent of its value in a week. Exacerbating the region's economic problems, Hong Kong was hit badly by the ] virus in ]. | |||
| On ], ], half a million people marched in the largest protest rally ever aimed at the government of Hong Kong, voicing concerns about a proposed anti-subversion bill that would have eroded freedom of the press, of religion and of association arising from ], plus dissatisfaction with the poor state of the economy. | |||
| On ] ], Tung Chee Hwa submitted his ] as chief executive of Hong Kong. ], the ], served as Acting Chief Executive until ], when he resigned from his post to take part in the campaign for the new Chief Executive election. Following an interim government headed by ], Donald Tsang was eventually elected. | |||
| == Politics and government== | |||
| ] in ].]] | |||
| :''Main article: ]'' | |||
| The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region is headed by its ], the ]. This office is currently held by ], who was elected {{ref|elected}} on ] ]. Tsang had held the post of ] prior. Donald Tsang assumed his post on ] 2005 in ], China; he will finish the remaining portion of ]'s last term which ends on ] ], according to the interpretation of ] and ] by the ]. | |||
| The election of a new Chief Executive by the 800-member ] was expected to be held on ] ]. On ] ], ] was acclaimed the winner, as the only candidate securing the required 100 nominations from members of the election committee. Tung Chee Hwa, the first Chief Executive, assumed office on ] ], following his election by a 400-member ]. For the second five-year term of the Chief Executive which began in July ], Tung was the only nominated candidate and therefore acclaimed. | |||
| ], a prominent ], and other protesters demand release of ]. The Public Order Ordinance requires police permission to hold a demonstration of more than 30 participants.]] | |||
| The PRC set up a Provisional Legislative Council (PLC) just before the handover, and moved to Hong Kong to have its meetings after the handover. It reverted some laws passed by the original Legislative Council, which was formed by means of universal suffrage. The PLC passed some of its own laws, such as the Public Order Ordinance {{ref|POO}}, which required permission from police to hold a demonstration where the number of people who participates exceeds 30. ] ] were held on ] ], ] ], and again on ] ], with the next election scheduled for ]. According to the ], Hong Kong's "Mini-]", the present third term of the Legislative Council has 30 seats directly elected from geographical constituencies, and 30 seats elected from ]. The ], ] and ] Legislative Council elections were seen as free, open, and widely contested, despite discontent among a small number of mainly 'pro-democratic' politicians, who contended that the functional constituency elections and the Election Committee elections (for ] and ]) were undemocratic, as they consider that the electorate for these seats is too narrow. | |||
| The civil service of Hong Kong maintains its quality and neutrality, operating without discernible direction from ]. Many government and administrative operations are located in Central on Hong Kong Island near the historical location of ], the site of the original British settlements. | |||
| The ] sparked debates in ], while the controversy over ] was the focus of politics in Hong Kong between ] and ], culminating in a peaceful mass demonstration on ] ], after which the government shelved {{ref|shelved}} the drafted law {{ref|draftedlaw}} brought forth by Article 23. The focus of controversies {{ref|controversies}} shifted {{ref|shifted}} to the issue {{ref|issue}} of ] towards the end of ] and in ], which was the slogan of another peaceful mass demonstration on 1 July ]. | |||
| == Legal system and Judiciary == | |||
| ] building located in ].]] | |||
| :''Main articles: ] and ]'' | |||
| In contrast to mainland China's ] system, Hong Kong continues to follow the ] tradition established by British colonial rule. Article 84 of the ] allows Hong Kong's courts to refer to decisions (precedents) rendered by courts of foreign jurisdictions and to invite foreign judges to participate in proceedings of Hong Kong's ]. | |||
| Structurally, Hong Kong's court system consists of the ] which replaced the ], the ], which is made up of the ] and the ], and the ], which includes the ]. Other adjudicative bodies include the Lands Tribunal, the Magistrates' Courts, the Juvenile Court, the Coroner's Court, the Labour Tribunal, the Small Claims Tribunal, and the Obscene Articles Tribunal, which is responsible for classifying non-video pornography to be circulated in Hong Kong. Justices of the Court of Final Appeal are appointed by Hong Kong's Chief Executive. The Basic Law of Hong Kong is subject to interpretation by the ] and this power has been invoked three times: the ], an interpretation regarding post-2008 election procedures, and an interpretation regarding the length of the term of the Chief Executive. | |||
| As in ], lawyers in Hong Kong are classed as ] and ], where one can choose to practice as one or the other but not both. The vast majority of lawyers are solicitors who are licensed and regulated by the Law Society of Hong Kong. Barristers, meanwhile, are licensed and regulated by the Hong Kong Bar Association. Only barristers are allowed to appear in the Court of Final Appeal and the High Court. Just as the common law system is maintained, so are British courtroom customs such as the wearing of robes and wigs by both judges and lawyers. | |||
| == Geography == | |||
| ]. ()]] | |||
| :''Main articles: ] and ]'' | |||
| The name "Hong Kong", literally meaning 'fragrant harbour,' is derived from the area around present-day ] and ] on ], where fragrant trees were once abundant and exported from. The Hong Kong Island is located in the ] at the mouth of the ] (''Zhu Jiang''). Other territories that were added later include the ] (south of ]) and the ]. The New Territories include over 200 surrounding smaller islands. The body of water between Hong Kong Island and Kowloon Peninsula is ], one of the deepest maritime ]s in the world. The landscape of Hong Kong is fairly hilly to mountainous with steep slopes. The highest point in the territory is ], at a height of 958 ]s. Lowlands exist in the northwestern part of the New Territories. | |||
| Hong Kong is 60 ] to the east of ] on the opposite side of the Pearl River estuary. Hong Kong has a land border with the ] ] of ] to the north. Of the territory's 1,102 ], only less than 25 percent is developed. The remaining land has been reserved as ]s and ]s. | |||
| ] is ] and prone to ]s. It is cool and dry in the ]time which lasts from around ] to ], and is hot and ]y from ] through ]. It is warm, ]ny, and dry in ]. Hong Kong occasionally has ]s. The ecology of Hong Kong is mostly affected by the results of climatic changes. Hong Kong's climate is seasonal due to alternating wind direction between winter and summer. Hong Kong has been geologically stable for millions of years. However, flora and fauna in Hong Kong are altered by climatic change, sea level alternation and human impact. The highest recorded temperature{{ref|extreme}} in Hong Kong is 40 degrees ] while the lowest recorded temperature is 0 degrees. The average temperature in the coldest month, ], is 16 degress while the average temperature in the hottest month, ], is 28 degrees. | |||
| Hong Kong's climate is ] but half of the year is temperate. The territory is situated south of the ] which is equatable to ] in ]. In winter, strong and cold winds generate from the North and cool Hong Kong; in the summer, the wind's direction reverses and brings the warm and humid air in from the South. This climate would support a ]. | |||
| == Administrative divisions == | |||
| ] | |||
| :''Main article: ]'' | |||
| Hong Kong consists of 18 administrative districts: | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] (] and ]) | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] (], ] and ]) | |||
| * ] | |||
| == Economy == | |||
| ] in ] houses offices and the ].]] | |||
| :''Main articles: ] and ]'' | |||
| Hong Kong has a vibrant economy that is highly dependent on ] through the ]. The dominant presence of international trade is reflected in the number of ]s located in the territory: ], Hong Kong had 107 consulates and consulates-general, more than any other city in the world. Even ], host of the ], only has 93 consulates. Hong Kong has one of the world's least restricted economies, and is the world's 10th largest {{ref|10th}} trading entity and 11th largest {{ref|11th}} ]. | |||
| The objective of Hong Kong's monetary policy is to maintain currency stability. Given the highly externally oriented nature of the economy, this objective is further defined as a stable external value for the ] in terms of a linked ] against the US dollar at the rate of HK$7.80 to one ]. This objective is achieved through the linked exchange rate system introduced in October ]. | |||
| Hong Kong has limited ], and ] and ]s must be imported. In fact, ]s and ]s (including re-exports) exceed the ] of Hong Kong. Hong Kong has extensive trade and investment ties with the ] which existed even before the ] on ] ]. The ] represented 86.5 percent {{ref|86.5}} of the GDP in ]. The territory, with a highly sophisticated banking sector and good communication links, hosts the ]n headquarters of many ]s. | |||
| At ] 24,626 {{ref|24,626}} in ], the nominal ] GDP of Hong Kong is somewhat lower than that of the four big economies of ]. However, it would be ] in terms of per capita GDP (]) in the world (USD 32,292), which is even higher than ] (USD 31,384), making Hong Kong one of the richest territorial regions in Asia. Growth averaged a strong five percent {{ref|5percent}} between ] and ], although the ] in ] damaged the trade-dependent economy badly, prompting the economy to shrink by five percent in a year. However, the economy, which grew by 10 percent in ], recovered rapidly, although the recent world-wide global downturn has decreased the market for Hong Kong's exports, reducing economic growth to 2.3 percent in ]. | |||
| To further increase economic co-operation between Hong Kong and the Mainland, the ] was started on ] ], which allows travellers from some cities in Mainland China to visit Hong Kong without an accompanying tour group. As a result, the ] is booming due to an exponential increase in the number of visitors from Mainland China. | |||
| A revival in both external and domestic demand led to a strong upswing in growth in ], surging to 8.2 percent for the year. The domestic sector completely shrugged off its earlier sluggishness, and the general weakness of the Hong Kong dollar, when included with the still modest cost and price pressures in Hong Kong, has resulted in a strengthening in Hong Kong's external price competitiveness. In addition, Hong Kong's 68-month-long ] spiral, the longest and highest deflation {{ref|deflation}} according to ], ended in mid-], with consumer price ] hovering at near zero levels. | |||
| == Demographics == | |||
| ] where colourful ]s intersperse throughout the pavement.]] | |||
| :''Main article: ]'' | |||
| Hong Kong is the fourth largest ] of the ]. Considered as a dependency, Hong Kong is one of the ], with an overall density of more than 6,200 people per km². Despite the fact that the government has been actively encouraging locals to have children (Hong Kong does not enforce the ] of China), Hong Kong has a ] of .94 children per woman {{ref|.94}}, one of the lowest in the world, and far below the 2.1 children per woman required to maintain an even population level. However, population is continuously growing due to immigration from mainland China. | |||
| Despite the population density, Hong Kong was reported {{ref|reported}} to be one of the ] cities in Asia. The majority of people live in ] in ]. The rest of the open spaces are often covered with parks, woods and shrubs. About 60 percent of the land {{ref|60percent}} is designated as ]s and ]s. ] and ] are popular outdoor activities in Hong Kong's hilly country parks. The irregular and long ]line of Hong Kong also provides many bays and fine ]es for its inhabitants. Environmental concern and awareness is growing, however, as Hong Kong ranks as one of the most (air-)polluted cities in the world. | |||
| ], the ] used in Hong Kong government matters, is spoken by most of the local Chinese population at home and in the office. But ] is quite widely understood; it is spoken, mostly at work, by more than one-third of the population. About 95 percent {{ref|95percent}} of Hong Kong residents claim primarily Chinese ancestry. ]s make up about 1.5% of the population. The top three immigrant nationalities are the ] (132,770), ] (95,460), and the ] (31,330). | |||
| == Education == | |||
| ] building located in ].]] | |||
| :''Main article: ]'' | |||
| As Hong Kong was a ] colony, its ]al system follows ], and in particular, the ]. In Hong Kong, there is a non-compulsory three-year ], which is followed by compulsory six-year primary education, three-year junior ], and a non-compulsory two-year senior secondary education leading to the ]s and a two-year ] course leading to the ]s. There are also ] offering various bachelor's, master's and doctoral degrees, other ]s, and ] courses. | |||
| In general, three types of comprehensive schools exist in Hong Kong. There are government schools, which are relatively rare, and subsidised schools, run by charitable (often ]) organizations with government funding, to which most students go. Most ]s are run by Christian organizations as well; admissions are based more on academic merit than on financial resources. Outside this system are the private ]s, which provide an alternative to the high-pressured mainstream education in exchange for much higher tuition fees. | |||
| == Culture == | |||
| ] and jetty where one can catch a ] to the floating restaurant.]] | |||
| :''Main article: ]'' | |||
| Hong Kong is often described as a city where East meets West, yet 96 percent of its population is Chinese, the majority of which are ]. Therefore, while the colony was ruled by the ] for nearly 150 years, its ] is firmly Chinese. | |||
| Since the Handover, a small flood of immigrants from ] have increased the ethnic diversity of the Chinese population in the territory. The remaining four percent of the population is composed of non-Chinese, who form a highly visible group, despite their small numbers. While Hong Kong was British territory for 150 years, not many ]s remain today. Of some 30,000 British citizens who live in Hong Kong, the majority are Chinese. There is also a very important ] population, which includes some of Hong Kong's wealthiest families. Some Nepalis residing in Hong Kong are ]s who chose to stay, or their descendants. There are also more than 15,000 ]ese ]s staying and absorbed as residents, the majority of whom survive on casual manual jobs. There are also around 140,000 ] working in Hong Kong as ]s, who are known in Hong Kong as '']s'', or more often ''feiyungs''. Some maids are from Thailand and Indonesia. On ]s and on public holidays, thousands of ''feiyungs'' gather in ] to socialise. | |||
| Every district in Hong Kong has old-fashioned stores that sell ]. The largest concentration of these shops is along ] and ] in ], where all types of ]s, ]s, and dried ]s are for sale. | |||
| ==Religion== | |||
| ] in ]]] | |||
| :''Main article: ]'' | |||
| Religion plays an important role in many Hong Kongers' lives. Unlike the Mainland, Hong Kong enjoys total freedom of religion. Most of Hong Kong's population is either ] or ], and ] is predominant due to the strong ] influence, but there are also about half a million ] or about ten percent of the total population, who are roughly equally divided between ] and ]. There are also an estimated 70,000 ]s, between 2,000 and 3,000 ], and a few ] and ]. Apart from offering religious instructions, many major religious bodies have established schools and provided ] facilities. | |||
| There are some fears that ] may interfere with Hong Kong's freedom of religion in the future, particularly in light of the crackdown on ]. The religious beliefs are tied to the region's first needs, which are those of the ] community. ], the protector of seafarers, is honoured with several ]s throughout Hong Kong. The average Hong Konger goes to Taoist or Buddhist temples to appease the deities and, usually, to ask for compassion or good fortune. Gifts of ], and in particular ], are presented, and ] and ] offerings are burnt in respect. | |||
| == Architecture == | |||
| ] at night.]] | |||
| :''Main article: ]'' | |||
| Few historical buildings remain in the urban areas of Hong Kong. Instead the city has become a centre for ], especially in and around ]. The tall business buildings of Central comprise the skyline along the coast of the ], which is one of Hong Kong's famous tourist attractions. In ], strict height restrictions were in force until ] closed in ], but these restrictions have now been lifted, and several new buildings in Kowloon are being planned. | |||
| Hong Kong's best-known building is probably ]'s ], completed in ]. The building attracted heated controversy from the start, as its sharp angles were said to cast negative ] energy into the heart of Hong Kong. The two white ]s on top on the building were deemed inauspicious as two sticks of ] are burned for the dead. Predating the Bank of China Tower, the ] was finished in ]. This building is featured on many of ]s. It was built on the site of Hong Kong's first skyscraper, which was finished in ] and was the subject of a bitter heritage ] struggle in the late ]. | |||
| One of the largest construction projects in Hong Kong has been the new ] on ] near ], a huge land reclamation project linked to the centre of Hong Kong by the ], which features three new major ]s: the world's ] ], ], the world's longest ] carrying both road and railway traffic, ], and the world's first major 4-span cable-stayed bridge, ]. | |||
| ==Transport== | |||
| ].]] | |||
| :''Main article: ]'' | |||
| Hong Kong has a highly developed and sophisticated ] network, encompassing both ] and private transport. The ] stored value ] payment system can be used to pay for fares on almost all railways, buses and ferries in Hong Kong. Most ]s in Hong Kong only accept payment by Octopus card, and Octopus card payment can be made at various carparks. | |||
| ] is dominated by steep, hilly terrain, which required the development of unusual methods of transport up and down the slopes. In ] there is an extensive system of ] and ], including the longest outdoor covered elevator system in the world, the ]. | |||
| Hong Kong has several different modes of public rail transport. The two ] systems for the city are the ] and ] (KCR also operates a ] system in northwest New Territories), which are operated by the ] and the ] respectively. The ] covers a large area and is the only ] system in the world run exclusively with ]s. | |||
| ] and a single-decker ] at the bus terminus located at ] at night.]] | |||
| Five separate companies operate franchised public ] services in Hong Kong. Double-decker buses were introduced to Hong Kong in 1949. They are now used almost exclusively in Hong Kong just as in ] and ]. However, single-decker buses remain in use for routes with lower demand or roads with lower carrying capacity and are used exclusively in South Lantau. Most normal franchised bus routes in Hong Kong operate until midnight. ] run the length and breadth of Hong Kong, through areas where standard bus lines cannot reach or do not reach as frequently, quickly, or directly. ]s are also widely used throughout Hong Kong. | |||
| Most ferry services are provided by licensed ferry operators, which serve ], new towns, and inner-]. The two routes operated by the ] are franchised. Additionally, 78 "]" ferries are licensed to serve remote coastal settlements. | |||
| Hong Kong has one active international ], known as ] located at ]. This replaced the famous airport of the same name at ] in 1998. The airport now serves as a transport hub for ], and as the hub for ], ], and ]. | |||
| == Military == | |||
| :''Main article: ]'' | |||
| ] of the ] entering Hong Kong for the first time in ].]] | |||
| The PRC ] (CPG) assumed sovereignty over Hong Kong on ] ] and stationed a ] of the ] (PLA) in Hong Kong to manage its defence affairs. Although the garrison has no military significance, the stationing of the PLA troops in the region is a significant symbol of the PRC government's resumption of exercise of sovereignty over Hong Kong. It is also an imperative guarantee for the conservation of state sovereignty and sanctuary and the upholding of the region's long-term prosperity and stability. | |||
| The ] provides that the CPG shall be responsible for the defence of Hong Kong and shall bear the expenditure for the garrison. The Basic law also contains specific provisions on the duties and rules of discipline of the garrison personnel, the judicature and other questions, fundamentally guaranteeing that the Hong Kong Garrison fulfils its defence functions along legal lines. Military forces stationed in Hong Kong shall not interfere in the local affairs and the Hong Kong government shall be responsible for the maintenance of public order. The ] formally stationed in Hong Kong assumed defence responsibility for Hong Kong immediately as of midnight on 1 July 1997. | |||
| The Hong Kong Garrison, composed of ], ], and ]s, is under the direction of the Chinese ]. While performing its defence duties, the Hong Kong Garrison must abide by both national and Hong Kong laws, as well as the current rules and regulations of the PLA. | |||
| After its entry into Hong Kong, the Hong Kong Garrison abided by the Basic Law and the Garrison Law, actively organising military training. According to the Garrison Law, the Garrison established working contacts with the Hong Kong government, and opened the barracks on ] and ] to the public to promote Hong Kongers' understanding of and trust in the garrison troops. | |||
| Since ] the Chinese people of Hong Kong cannot join the defence forces in Hong Kong, whilst under British rule they could join the defence forces. | |||
| ==See also== | |||
| {{Hong Kong Topics}} | |||
| == International rankings == | |||
| * ]/]: , not ranked out of 62 countries | |||
| * ]/]: ], ranked 1st out of 155 countries | |||
| * ]: , ranked 2nd out of 60 economies (countries and regions) | |||
| * ]: , ranked 34th out of 167 countries | |||
| * ]: , not ranked out of 110 countries | |||
| * ]: , ranked 1st out of all cities of the world | |||
| * ]: , ranked 18th out of 111 countries | |||
| * ]: , ranked 16th out of 146 countries | |||
| * ]: , ranked 23rd out of 177 countries | |||
| * ]: , ranked 21st out of 104 countries | |||
| == References == | |||
| * ''A Borrowed Place: The History of Hong Kong''. Frank Welsh. Kodansha America. ] ]. 624 pages. ISBN 1568360029. | |||
| * ''Hong Kong's History: State and Society Under Colonial Rule (Asia's Transformations)''. Tak-Wing Ngo. Routledge. ] ]. 205 pages. ISBN 0415208688. | |||
| * ''The Cinema of Hong Kong: History, Arts, Identity''. Poshek Fu, David Deser. ]. ] ]. 346 pages. ISBN 0521776023. | |||
| * ''A Modern History of Hong Kong''. Steve Tsang. I. B. Tauris. ] ]. 356 pages. ISBN 1860641849. | |||
| * ''An Outline History of Hong Kong''. Kiu Shuyong. 291 pages. ISBN 7119019465. | |||
| * ''Forts and Pirates - A History of Hong Kong''. Hong Kong History Society. Hyperion Books. ] ]. ISBN 9627489018. | |||
| == Footnotes == | |||
| # {{note|elected}} | |||
| # {{note|POO}} | |||
| # {{note|shelved}} | |||
| # {{note|draftedlaw}} | |||
| # {{note|controversies}} | |||
| # {{note|shifted}} | |||
| # {{note|issue}} | |||
| #{{note|extremes}} | |||
| # {{note|10th}} | |||
| # {{note|11th}} | |||
| # {{note|86.5}} | |||
| # {{note|24,626}} | |||
| # {{note|5percent}} | |||
| # {{note|deflation}} | |||
| # {{note|.94}} | |||
| # {{note|reported}} | |||
| # {{note|60percent}} | |||
| # {{note|95percent}} | |||
| ==External links== | |||
| {{portal}} | |||
| {{commons|Hong Kong}} | |||
| * {{wikicities|hongkong|Hong Kong}} | |||
| * {{wikitravel|Hong Kong}} | |||
| '''Government''' | |||
| * | |||
| * - Quick facts about Hong Kong | |||
| * | |||
| * - official site of the Government of Hong Kong | |||
| '''News''' | |||
| * - The Hong Kong edition of the Metro | |||
| * - Hong Kong's largest Chinese-language newspaper | |||
| * - Hong Kong's leading English-language newspaper | |||
| * - Hong Kong's leading business newspaper | |||
| '''Overviews''' | |||
| * - Regions and Territories: Hong Kong | |||
| * - Hong Kong | |||
| '''Directories''' | |||
| * - directory category | |||
| '''Other''' | |||
| * - Can use English or Chinese to search location in Google Map | |||
| * CentaMap | |||
| * - Online magazine, directory and forums for residents and expats in Hong Kong. | |||
| * - Information, links and discussion. | |||
| {{Provinces of China}} | |||
| {{East Asia}} | |||
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