| Revision as of 08:20, 29 May 2008 edit71.137.204.208 (talk) Kulm← Previous edit | Revision as of 12:18, 29 May 2008 edit undoSpace Cadet (talk | contribs)8,095 edits restoring historical versionNext edit → | ||
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| :''For the concentration camp located near a village with a similar name, Chełmno nad Nerem, see ].'' | :''For the concentration camp located near a village with a similar name, Chełmno nad Nerem, see ].'' | ||
| '''Chełmno''' (older {{lang-en|Culm}}; {{Audio-de|Kulm|Kulm.ogg}}) is a town in northern ] with 22,000 inhabitants (1995) and the historical capital of ] (Culmerland). Situated in the ] since 1999, Chełmno was previously in ] (1975–1998), near the ] river. The name |
'''Chełmno''' (older {{lang-en|Culm}}; {{Audio-de|Kulm|Kulm.ogg}}) is a town in northern ] with 22,000 inhabitants (1995) and the historical capital of ] (Culmerland). Situated in the ] since 1999, Chełmno was previously in ] (1975–1998), near the ] river. The name is of Old Slavic origin and conatins the root meaning "hill" ("chełm", in new Polish: "wzgórze") and the ending "-no". This word is a cognate of an English word for "hill" and similar words in other related languages. | ||
| ==History== | ==History== | ||
| ] | ] | ||
| The first written mention of Chełmno is known from a document allegedly issued in 1065 by Duke ] for the ] monastery in ] |
The first written mention of Chełmno is known from a document allegedly issued in 1065 by Duke ] for the ] monastery in ]. In 1226 Duke ] of ] invited the ] to Chełmno Land (''Kulmerland''). In 1233 Chełmno was granted city rights known as "]" (renewed in 1251), the model system for over 200 Polish towns. The town grew prosperous as a member of the mercantile ]. Chełmno and Chełmno Land were part of the Teutonic Knights' state until 1466, when after the ] Chełmno was incorporated back into Poland and made the capital of ]. | ||
| In 1772, following the ], |
In 1772, following the ], Chełmno was taken over by the ]. Between 1807 and 1815 Chełmno was part of the ], returning to Prussia at the end of the Napoleonic Wars. | ||
| Chełmno returned to Poland in 1920 following ]. During the ] the town experienced renewed economic growth. The city had a mixed German/Polish population during most of his history. At the turn of the century (from 19th to 20th century) the city was about one-third ] and two-thirds ]. | |||
| When ] broke out in 1939, ] authorities murdered 5,000 Polish civilians upon taking control of the territory.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} The atrocities took place in Klamry, Małe Czyste, Podwiesk, Plutowo, Dąbrowa Chełmińska, and Wielkie Łunawy, while many other Poles were executed in forests.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} The rest of the Polish population was expelled to the ] in line with the German policy of ].{{Fact|date=February 2007}} Polish ] such as Polska Żyje ("Poland Lives"), Rota, Grunwald, and Szare Szeregi were also active in the area. | When ] broke out in 1939, ] authorities murdered 5,000 Polish civilians upon taking control of the territory.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} The atrocities took place in Klamry, Małe Czyste, Podwiesk, Plutowo, Dąbrowa Chełmińska, and Wielkie Łunawy, while many other Poles were executed in forests.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} The rest of the Polish population was expelled to the ] in line with the German policy of ].{{Fact|date=February 2007}} Polish ] such as Polska Żyje ("Poland Lives"), Rota, Grunwald, and Szare Szeregi were also active in the area. | ||
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| ===Historical names === | ===Historical names === | ||
| * ''Culm'' |
* ''Culm'' was the German name, officially used between 1772 and 1807 and again between 1815 and 1920. During the nazi occupation in World War II, the town was called ''Kulm''. The town also has been known as ''Culm'' in English, but Chełmno is now more commonly used.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} | ||
| ==Main sights== | ==Main sights== | ||
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| ==Notable residents== | ==Notable residents== | ||
| {{commons|Chełmno}} | {{commons|Chełmno}} | ||
| * ] 1215 first bishop of Prussia had his seat at Culm | |||
| * ] (1870–1910), colonial officer | * ] (1870–1910), colonial officer | ||
| * ] (1866–1933), physician and tropical disease specialist | * ] (1866–1933), physician and tropical disease specialist | ||
| * ] (1665-1734), composer and priest | * ] (1665-1734), composer and priest | ||
| * ] (1888-1954), '' |
* ] (1888-1954), ''blitzkrieg'' and tank theorist | ||
| * ] (1866-1914), writer | * ] (1866-1914), writer | ||
| * ] (1890–1914), writer | * ] (1890–1914), writer | ||
Revision as of 12:18, 29 May 2008
Place in Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland| Chełmno | |
|---|---|
 Flag Coat of arms | |
| Country |  Poland |
| Voivodeship | Kuyavian-Pomeranian |
| County | Chełmno County |
| Gmina | Chełmno (urban gmina) |
| Area | |
| • Total | 13.56 km (5.24 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 75 m (246 ft) |
| Population | |
| • Total | 20,388 |
| • Density | 1,500/km (3,900/sq mi) |
| Postal code | 86-200 |
| Website | http://www.chelmno.pl |
- For the concentration camp located near a village with a similar name, Chełmno nad Nerem, see Chełmno extermination camp.
Chełmno (older Template:Lang-en; Template:Audio-de) is a town in northern Poland with 22,000 inhabitants (1995) and the historical capital of Chełmno Land (Culmerland). Situated in the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship since 1999, Chełmno was previously in Toruń Voivodeship (1975–1998), near the Vistula river. The name is of Old Slavic origin and conatins the root meaning "hill" ("chełm", in new Polish: "wzgórze") and the ending "-no". This word is a cognate of an English word for "hill" and similar words in other related languages.
History
The first written mention of Chełmno is known from a document allegedly issued in 1065 by Duke Boleslaus II of Poland for the Benedictine monastery in Mogilno. In 1226 Duke Konrad I of Masovia invited the Teutonic Knights to Chełmno Land (Kulmerland). In 1233 Chełmno was granted city rights known as "Kulm law" (renewed in 1251), the model system for over 200 Polish towns. The town grew prosperous as a member of the mercantile Hanseatic League. Chełmno and Chełmno Land were part of the Teutonic Knights' state until 1466, when after the Thirteen Years' War Chełmno was incorporated back into Poland and made the capital of Chełmno Voivodeship.
In 1772, following the First Partition of Poland, Chełmno was taken over by the Kingdom of Prussia. Between 1807 and 1815 Chełmno was part of the Duchy of Warsaw, returning to Prussia at the end of the Napoleonic Wars.
Chełmno returned to Poland in 1920 following World War I. During the interwar period the town experienced renewed economic growth. The city had a mixed German/Polish population during most of his history. At the turn of the century (from 19th to 20th century) the city was about one-third German and two-thirds Polish.
When World War II broke out in 1939, Nazi German authorities murdered 5,000 Polish civilians upon taking control of the territory. The atrocities took place in Klamry, Małe Czyste, Podwiesk, Plutowo, Dąbrowa Chełmińska, and Wielkie Łunawy, while many other Poles were executed in forests. The rest of the Polish population was expelled to the General Government in line with the German policy of Lebensraum. Polish resistance groups such as Polska Żyje ("Poland Lives"), Rota, Grunwald, and Szare Szeregi were also active in the area. On 25 January 1945 German forces set fire to several buildings in the city, including a hospital, a railway terminal, and a brewery, while retreating (see scorched earth).
Historical names
- Culm was the German name, officially used between 1772 and 1807 and again between 1815 and 1920. During the nazi occupation in World War II, the town was called Kulm. The town also has been known as Culm in English, but Chełmno is now more commonly used.
Main sights
Chełmno has a well-preserved medieval center, with five Gothic churches and a beautiful Renaissance town hall in the middle of the market square.
- Gothic churches:
- Church of St Mary, former main parochial church of town, built 1280-1320 (with St. Valentine relic)
- Church of SS Jacob and Nicholas, former Franciscan church, from 14th c., rebuild in 19 c.
- Church of SS Peter and Paul, former Dominican church, from 13-14th c. rebuild in 18 and 19th c.
- Church of SS John the Baptist and Johns the Evangelist, former Benedictine and Cictercian nuns' church, with monastery, built 1290-1330
- Church of Holy Ghost, from 1280-90
- Town hall, whose oldest part comes from the end of the 13th century, rebuilt in manneristic style (under Italian influence) in 1567-1572
- City walls which surround whole city, preserved almost as a whole, with watch towers and Grudziądzka Gate
Notable residents
- Hans Dominik (1870–1910), colonial officer
- Friedrich Fülleborn (1866–1933), physician and tropical disease specialist
- Grzegorz Gerwazy Gorczycki (1665-1734), composer and priest
- Heinz Guderian (1888-1954), blitzkrieg and tank theorist
- Hermann Löns (1866-1914), writer
- Ernst Wilhelm Lotz (1890–1914), writer
- Michael Otto (born 1943), entrepreneur
- Franciszek Raszeja (1896–1942), doctor
- Leon Raszeja (1901–1939), lawyer
- Maksymilian Raszeja (1889–1939), theologian
- Albrecht Theodor Emil Graf von Roon, Prussian soldier and politician, Prime Minister of Prussia
- Ludwik Rydygier (1850-1920), doctor
- Georg Salzberger (1882–1975), Jewish rabbi
- Kurt Schumacher (1895-1952), politician
- Max Stirner (1806-1856), philosopher
53°22′N 18°25′E / 53.367°N 18.417°E / 53.367; 18.417
| Gminas of Chełmno County | ||
|---|---|---|
| Seat |
|  |
| Rural gminas | ||