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Fethullah Gülen (born 27 April,1941) is a modernist Islamic scholar, writer, and leader of the Gülen movement. He is the author of over 60 books. He currently lives in the United States.

Gülen's ideal is to see a renaissance of the modern Muslim world with Turkey at the forefront. Fethullah Gülen has started a movement. In many countries schools are opened according to his philosophy. These schools are intended to offer a moderate vision of Islam based on the Pakistan example. He has engaged in interreligious discussion, among others with Jewish leaders and the pope.

Gülen is characterized in the media as one of the world's most important Muslim figures, The Gülen movement is considered to one of the world's leading Muslim movements. Gülen has been the subject of several academic studies., and has been compared with philosopher like Confucius, Plato, Immanuel Kant, John Stuart Mill, and Jean Paul Sartre .

Gülen and his movement have been praised from by both Islam and many non-Muslim organisations. Supporters view the movement as modernist and moderate form of the Islam; a potentoal; counterbalance to extremism in the Muslim world. A decision made by the local government of Houston, His followers form a significant part of Turkish society. There are also several controversies around Gülen. Some secularists claim that his objective is to abolish Turkey's secular state; although court rulings have not supported this claim.. On the other hand, some radical groups severely criticize his actions, especially interfaith dialog efforts, as a diversion from Islam.

Biography

Gülen was born in Erzurum, Turkey in 1941. He started primary education at his home village, but did not continue after his family moved, and instead focused on informal Islamic education. He gave his first sermon when he was 14. He became a follower of Said Nursi, an Islamic leader, before he was 18. In 1959 he was awarded a state preacher's license in Edirne. In 1966 he was transferred to a post in İzmir. It was here that Gülen's recurring themes began to crystallize and his audience base began to expand. He also traveled around the provinces in Anatolia and gave sermons in mosques, town meetings and coffee houses among other places. From İzmir on, he placed a special emphasis on promulgating his ideas to high school and college students and recruiting them for his movement.

By the end of the 1970s he broke with the mainstream Nur (light) movement which was governed by a council of elders and instituted his own where he was the sole leader. Gülen retired from formal preaching duties in 1981. From 1988 to 1991 he gave a series of sermons in popular mosques of major cities. His long career had made him a well-known figure in Islamic circles, and in particular, within the Nurcu movement, however, it was the Islamic political activism and his courtship with the center-right political parties in the 1990s that made him a public figure. In 1994, he helped found the "Journalists and Writers Foundation" and was given the title "Honorary Leader" by the foundation.

Through his speeches, he gained a large following in society . In specific, by adopting a theme that was previous explored by Said-i Nursi, he envisioned a society of devout Muslims who nevertheless would adopt methods and technical knowledge that led to development in western countries .

In spite of various accusations of fundamentalist practices, there have not been any court rulings convicting Gülen.

Top thinker

Gülen was recently listed among the top hundred public intellectuals by Foreign Policy magazine. He got most of the votes in the online ballot, in which more than half a million people participated, and has come out as the number one in the competition . The organizers stated that the votes in the favor of Gülen is accelerated after Turkey's biggest-selling newspaper, Zaman, which is closely aligned with Gülen, publicized the poll. The editor of the magazine, David Goohart, admitted not having heard of Gulen before the poll and expressed bewilderment at the result, claiming Gulen's supporters had "made a mockery" of the poll. The result of the poll is accounted in the Guardian along with a news video from Turkey, in an article titled 'Islamic scholar voted world's No 1 thinker' . Gülen was described as the modern face of the Sufi Ottoman tradition in an article in the center-left British monthly, the Prospect. It is pointed out that 'millions of people inside and outside Turkey have been inspired by Gülen,'. He insists on friendship among people of all faiths and that 'no one should be seen as an outsider.', is another statement of the article. The magazine cited 'a combination of charisma, good organization and an attractive message' as reasons for his overwhelming support worldwide .

Media Coverage

The ideas of Fethullah Gülen, and the schools opened by his followers in many countries have recently been the subject of articles by Forbes magazine and the French daily Le Monde. In the Forbes article entitled 'Gulen Inspires Muslims Worldwide', the chief characteristic of the Gülen movement is identified as not seeking to subvert modern secular states but rather encouraging practicing Muslims to use to the fullest the opportunities those countries offer. In an article in The Economist, the Gülen movement is reported as a Turkish-based movement, vying to be recognized as the world's leading Muslim network, and Gülen himself as one of the world's most important Muslim figures. Reuters also analyzed Gülen and Gülen movement in a recent article : Gulen wants to see a renaissance of the modern Muslim world with Turkey at the forefront.

Gülen and his movement have won praise from many non-Muslim quarters, with their belief in science, interfaith dialogue and multi-party democracy. They are viewed as modernist and all-embracing Muslims, who can counterbalance extremism in the Muslim world. For instance, Sabrina Tavernise of New York Times has stated that they come from a 'moderate blend of Islam that is very inclusive.' In the same newspaper, Turkish schools opened and operated by Gülen movement are accounted in an article titled, 'Turkish Schools Offer Pakistan a Gentler Vision of Islam' exclusively based on the Pakistan example. In fact, in a prestigious weekly journal of Pakistan, Cutting Edge, Gülen and his movement is analyzed, recently. Gülen is described as 'An icon of universal peace' in an article with the same title.

Academic studies about Gülen

Gülen has been the subject of several academic studies. A recent conference was held at the House of Lords, under the sponsorship of the London School of Economics, and the University of London to study Gülen and his movement. Two other conferences will be held soon; one at Georgetown University, which is titled Islam in the age of global challenges, Alternative Perspectives of the Gülen Movement, the other at University of Oklahoma titled The Fethullah Gülen Movement in Thought and Practice.

Dr. B. Jill Carroll of Rice University compared the view of Gülen and those of Confucius, Plato, Immanuel Kant, John Stuart Mill, and Jean Paul Sartre on inherent human value, moral dignity, freedom, education and responsibility, in her book titled 'A Dialogue of Civilizations: Gulen's Islamic Ideals and Humanistic Discourse'. She also stated in an Interfaith Voices program, an independent public radio show that promotes interfaith understanding through dialog, that it is surprising that the West knows little about Fethullah Gülen, a respected Turkish intellectual and scholar: 'I am baffled by the fact that Gülen is not known adequately by the West though he has served a great deal to the improvement of dialogue between faiths and cultures for so many years'. She analyzed Gülen’s understanding of religion as: 'Gülen’s understanding of religion has a liberal and democratic nature. His main objective is to contribute to the education of world children and improve inter-religious dialogue'. Another academics, Ann Munley, the president of Pennsylvania's Marywood University, has likened Turkish schools to islands of peace.

Community perception

Gülen and his movement have won praise from many non-Muslim quarters, with their belief in science, interfaith dialogue and multi-party democracy. They are viewed as modernist and all-embracing Muslims, who can counterbalance extremism in the Muslim world. For instance, Sabrina Tavernise of New York Times has stated that they come from a 'moderate blend of Islam that is very inclusive.' In the same newspaper, Turkish schools opened and operated by Gülen movement are accounted in an article titled, 'Turkish Schools Offer Pakistan a Gentler Vision of Islam' exclusively based on the Pakistan example. In fact, in a prestigious weekly journal of Pakistan, Cutting Edge, Gülen and his movement is analyzed, recently. Gülen is described as 'An icon of universal peace' in an article with the same title.

Gülen gets respect from the Jewish circles of the international society as well. Center for Interreligious Understanding Director Rabbi Jack Bemporad has said the Gülen movement, led by well-respected Turkish intellectual and scholar Fethullah Gülen, aims to create a more peaceful world and invites all people to unity.

In a recent interview, İzzettin Doğan, a well-known leader of Alevi circles and President of Cem Foundation, mentioned Gülen as a thinker and a philosopher. He expressed his respect and said that: 'He has made positive contributions to the construction of cemevis (Alevi places of worship). Years ago, he said, "Cemevis should be constructed next to mosques." This is a considerably important statement. In addition, he is open to discussion. In this regard, I never had any doubts about Gülen's ideas'.

A decision made by the local government of Houston, Texas indicates the appearance of Gülen's ideas in the Western world. Feb. 21 is declared Gülen Institute Day in Houston. It is stated in the decision letter that the organization, whose honorary president is Fethullah Gülen, serves all humanity without discrimination and boosts mutual understanding and respect and cooperation among people from diverse backgrounds. Similarly, Former Norwegian Prime Minister Kjell Magne Bondevik has said the ideas of Fethullah Gülen, a Turkish-Muslim scholar, and the activities of his movement are in complete harmony with the approach of The Oslo Center for Peace and Human Rights, which Bondevik currently heads. He stated that: 'We both believe in dialogue, in respecting and trying to understand each other, in building bridges between main cultures and religions.'

Philosophy and activities

According to Gülen his theological views lie solidly within the Turkish Sunni mainstream while being more responsive to modern world than other Islamic movements . He has also adopted the views and tradition of founder of the Nur (light) movement, Said Nursi.

Gülen claims the modern world is plagued by individuals' lack of faith, and in particular, the failure to adopt scientific methods while in the same time preserving moral values and belief in God. Gülen argues that faith can be scientifically proven, and that science can benefit from or requires a moral foundation from religion.

He has guided his supporters to open about 500 educational institutions in more than 90 countries in Eurasia, Africa and North America.

Interfaith Dialogue

Gülen's published works in the 1990s advocated dialogue among communities and faiths, tolerance, and acceptance of others. He personally met with religious leaders, including Pope John Paul II, the Greek Orthodox Patriarch Bartholomeos, and Israeli Sephardic Head Rabbi Eliyahu Bakshi-Doron.

The Gülen movement

The Gülen movement consists of volunteer organizations that are ideologically connected under the leadership of Gülen. The predominantly Turkish volunteers, who are educated or have received support from the institutions founded by the movement, run more than a thousand schools all over the world. It has founded universities of its own, an employers' association, unions, and hundreds of sub-organizations, lobby groups, and student bodies. The movement as a whole counts several hundred thousand of members, making it one of the largest Islamic movements in Turkey.

One of the main characteristic of the movement is that it is faith-based but not faith-limited. There are many Christians, even at the community leadership level, in several countries feel themselves close to or inspired by the movement.

In an article in The Economist, the Gülen movement is reported as a Turkish-based movement, which sounds more reasonable than most of its rivals, is vying to be recognized as the world's leading Muslim network. It is also stated that Gülen has also won praise from many non-Muslim quarters, with his stated belief in science, inter-faith dialog and multi-party democracy. He is an intensely emotional preacher, whose tearful sermons seem to strike a deep chord in his listeners; but the movement he heads is remarkably pragmatic and businesslike. As a global force, the Gülenists are especially active in education. They claim to have founded more than 500 places of learning in 90 countries. A conference staged in London, October 2007 was co-hosted by four British universities, plus the House of Lords, yielded a slick, 750-page report of the proceedings.

Ann Munley, president of Pennsylvania's Marywood University, has stated that "Turkish people establish schools all across the world and show great self-sacrifice in educating people of all races and religions. The Gülen movement considerably contributes to the establishment of these schools." In a recent article titled 'Turkish Schools Offer Pakistan a Gentler Vision of Islam', in New York Times, it is stated that the Turkish schools, which have expanded to seven cities in Pakistan since the first one opened a decade ago, offer an alternative approach that could help reduce the influence of extremism.

Professor Thomas Michel from Georgetown University expressed belief that the Gülen movement is not political in nature: "This movement has never been engaged in politics. It has reached millions of children all across the world and helped with their education regardless of their races, languages, religions and nationalities. This is a great self-sacrifice and success."

Doctor B. Jill Carroll of Rice University in Houston, has noted in an Interfaith Voices program, an independent public radio show that promotes interfaith understanding through dialogue, that the Gülen movement has become a global and transnational one: 'Gülen has greatly impacted three generations in Turkey. He also influences considerable masses all across the world with his speeches and deeds. He leads a very modest life. Thousands of institutions have been established all around the globe by the Gülen movement, but he doesn’t undertake the administration of even one of them. When people see such aspects of this movement, they say ‘these are not Muslims in words, they are real Muslims'. She also praised Turkish schools, established around the globe with Gülen’s pioneering. 'These schools invest in the future and aim at creating a community that offers equal opportunities for everyone.'

Turkish sociologist Nilüfer Göle, known for her studies on modernization and conservatism, classified the Gülen movement and the schools governed by the movement as the world's most global movement. She stated that Turkish schools bring people of different ethnic and religious backgrounds together in peace.

A recent article titled 'A modern Ottoman' says: 'Fethullah Gülen leads a global movement inspired by Sufi ideas. He promotes an open brand of Islamic thought and he is preoccupied with modern science.' It also states, 'He and his movement are at home with technology, markets and multinational business and especially with modern communications and public relations.'

Gülen Thoughts on Terrorism

'A Real Muslim cannot be a Terrorist'

Gülen does not approve use of Islam and terrorism together . That is, he agrees that such terrorism exists but argues that it is not Islamic or Muslim. He has written an article in response to the September 11 attacks saying:

We condemn in the strongest of terms the latest terrorist attack on the United States of America, and feel the pain of the American people at the bottom of our hearts.

A question asked by Nuriye Akman of Zaman: It appears that al-Qaeda network has a cell in Turkey. You explained about the religious side of the matter. Does it have different meanings as well? Gulen's response was:

One of the people in the world I hate the most is Bin Laden, because he spoiled the bright appearance of Islam. He created a dirty image. Even if we try to fix that terrible damage with all our best, it would take years. We will tell about it everywhere in different platforms. We will write books about it. We will say, 'this is not Islam.' Bin Laden replaced Islamic logic with his feelings and desires. He is a monster, as are the men around him. If there is any one similar to them, they too are nothing more than monsters.

Works

Gülen has authored over 60 books and many articles on a variety of topics: social, political and religious issues, art, science and sports, and recorded thousands of audio and video cassettes. He contributes to a number of journals and magazines owned by his followers. He writes the lead article for the Fountain, Yeni Ümit, Sızıntı, and Yağmur, Islamic and philosophical magazines in Turkey. Some of his books are available in English, German, Russian, Albanian, Japanese, Indonesian, Korean and Spanish.

Bibliography in English

Pearls of Wisdom, Emerald Hills of the Heart, Prophet Muhammed as Commander, Questions and Answers, Essentials of the Islamic Faith, The Infinite Light vol 1–2, Towards the Lost Paradise, Truth Through Colors, Muhammad: The Messenger of God, Questions and Answers about Faith, Towarda Global Civilization of Love and Tolerance, Key Concepts in the Practice of Sufism (3 vols), The Statues of Our Souls, etc. His Books

Controversies

Gülen is a controversial figure for some secularists in Turkey. While his followers and a significant part of Turkish society respects him as a humanistic figure at the service of Islam, a large fraction of society perceives him as a significant threat who aims to transform the country's secular system. On the other hand, some radical groups severely criticize his actions, especially interfaith dialog efforts, as a diversion from Islam. Controversies over Gülen are even enhanced by his interfaith dialog activities including meeting with the Pope John Paul II.

Despite his large number of followers and significant influence in Turkish society and politics, he has been living in the US since 1998. Several months after Gülen had moved to the United States to receive better treatment for his health problems (he suffers from diabetes and a range of its side effects) a scandal developed. Gülen was claimed to have urged his followers in the judiciary and public service to "work patiently for the sake of the (Islamic) state." In 2000 Gülen was prosecuted for inciting his followers to plot the overthrow of Turkey's secular government. He was acquitted in 2006. The Supreme Court of Appeals has rejected the Chief Prosecutor's Office's objection to the acquittal of Fethullah Gülen. This is the final decision for his long trial process started in 2000.

The authenticity of the tapes used in the scandal is debated. Gülen himself explained that the footage in question was completely taken out of context (he was giving advice to a group of official employees who felt marginalized by other groups within the state system that wanted them gone), and that he can't be judged for intent, only deeds. Accordingly, he advised them that they should not relinquish their careers out of religious fervor but that they should remain in order to do good for the people, even if this meant not practicing their religion in the open.

Gülen's appeal to various ideological strands in Turkey differs. His supporters probably constitute the most influential Islamic and political movements in Turkey both for its human and financial capital. Various other shades of the Islamic movement and conservative segments of society are generally sympathetic to him. His detractors are mostly in the nationalistic wing of the secularists, critical of his alleged affinity for a theocratic society and his strategic support from the US. For the elites, the ranks are broken by certain liberals, who point out that Gülen's group, at least in its public representation, has proven to be most willing to evolve and most open to international influence.

Due to its spearheading westernization and secularization since the late Ottoman era, and later founding the secular republic under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, the military has always viewed Islamic movements with suspicion and since the 1980s has identified Gülen's group as a threat to the republic. In 1986, a military court has determined the existence of Gülen's supporters in the military academy and the group was purged.> From then on, the Turkish military has repeatedly alleged that Gülen tries to infiltrate its ranks and pressured politicians to take action against Gülen.

Gülen was widely criticized in 2004 when he, in contrast with his public calls for tolerance, commented that he considered terrorism to be equally despicable as atheism. In a follow-up interview he declared he did not intent to equate atheists and murderers; rather, he wanted to highlight the fact that according to Islam both were destined to suffer eternal punishment.

See also

• Ali Ünal
• Islam in Turkey

References

1. The World’s Top 20 Public Intellectuals, Foreign Policy
2. The Top 100 Public Intellectuals: Bios, Foreign Policy
3. Reuters: Turkish Islamic preacher - threat or benefactor?
4. ^ Tavernise, Sabrina (2008-05-04). "Turkish Schools Offer Pakistan a Gentler Vision of Islam". New York Times.
5. ^ Cutting Edge: An icon of universal peace
6. ^ Economist: Global Muslim networks, How far they have travelled
7. ^ http://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=fethullah+gulen&hl=en&lr=
8. conference
9. ^ Carroll, B. Jill (2007). A Dialogue of Civilizations: Gulen's Islamic Ideals and Humanistic Discourse. The Light, Inc. {{cite book}}: External link in |author= (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
10. ^ Alevi respect to Gülen
11. ^ Interview with Sabrina Tavernise, World View Podcasts, New York Times, May 4, 2008
12. Gursoy, Idris (2008-03-01). "Feb. 21 declared 'Gülen Institute Day' in Houston". Today's Zaman. Retrieved 2008-07-06.
13. Meria Journal: Fethullah Gulen and his liberal 'Turkish Islam' movement
14. ^ Cite error: The named reference prospect was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
15. http://tr.fgulen.com/content/view/15245/12/
16. http://www.todayszaman.com/tz-web/detaylar.do?load=detay&link=135894
17. An interview with Fethullah Gülen's primary school teacher
18. http://tr.fgulen.com/a.page/hayati/hayat.kronolojisi/a4443.html
19. ^ http://www.haberbilgi.com/haber/tarikat/ntm-0010/fethullah-devlet.html
20. The Journalists and Writers Foundation Official Web Site
21. Gülen's answers to various claims made against him. See Claim 9.
22. The Top 100 Public Intellectuals, Foreign Policy, May-June 2008
23. Foreign Policy: The World’s Top 20 Public Intellectuals
24. Guardian: Islamic scholar voted world's No 1 thinker
25. Guardian: Islamic scholar voted world's No 1 thinker
26. Prospect: A modern Ottoman, Issue 148, July 2008
27. Cite error: The named reference forbes0118 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
28. Reuters: Turkish Islamic preacher - threat or benefactor?
29. ^ Academic says West knows little of Gülen's contributions
30. Munley, Ann. "Contributions of the Gülen Community to Muslim Dynamism and Education" conference held on March 3rd, 2008 at Marywood University.
31. ^ Bulut, Kadir (2008-03-14). "American university president likens Turkish schools to islands of peace". Today's Zaman. Retrieved 2008-07-06.
32. Cite error: The named reference zaman144646 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
33. Former Norwegian PM: Our center takes same approach as Gülen
34. Yeni Aktüel Weekly Magazine, 11–17 October 2005, No:13.
35. M. Hakan Yavuz and John L. Esposito, eds. Turkish Islam and the Secular State: The Gülen Movement (Syracuse University Press, 2003) ISBN 0815630409.
36. Toward a Global Civilization of Love and Tolerance, ISBN 1932099689
37. Advocate of Dialogue: Fethullah Gülen, ISBN 0970437013
38. Qantara.de - Porträt Fethullah Gülen - Ein moderner türkisch-islamischer Reformdenker?
39. Guardian Unlimited | Archive Search
40. http://www.todayszaman.com/tz-web/detaylar.do?load=detay&link=144416
41. Fethullah Gülen: A life dedicated to peace and humanity - True Muslims Cannot Be Terrorists
42. Fethullah Gülen: A life dedicated to peace and humanity - Fethullah Gulen's Response to the Sep 11 Terrorist Attack on US
43. Fethullah Gülen: A life dedicated to peace and humanity - Islam Abhors Acts of Terror
44. http://www.fethullahgulen.org/content/view/1727/24/
45. LubbockOnline.com - Mysterious Fethullah Gulen may yet merge Islam with West 01/22/05
46. BBC News | Europe | Turkish investigation into Islamic sect expanded
47. WorldWide Religious News-Gulen acquitted of trying to overthrow secular government
48. http://www.todayszaman.com/tz-web/detaylar.do?load=detay&link=145680
49. Gülen's answers to claims made based on the video tapes taken from some of his recorded speeches
50. http://www.belgenet.com/mgk/mgk101999.html,
    http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/904576.stm,
    Army chief demands Islamist purge, BBC News
51. Fethullah Gülen and Atheist-Terrorist Comparison, Today's Zaman
52. Kaplan, Sefa (2004-04-21). "Ateist terörist değildir". Hürriyet (in Turkish). Retrieved 2008-07-06.

External links

The Gülen movement

• Fethullah Gülen's official website
• The Gülen Institute
• Fethullah Gülen Conference
• The Journalists and Writers Foundation
• Understanding Fethullah Gulen
• Fethullah Gülen and Media

Other sources

• Fethullah Gülen and his Liberal "Turkish Islam" movement
• Turkish Islam's Moderate Face
• The Gülen Movement: a modern expression of Turkish Islam
• The Nurcu Movement in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan
• Turkey's Champion of Interfaith Dialogue
• The Economist- Fethullah Gulen- A farm boy on the world stage
• Reuters - Turkish Islamic preacher - threat or benefactor?
• Prospect Magazine - Islam 1 Prospect 0
• Fethullah Gülen sources and documents

• Articles with unsourced statements from January 2007
• 1941 births
• Islamic politics and Islamic world studies
• Living people
• Turkish people