| Revision as of 13:15, 2 September 2005 editWitkacy (talk | contribs)9,823 edits rv John Kenney http://www.britannica.com/ebc/article-9381992?query=BaSiege%20of%20Vienna&ct=← Previous edit | Revision as of 20:36, 2 September 2005 edit undoAppleseed (talk | contribs)13,167 edits added image and stubbed out aftermath section; fixed image captionNext edit → | ||
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| ==Pre-Siege Movements== | ==Pre-Siege Movements== | ||
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| ==Siege== | ==Siege== | ||
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| The Turks lost about 15,000 men in the fighting, compared to approximately 4,000 for the Habsburg-Polish forces. | The Turks lost about 15,000 men in the fighting, compared to approximately 4,000 for the Habsburg-Polish forces. | ||
| ==Aftermath== | |||
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| ==Significance== | ==Significance== | ||
Revision as of 20:36, 2 September 2005
The Battle of Vienna in 1683 (Turkish: İkinci Viyana Kuşatması) (as distinct from the Siege of Vienna in 1529) was the first large-scale battle of the Habsburg-Ottoman Wars, yet with the most far reaching consequences. It pitted an Habsburg army of about 100,000 troops and their allies led by Charles IV, Duke of Lorraine, a 30,000-man relief force under Jan III Sobieski, King of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, against the Ottoman army commanded by Grand Vizier Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha, which numbered approximately 140,000 men, although a large number of them played no part in the battle. The siege itself began in July 14, 1683, and the decisive battle took place in September 12, 1683.
The battle marked the turning point in the 300-year struggle between the forces of Central European kingdoms and the Ottoman Empire. Over the 16 years following the battle, Habsburgs of Austria and their allies would gradually occupy and dominate southern Hungary and Transylvania.
Prelude
The city of Vienna was long a strategic aspiration for Ottoman Empire, due to its interlocking control over Danubean (Black Sea-Western Europe) and over-the-land (Eastern Mediterannean-Germany) trade roads. In years preceding the siege, it undertook extensive logistic preparations which were encompassing the reparations and establishments of roads, bridges and logistic centers, forwarding of ammunition, cannons and food from all over Empire to Balkans, which had heavily burdened its finances. In the political front, Ottoman Empire was providing military assistance to Hungarians and non-Catholic minorities in Habsburg lands to encourage them to claim independence from Habsburg rule, to the point to explicitly promise the "Kingdom of Vienna" to Hungarians in the case it fells under Ottoman hands.
Yet before the siege, a state of peace was existing 20 years between Habsburgs and Ottoman Empire as a result of Peace_of_Vasvár. In 1681 and 1682, the clashes between the forces of Imre Thököly, the Ottoman-backed ruler of Central Hungary, and Habsburgs' military frontier (then Northern Hungary) forces became intensified and the incursions of Habsburg forces to Central Hungary provided the reason for the forward operation of Ottoman Army. Ottoman Army was then mobilized in January 21, 1682 and the war was declared in August 6, 1682. However the forward march of army elements did not start until April 1, 1683 from Edirne. This strategic mistake did provide ample time (almost 15 months) for Habsburg forces to prepare the defence and set up alliances.
Pre-Siege Movements
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Siege
The Viennese had demolished many of the houses around the city walls and cleared the debris, leaving an empty plain that would expose the Turks to defensive fire if they tried to rush the city. Kara Mustafa Pasha solved that problem by ordering his forces to dig long lines of trenches directly toward the city to help protect them from the defenders as they advanced toward it. One goal of this digging was to decrease the stability of the walls around Vienna. Additionally, the Ottoman siege cut virtually every means of food supply into Vienna, and the population started to starve. (For example, the Viennese cavalry had to start killing their own horses for food. After the later retreat of the Turkish army, the Polish army reported many horse thefts.)
Sobieski began planning a relief expedition to Vienna during the summer of 1683, when the hard-pressed Turks launched an all-out offensive against Austria. Ottoman Empire and Habsburgs had clashed repeatedly for more than 150 years, and Kara Mustafa Pasha planned an expedition to put an end to this situation. Starting in March, the Turkish Army moved toward the city, and finally invested it on July 14. The previous winter, Habsburgs and Poland had concluded a treaty in which the Leopold would support Sobieski if the Turks attacked Kraków; in return, the Polish Army would come to relief if Vienna came under attack.
The Polish king honored his obligations to the letter, going so far as to leave his own nation virtually undefended. He covered this with a stern warning to Imre Thököly, the leader of Hungary (then an Ottoman satellite), whom he threatened with destruction if he tried to take advantage of the situation.
Kara Mustafa Pasha had managed to take part of the walls of Vienna by exploding mines under them, entrusting the defence of rear to Khan of Crimea and its cavalry force numbered about 30,000. Yet, due to their previous confrontations and his subsequent humilitation in previous War Councils, Khan of Crimea did not make dispositions to defend the rear against Sobieski. After learning the arrival of Polish forces, he retreated his forces and left vital bridges virtually undefended; allowing the passage of the combined Habsburg-Polish army.
Battle
At 4 in the morning on September 12, the Austrian army on the left and the German forces in the center moved forward against the Turks. Mustafa Pasha launched a counterattack with most of his force. Then the Polish infantry launched a massive assault on the right flank. After 12 hours of fighting, Sobieski's men held the high ground on the right.
At about five o'clock in the afternoon, four cavalry groups, one of them Austrian-German and the other three composed of Polish hussars, 20,000 men in all, led by the Polish king, charged down the hills. In the confusion, they made straight for the Ottoman camps, while the Vienna garrison sallied out of its defenses and joined in the assault. In less than three hours, the Habsburg and Polish forces won the battle, as the Turkish army beat a hasty retreat to the south and east.
The Turks lost about 15,000 men in the fighting, compared to approximately 4,000 for the Habsburg-Polish forces.
Aftermath
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Significance
Although no one realized it at the time, the battle shaped the outcome of the entire war as well. The Ottomans fought on for another 16 years before giving up, losing their possesion in Hungary and Transylvania in the process finalized by the Treaty of Karlowitz.
In honor of Sobieski, the Austrians had a church erected in his honor atop a hill of Kahlenberg, north of Vienna. Also, the train route from Vienna to Warsaw is named in Sobieski's honor.
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