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	The '''Buyids''' (]:Bowyiyün) ({{PerB\|آل بویه}}), also known as ''Buwaihids'', ''Buyyids'', or '''Āl-i Būya''', are an ]<ref></ref><ref>Clifford Edmund Bosworth, ''The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual'', Columbia University, 1996. pg 154-155.</ref><ref>"Buyid Dynasty." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 25 Jan. 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9018373>. Excerpt:''Islamic dynasty of pronounced Iranian and Shi'i character that provided native rule in western Iran and Iraq in the period between the Arab and Turkish conquests. Of Daylamite (northern Iranian) origin, the line was founded by the three sons of Buyeh (or Buwayh), 'Ali, Hasan, and Ahmad.''</ref> people who founded a ] dynastic confederation of ] from ], a region in northern ], on the southern shore of the ], and controlled most of modern-day ] and ] in the ] and ].		The '''Buyids''' (]:Bowyiyün) ({{PerB\|آل بویه}}), also known as ''Buwaihids'', ''Buyyids'', or '''Āl-i Būya''', are a dynasty of ] origin<ref></ref> <ref>Clifford Edmund Bosworth, ''The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual'', Columbia University, 1996. pg 154-155.</ref><ref>"Buyid Dynasty." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 25 Jan. 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9018373>. Excerpt:''Islamic dynasty of pronounced Iranian and Shi'i character that provided native rule in western Iran and Iraq in the period between the Arab and Turkish conquests. Of Daylamite (northern Iranian) origin, the line was founded by the three sons of Buyeh (or Buwayh), 'Ali, Hasan, and Ahmad.''</ref> people who founded a ] dynastic confederation of ] from ], a region in northern ], on the southern shore of the ], and controlled most of modern-day ] and ] in the ] and ].

	] of ] was originally built during the Buyid era, possibly during the rule of Adud al-Dowleh.]]		] of ] was originally built during the Buyid era, possibly during the rule of Adud al-Dowleh.]]

Revision as of 16:44, 14 July 2008

History of Greater Iran

Pre-IslamicBCE / BC

Prehistory
Kura–Araxes culture	c. 3400 – c. 2000
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Buyid dynasty	934–1055
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File:Buyid Dynasty 934–1055 (AD).PNG

Buyid Dynasty

The Buyids (Caspian:Bowyiyün) (Template:PerB), also known as Buwaihids, Buyyids, or Āl-i Būya, are a dynasty of Dailamite origin people who founded a Shi'a dynastic confederation of Persia from Daylaman, a region in northern Iran, on the southern shore of the Caspian Sea, and controlled most of modern-day Iran and Iraq in the 10th and 11th centuries.

The founders of the Buyid confederation were Ali b. Buya and his two younger brothers, al-Hasan and Ahmad. After having secured a partnership with an important Persian landowner named Zayd b. Ali al-Nawbandajani, Ali was able to recruit an army to defeat a Turkish general from Baghdad named Yaqut in 934. Over the next nine years they gained control of the remainder of the Abbasid Caliphate. While accepting the titular authority of the caliph in Baghdad, the Buyid rulers assumed effective control of the state, utilizing the title of amir al-umara', and assumed control as the "Grand Vizier". The Buwayhids were Persian revivalists. In fact, they used the ancient Sassanid title Shâhanshâh (شاهنشاه), literally king of kings. They were considered a formidable military force, especially because of their ability as foot soldiers. Succession of power was hereditary, with fathers dividing their land among their sons. During the time of Harun al-Rashid, the Alid people sought refuge among them.

During the 900s, Buwayhid dynasties took power in Fars (southwestern Iran, 934-1062); Rayy (977-1029); Jibal (932-1028); Kerman (936-1048). From 945-1055, a Buwayhid dynasty ruled Baghdad and most of Iraq.

During the mid-1000s, the Buwayhid dynasties all fell to the Seljuq dynasty or their allies.

Buwayhid amirs

Major amirs

Generally, the three most powerful Buwayhid amirs at any given time were those in control of Fars, Jibal and Iraq. Sometimes a ruler would come to rule more than one region, but no Buwayhid amir ever exercised direct control of all three regions.

Daylamids of Fars

Power in Fars seized by the Shabankara Kurdish Chief Fadluya

Daylamids of Rey

To the Ghaznavids.

Daylamids of Iraq

To the Seljuks.

Minor Rulers

It was not uncommon for younger sons to found collateral lines, or for individual Buwayhid members to take control of a province and begin ruling there. Note: the following list is incomplete.

Buwayhids of Basra

Diya' al-Daula 980s

To the Buwayhids of Fars.

Buwayhids of Hamadan

To the Kakuyids.

Buwayhids of Kerman

Qawam al-Daula 1012-1028

To the Buwayhids of Fars.

Buwayhids of Khuzistan

Taj al-Daula 980s

To the Buwayhids of Fars.

References

Encyclopaedia Iranica - Article Buyids
Clifford Edmund Bosworth, The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual, Columbia University, 1996. pg 154-155.
"Buyid Dynasty." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 25 Jan. 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9018373>. Excerpt:Islamic dynasty of pronounced Iranian and Shi'i character that provided native rule in western Iran and Iraq in the period between the Arab and Turkish conquests. Of Daylamite (northern Iranian) origin, the line was founded by the three sons of Buyeh (or Buwayh), 'Ali, Hasan, and Ahmad.
Busse, Heribert. Iran Under the Buyids. The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 4: From the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs. Ed. R. N. Frye. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, 1975. p. 258. ISBN 0521200938
See:
- Patrick Clawson. Eternal Iran. Palgrave Macmillan. 2005. ISBN 1-4039-6276-6 p. 19
- The most thorough treatment of the Buyids is: The Buwayhid Dynasty of Baghdad by Mafizullah Kabir. Calcutta. Iran Society. 1964

Another excellent discussion of the Buyids is Harvard professor Roy Mottahedeh's Loyalty and Leadership in an Early Islamic Society

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