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The term '''Maleševo-Pirin dialect''' (sometimes spelt '''Maleshevo''') is used in ] linguistics to refer to a group of related varieties that are spoken on both sides of the border between ] and the ]. They are linguistically transitional between the two national languages ] and ] and form part of the larger ] between them. The dialect group is named after the mountain ranges of ] in Bulgaria and ] in Macedonia. When referring specifically to the dialects on the Bulgarian side, the term '''Petrich-Blagoevgrad dialect''', after the two major towns in the area, is also used.<ref name="Stoykov">{{cite book The '''Maleševo-Pirin dialect''' (sometimes spelt '''Maleshevo''') is a ] transitional dialect, a member of both the eastern subgroup of the southwestern group of ].<ref>{{cite book

| last =Sussex | last =Sussex

| first =Roland | first =Roland

| coauthors =Paul Cubberley | coauthors =Paul Cubberley

| title =The Slavic Languages | title =The Slavic Languages

| publisher =Cambridge University Press | publisher =Cambridge University Press

| date =2006 | date =2006

| url =http://books.google.com/books?id=G2bsJdYrwD4C&dq=Bulgarian+dialects+Pirin&source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0 | url =http://books.google.com/books?id=G2bsJdYrwD4C&dq=Bulgarian+dialects+Pirin&source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0

| pages =p.510 | pages =p.510

| isbn =0521223156 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | isbn =0521223156 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book

| last =Стойков | last =Стойков

| first =Стойко | first =Стойко

| title =Българска диалектология | title =Българска диалектология

| publisher =Акад. изд. "Проф. Марин Дринов" | publisher =Акад. изд. "Проф. Марин Дринов"

| date =2006 | date =2006
| url =http://www.promacedonia.org/jchorb/st/st_2_b_zap_2.htm }}</ref><ref>Trudgill P., 2000, "Greece and European Turkey: From Religious to Linguistic Identity". In: Stephen Barbour and Cathie Carmichael (eds.), Language and Nationalism in Europe, Oxford : Oxford University Press, p.259.</ref><ref>Schmieger, R. 1998. "The situation of the Macedonian language in Greece: sociolinguistic analysis", International Journal of the Sociology of Language 131, 125-55</ref> and of the eastern and southeastern group of ]. The dialect is spoken in the western part of the region of ] in ]<ref>{{cite book

| url =http://www.promacedonia.org/jchorb/st/st_2_b_zap_2.htm }}</ref>
Macedonian linguistics tends to treat the whole group as part of the Macedonian language, classifying it as part of a southeastern group of ], whereas from the perspective of Bulgarian linguistics, the varieties in Bulgaria are classified as parts of the eastern subgroup of the southwestern group of Bulgarian.
<ref name="Stoykov"/>
This dialect is spoken in the towns of ], ], ] and the surrounding villages in the east of the Republic of Macedonia,<ref name="Bojkovska">str. 249- 252 Makedonski jazik za srednoto obrazovanie- S.Bojkovska, D.Pandev, L.Minova-Ǵurkova, Ž.Cvetkovski- Prosvetno delo AD- Skopje 2001</ref>
and in the regions of ], ] and ] in Bulgaria.
<ref name="Stoykov2">{{cite book

| last =Стойков | last =Стойков

| first =Стойко | first =Стойко

| title =Българска диалектология | title =Българска диалектология

| publisher =Акад. изд. "Проф. Марин Дринов" | publisher =Акад. изд. "Проф. Марин Дринов"
| date =2006
| url =http://www.promacedonia.org/jchorb/st/st_2_b_zap_2.htm }}</ref><ref> str. 249- 252 Makedonski jazik za srednoto obrazovanie- S.Bojkovska, D.Pandev, L.Minova-Ǵurkova, Ž.Cvetkovski- Prosvetno delo AD- Skopje 2001</ref> and the eastern part of the ]. This dialect is spoken in the cities ], ], ] and the surrounding villages in ] and on the regions of ], ] and ] in ].


The Maleshevo-Pirin dialect actually consists of two very close, yet distinct dialects (cf. also table), the Petrich-Blagoevgrad dialect in ], which is a dialect of ]<ref>{{cite book
| last =Sussex
| first =Roland
| coauthors =Paul Cubberley
| title =The Slavic Languages
| publisher =Cambridge University Press
| date =2006 | date =2006
| url =http://books.google.com/books?id=G2bsJdYrwD4C&dq=Bulgarian+dialects+Pirin&source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0
| pages =p.510
| isbn =0521223156 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book
| last =Стойков
| first =Стойко
| title =Българска диалектология
| publisher =Акад. изд. "Проф. Марин Дринов"
| date =2006
| url =http://www.promacedonia.org/jchorb/st/st_2_b_zap_2.htm }}</ref><ref>Trudgill P., 2000, "Greece and European Turkey: From Religious to Linguistic Identity". In: Stephen Barbour and Cathie Carmichael (eds.), Language and Nationalism in Europe, Oxford : Oxford University Press, p.259.</ref><ref>Schmieger, R. 1998. "The situation of the Macedonian language in Greece: sociolinguistic analysis", International Journal of the Sociology of Language 131, 125-55</ref> and the Maleshevo dialect, which is a dialect of ]. Apart from the relationship between each other, the Blagoevgrad-Petric dialect is also closely related to the neighbouring ] and ], and especially to the ]<ref>{{cite book
| last =Стойков
| first =Стойко
| title =Българска диалектология
| publisher =Акад. изд. "Проф. Марин Дринов"
| date =2006
| url =http://www.promacedonia.org/jchorb/st/st_2_b_zap_2.htm }}</ref> (cf. also table below), whereas the Maleshevo dialect is closely related especially with the ] dialect.<ref> The sociolinguistics of literary Macedonian, VICTOR A. FRIEDMAN, THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO LIBRARY</ref>


==Relationship to Standard Bulgarian and Standard Macedonian==
| url =http://www.promacedonia.org/jchorb/st/st_2_b_zap_2.htm }}</ref>
The following is a table of the main phonological and grammatical features which differentiate ] and ], compared with the corresponding features of the Maleshevo dialect and the Blagoevgrad-Petrich dialect, as well as two Western Bulgarian dialects.
]


The Blagoevgrad-Petric dialect is also closely related to the neighbouring ] and ], and especially to the ],
<ref name="Stoykov2"/>
whereas the Maleshevo dialect is closely related especially with the ] dialect.
<ref name="Friedman"> The sociolinguistics of literary Macedonian, VICTOR A. FRIEDMAN, THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO LIBRARY</ref>



==Linguistic properties==

The following is a table of distinctive phonological and grammatical features, comparing the values found in the Maleshevo and Blagoevgrad-Petrich dialects with Standard Bulgarian, Standard Macedonian and two other neighbouring Western Bulgarian dialect areas.





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As shown by the table, the Maleshevo and the Blagoevgrad-Petrich dialect show mixed Bulgarian and Macedonian phonological traits and mostly Bulgarian grammatical traits (several instead of one conjugation, single definite article, formation of past perfect tense with '''бeх''', etc.), with the Maleshevo dialect ranging mostly towards Macedonian and the Blagoevgrad-Petrich dialect ranging mostly towards Bulgarian (cf. table). The transitional nature of the dialect is further demonstrated by the reflexes of the Proto-Slavic {{IPA|*tʲ}}/{{IPA|*dʲ}}: from the typically Bulgarian щ/жд ({{IPA|ʃt}}/{{IPA|ʒd}}) in the Blagoevgrad-Petrich dialect and the far East of the Maleshevo dialect, along the border with Bulgaria, through the transitional шч/жџ ({{IPA|ʃtʃ}}/{{IPA|/dʒ/}}} in the central parts, and to the typically Macedonian ќ/ѓ ({{IPA|c}}/{{IPA|ɟ}}) in the western parts of the Maleshevo dialect<ref name="Stoykov2"/> As shown by the table, the Maleshevo and the Blagoevgrad-Petrich dialect show mixed Bulgarian and Macedonian phonological traits and mostly Bulgarian grammatical traits (several instead of one conjugation, single definite article, formation of past perfect tense with '''бeх''', etc.), with the Maleshevo dialect ranging mostly towards Macedonian and the Blagoevgrad-Petrich dialect ranging mostly towards Bulgarian (cf. table). The transitional nature of the dialect is further demonstrated by the reflexes of the Proto-Slavic {{IPA|*tʲ}}/{{IPA|*dʲ}}: from the typically Bulgarian щ/жд ({{IPA|ʃt}}/{{IPA|ʒd}}) in the Blagoevgrad-Petrich dialect and the far East of the Maleshevo dialect, along the border with Bulgaria, through the transitional шч/жџ ({{IPA|ʃtʃ}}/{{IPA|/dʒ/}}} in the central parts, and to the typically Macedonian ќ/ѓ ({{IPA|c}}/{{IPA|ɟ}}) in the western parts of the Maleshevo dialect<ref name="Stoykov2"/>. However, both the Blagoevgrad-Petrich dialect and the Maleshevo dialect appear to be closer phonologically to their neighbouring Western Bulgarian dialects than to either Standard Bulgarian or Standard Macedonian (cf. table).


==Other phonological characteristics== ==Other phonological characteristics==

Revision as of 17:10, 29 July 2008

The Maleševo-Pirin dialect (sometimes spelt Maleshevo) is a South Slavic transitional dialect, a member of both the eastern subgroup of the southwestern group of Bulgarian language. and of the eastern and southeastern group of dialects of the Macedonian language. The dialect is spoken in the western part of the region of Blagoevgrad in Bulgaria and the eastern part of the Republic of Macedonia. This dialect is spoken in the cities Delčevo, Pehčevo, Berovo and the surrounding villages in Republic of Macedonia and on the regions of Blagoevgrad, Petrich and Sandanski in Bulgaria.

The Maleshevo-Pirin dialect actually consists of two very close, yet distinct dialects (cf. also table), the Petrich-Blagoevgrad dialect in Bulgaria, which is a dialect of Bulgarian and the Maleshevo dialect, which is a dialect of Macedonian. Apart from the relationship between each other, the Blagoevgrad-Petric dialect is also closely related to the neighbouring Kyustendil and Samokov dialect, and especially to the Dupnitsa dialect (cf. also table below), whereas the Maleshevo dialect is closely related especially with the Štip-Strumica dialect.

Relationship to Standard Bulgarian and Standard Macedonian

The following is a table of the main phonological and grammatical features which differentiate Standard Bulgarian and Standard Macedonian, compared with the corresponding features of the Maleshevo dialect and the Blagoevgrad-Petrich dialect, as well as two Western Bulgarian dialects.


Comparison of the Maleshevo dialect and the Blagoevgrad-Petrich dialect with Standard Bulgarian and Standard Macedonian
Parameter Maleshevo dialect Blagoevgrad-Petrich dialect Standard Bulgarian (based on Eastern Bulgarian) Standard Macedonian Dupnitsa dialect Samokov dialect English
Proto-Slavic *tʲ/*dʲ – Old Church Slavonic щ/жд (ʃt/ʒd) шч/жџ (ʃtʃ//dʒ/} (in some areas also щ/жд (ʃt/ʒd) and ќ/ѓ (c/ɟ) – лешча/межџу (in some areas леща/между or леќа/меѓу) щ/жд (ʃt/ʒd) – леща/между щ/жд (ʃt/ʒd) – леща/между ќ/ѓ (c/ɟ) – леќа/меѓу щ/жд (ʃt/ʒd) – леща/между щ/жд (ʃt/ʒd) – леща/между lentils/between
Proto-Slavic *gt/kt – Old Church Slavonic щ (ʃt) ќ (c) (in some areas also щ (ʃt) – ноќ (in some areas нощ) щ (ʃt) – нощ щ (ʃt) – нощ ќ (c) – ноќ щ (ʃt) – нощ щ (ʃt) – нощ night
Old Church Slavonic ѣ (yat) е (ɛ) – бел/бели е (ɛ) – бел/бели а/я (ʲa/ɛ) – бял/бели е (ɛ) – бел/бели е (ɛ) – бел/бели е (ɛ) – бел/бели white
Old Church Slavonic ѫ (yus), approx. ɔ̃ а (a) – маж а (a) – маж ъ (ə) – мъж а (a) – маж а (a) – маж а (a) – маж man
Old Church Slavonic ъ (ə) о (ɔ) – сон о (ɔ) – сон ъ (ə) – сън о (ɔ) – сон о (ɔ) – сон а (a) – сан dream
Old Church Slavonic ръ/рь vocalic r/ро (rɔ) – врох, крф ръ (rə) – връх, кръв ръ/ър (rə/ər) – връх, кръв vocalic r – врв, крф vocalic r – врх, крф vocalic r – врх, крф summit, blood
Old Church Slavonic лъ/ль ъ (ə) – съза ъ (ə) – съза лъ/ъл (lə/əl) – сълза oл (ɔl) – солза vocalic l/ъ (ə) – слза/съза depending on region у (u) – суза tear
Old Church Slavonic x /x/ Preserved – бех, хубаво Preserved – бех, хубаво Preserved – бях, хубаво Lost or replaced by ф/в (f/v) – беф, убаво Preserved – бех, хубаво Preserved – бех, хубаво was, nice
Vowel reduction No No Yes No No No
Definite article Single definite article – момчето Single definite article – момчето Single definite article – момчето Triple definite article – момчето, момчево, момчено Single definite article – момчето Single definite article – момчето the boy
Ending of verbs in 1st person sing. present time а – 1st and 2nd conjugation, ам – 3rd – чета, пиша а – 1st and 2nd conjugation, ам – 3rd – чета, пиша а (я) – 1st and 2nd conjugation, ам (ям) – 3rd – чета, пиша only ам – четам, пишам а – 1st and 2nd conjugation, ам – 3rd – чета, пиша only (и/е)м – четем, пишем (I) read, (I) write
Formation of past perfect tense бeх + past participle – бех писал, бех молил бeх + past participle – бех писал, бех молил бях + past participle – бях писал, бях молил имам + past passive aorist participle – имам писано, имам молено бeх + past participle – бех писал, бех молил бех + past participle – бех писал, бeх молил (I) had read, (I) had written
Word stress Dynamic – доˈбиток, ˈпера Dynamic – доˈбиток, пеˈра Dynamic - доˈбитък, пеˈра Fixed antepenultimate - ˈдобиток, ˈперам Dynamic – доˈбиток, пеˈра Dynamic – доˈбиток, пеˈрем cattle, (I) wash



As shown by the table, the Maleshevo and the Blagoevgrad-Petrich dialect show mixed Bulgarian and Macedonian phonological traits and mostly Bulgarian grammatical traits (several instead of one conjugation, single definite article, formation of past perfect tense with бeх, etc.), with the Maleshevo dialect ranging mostly towards Macedonian and the Blagoevgrad-Petrich dialect ranging mostly towards Bulgarian (cf. table). The transitional nature of the dialect is further demonstrated by the reflexes of the Proto-Slavic *tʲ/*dʲ: from the typically Bulgarian щ/жд (ʃt/ʒd) in the Blagoevgrad-Petrich dialect and the far East of the Maleshevo dialect, along the border with Bulgaria, through the transitional шч/жџ (ʃtʃ//dʒ/} in the central parts, and to the typically Macedonian ќ/ѓ (c/ɟ) in the western parts of the Maleshevo dialect. However, both the Blagoevgrad-Petrich dialect and the Maleshevo dialect appear to be closer phonologically to their neighbouring Western Bulgarian dialects than to either Standard Bulgarian or Standard Macedonian (cf. table).

Other phonological characteristics

  • shortening of the words
  • use of the plural suffix -ove as in Bulgarian instead of -ovi as in Macedonian: клучове ('keys')
  • use of the old consonant group caf- instead of the consonant group cv-: цев- цаф (cev, 'pipe')
  • use of /v/ at the beginning of the word as in Bulgarian instead of /j/ as in Macedonian: важе ('rope')

Morphological characteristics

  • use of the preposition sus: - сус рака ('with the hand');
  • the clitic possessive forms follow the verb: му рече - рече му ('He told him');
  • use of the dative form with na: на нас ни рече ( na nas ni reche, 'He told us')
  • the form of the verb to be for third person plural is sa as in Bulgarian, instead of se as in Macedonian: тие се - тие са (tie se, 'they are')
  • use of the pronoun on instead of toj

Examples of the dialect

  • Traditional song from Maleševo-Pirin region:

Излегол Яне прошетал, леле
низ таа Пирин Планина
низ таа Пирин Планина, леле
низ тоа поле широко.

Нарамил пушка на рамо
настранил капа на чело
на пат ми сретна овчарче, леле
на овчарче вели, говори.

Овчарче младо чобанче, леле
дали я виде четата
дали я виде четата, леле
четата на Яне Сандански.

Видело сум я слушнало, леле
сега за Яне збореа
каде е Яне Сандански, леле
четата да си прибере.

References

  1. Sussex, Roland (2006). The Slavic Languages. Cambridge University Press. pp. p.510. ISBN 0521223156. {{cite book}}: |pages= has extra text (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  2. Стойков, Стойко (2006). Българска диалектология. Акад. изд. "Проф. Марин Дринов".
  3. Trudgill P., 2000, "Greece and European Turkey: From Religious to Linguistic Identity". In: Stephen Barbour and Cathie Carmichael (eds.), Language and Nationalism in Europe, Oxford : Oxford University Press, p.259.
  4. Schmieger, R. 1998. "The situation of the Macedonian language in Greece: sociolinguistic analysis", International Journal of the Sociology of Language 131, 125-55
  5. Стойков, Стойко (2006). Българска диалектология. Акад. изд. "Проф. Марин Дринов".
  6. str. 249- 252 Makedonski jazik za srednoto obrazovanie- S.Bojkovska, D.Pandev, L.Minova-Ǵurkova, Ž.Cvetkovski- Prosvetno delo AD- Skopje 2001
  7. Sussex, Roland (2006). The Slavic Languages. Cambridge University Press. pp. p.510. ISBN 0521223156. {{cite book}}: |pages= has extra text (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  8. Стойков, Стойко (2006). Българска диалектология. Акад. изд. "Проф. Марин Дринов".
  9. Trudgill P., 2000, "Greece and European Turkey: From Religious to Linguistic Identity". In: Stephen Barbour and Cathie Carmichael (eds.), Language and Nationalism in Europe, Oxford : Oxford University Press, p.259.
  10. Schmieger, R. 1998. "The situation of the Macedonian language in Greece: sociolinguistic analysis", International Journal of the Sociology of Language 131, 125-55
  11. Стойков, Стойко (2006). Българска диалектология. Акад. изд. "Проф. Марин Дринов".
  12. The sociolinguistics of literary Macedonian, VICTOR A. FRIEDMAN, THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO LIBRARY
  13. Cite error: The named reference Stoykov2 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  14. ^ Cite error: The named reference Bojkovska was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  15. ^ Cite error: The named reference Friedman was invoked but never defined (see the help page).


Dialects of the Bulgarian language
Eastern
Moesian
Balkan
Rup
Western
Northwestern
Southwestern
Transitional
Also considered a dialect of Macedonian.
Dialects of Macedonian
Western
Central
Western and
northwestern
Northern
Eastern
Western
Southeastern
Eastern
Southeastern
Also considered a dialect of Bulgarian. Considered to be a part of the transitional Torlak dialect and as a subdialect of Bulgarian, Macedonian, and Serbo-Croatian.
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