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The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (or The Commonwealth of the Two Nations) was a federal monarchy-republic formed by the Kingdom of Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania, between 1569 and 1795, which was governed by an elected monarch.
Since the word Poland was also commonly used to described the whole country, the members of the commonwealth were called:
- The Crown of the Polish Kingdom (Poland proper), colloquially the Crown.
- The Grand Duchy of Lithuania, colloquially Lithuania.
- The Duchy of Ruthenia was the planned member of the Commonwealth, after it would have been reconstructed to the tripartite Polish-Lithuanian-Ruthenian Commonwealth, but it never really existed.
The Crown had approximaterly double the population of Lithuania and five times the income of its treasury.
In the Partitions_of_Poland in 1772-1795 divided the country between Russia, the Kingdom of Prussia and Austria. However, the last political movement that wanted to restore the state was active about the time of the January Uprising (1863-1864).
These lands are distributed today mostly among Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Ukraine, Belarus, and Russia, with smaller pieces in some other neighboring countries (Estonia, Slovakia, Romania and Moldova).
The term "Commonwealth" is a close translation of the Polish word "Rzeczpospolita", which derives from latin res publica, see "Poland".
The political doctrine of Polish-Lithuania was "our state is a Republic under the presidency of the King". The Commonwealth introduced the doctrine of religious tolerance, had its own parliament, the Sejm, and elected kings that were bound to the contracts "Pacta conventa" from the beginning of their reign.
The foundation stones of the Commonwealth, the so called Golden Freedoms, were commonly:
- free election of the king
- "pacta conventa" that were binding for the king
- "rokosz" (insurrection) — a legal rebellion of citizens against the king that violated the freedoms
- "liberum veto" — the right to express opposition to the decisions of the majority by an individual
- "confederatio" — the military organisation of the citizens willing to achieve a common political aim.
Intelectual inheritance
The Commonwealth was one of the most important places in development modern social and political ideas of Europe. See Polish brethren.
The article The Noble Republic covers this historical period in greater detail.