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] (coloured areas) in the 13th century. Kulmerland (Chełmno Land) in the south west already under control of the Teutonic Order]] ] (coloured areas) in the 13th century. Kulmerland (Chełmno Land) in the south west already under control of the Teutonic Order]]


'''Kulmerland''' (''Culmerland'', ''Culm land'', {{lang-pl|ziemia chełmińska}}, {{Audio-de|Kulmerland|Kulmerland.ogg}}) is a ] of a historical region Prussia, (now ]) bounded by the ] and ] rivers. '''Kulmerland''' (''Culmerland'', ''Culm land'', {{lang-pl|ziemia chełmińska}}, {{Audio-de|Kulmerland|Kulmerland.ogg}}) is a ] of a historical region in central ] bounded by the ] and ] rivers.


It is named after the city of ''Culm'' or ], now ]. The largest cities in the region are ], ], ], and ]. It is named after the city of ] (also known as Culm). The largest cities in the region are ], ], ], and ]. Sometimes it was considered to be part of the neighbouring provinces of ], ], ], ], and ]; it is currently part of the ]. The Culmerland or Kulmer Land was in Latin named ] (Holmrugier), referring to the ancient people of the Baltic Sea. Culmigerier was one of the names of the Prussians in general.


⚫ It is located on the right bank of the ] river, from the mouth of the ] river to Chełmno. Where the Vistula river takes a sharp turn northward, the Drwęca forms the eastern border of the region, while its southern and western border is the Vistula river.
Kulmerland was one of the four ]s of Prussia. Also spelled Culmerland or Kulmer Land, it was in Latin named ] (Holmrugier), referring to the ancient people of the Baltic Sea. Culmigerier was one of the names of the Prussians in general.

⚫ It is located on the right bank of the ] river, from the mouth of the '']'' ] river to ]. Where the Vistula river takes a sharp turn northward, the Drwęca forms the eastern border of the region, while its southern and western border is the Vistula river.


== History == == History ==


By the ] ] people came under conquest attacks by the ] who had spread and with the first duke ] sought to conquer numerous peoples. Soothern parts of Culmigeria (also Culmegeria) being closest to the ] came to be also populated by some of the ] Kuyavian and Masovian people as well. The ] were lead by Masos, who left the Polish duke Boleslaw I and sought refuge with the Prussians. When this area was partially subdued by the rulers of the ] Culm (Chełmno) became a local centre of administration (kasztelania). Attempts by Poles to subdue Prussia (Chełmno) Kulmer Land under guise of ] in the ] and thereafter, were multiple times repelled by Prussians. By the ] ] people came under conquest attacks by the ] who had spread and with the first duke ] sought to conquer numerous peoples. Culmigeria being closest to the ] came to be populated by the ] Kuyavian and Masovian tribes as well. The ] were lead by Masos, who left the Polish duke Boleslaw I and sought refuge with the Prussians. When this area was subdued by the rulers of the ] Chełmno became a local centre of administration (kasztelania). Chełmno Land was ] in the ].

⚫ According to the will of Duke ], who held land in lien from the ], territory after his death in ] became a part of the duchy governed by his son ] and his descendants. The Prussians as well as the Pomeranians many times managed to regain their freedom from subjugation by the expanding Polish dukes.

⚫ By the 13th century the territory was subject to raids by ], who sacked Culm ], the province's main town, in 1216. In 1220 ], with the participation of the other princes of Poland, led a partial reconquest of the province, but the project of establishing a Polish defense of the province failed due to conflicts between the princes. He brought the crusading ] to Masovia, where they built a castle at Dobrin an der Weichsel (]) in 1224 as a base for attacks against the Prussians. There were about a handfull Brothers of Dobrin, which nearly all perished.
As a result of a number of attacks by Poles and Masovians the borderland of Prussia to Masovia was sacked and devastated, as well as by counter raids by Prussians. It led to much depopulation of the provinces, when Prussians sought to use safety further inland.


⚫ According to the will of Duke ], Culmigeria after his death in ] became a part of the duchy governed by his son ] and his descendants during the feudal fragmentation of Poland. However the Prussians as well as the Pomeranians many times managed to regain their freedom from subjugation by the expanding Polish dukes.
⚫ Being involved in dynastic struggles elsewhere and too weak to deal with the Prussians alone, Conrad needed to safeguard and establish borders against the heathen ], because his territory of Masovia was also in danger after the Prussians sieged ]. Conrad, who had tried to conquer Kulmerland, but failed, awarded the already devastated Land to the ], giving them ] at first.


⚫ By the 13th century the territory was subject to raids by ], who sacked ], the province's main town, in 1216. In 1220 ], with the participation of the other princes of Poland, led a partial reconquest of the province, but the project of establishing a Polish defense of the province failed due to conflicts between the princes. He brought the crusading ] to Masovia, where they built a castle at ] in 1224 as a base for attacks against the Prussians. As a result the territory was again sacked and devastated by Prussian raids, which led to depopulation of the province.
In ] Duke ] enlisted the aid of the ] to protect ] and help convert the Prussians to Christianity. Conrad also brought in ] settlers to Płock in Masovia.


⚫ Being involved in dynastic struggles elsewhere and too weak to deal with the Prussians alone, Conrad needed to safeguard and establish borders against the heathen ], because his territory of Masovia was also in danger after the Prussians sieged ]. Conrad awarded the already devastated Chełmno Land to the ], giving them ] at first. He also brought in ] settlers to Płock.
The Teutonic Order did not go in without safegards, but obtained official support by an Imperial Bull from Emperor ] a the ] of Rieti, before going to Prussia. Because much of the territory of Kulmerland already belonged to ] and the pope requested Conrad of Masovia to furnish the Teutonic Order, the grant was officially given to them. Some Polish sources, wanting to keep Prussian land, allege the grant to have been a forgery.


The imperial and papal bulls constituted the base for the rule of Prussia by the ], and its later conquest of eastern Prussia (]), continuing the natural trade expansion of German traders of the ], which had begun building cities along the ] coast in the late 1100s. 19th and 20th century started to refer to that as the German '']''. In ] Duke ] enlisted the aid of the ] to protect ] and help convert the Prussians to Christianity. In return, the knights were to keep Chełmno Land as a fief, although some allege the grant to have been a forgery. The land constituted the base of the ], and its later conquest of ], marking the German '']''.


In ] the ] ] divided Prussia into four dioceses under the archbishop of ], one of which was Kulmer Land (Chełmno Land), the other ], ] and ] (Sambia). The Teutonic Order obtained an Imperial bull from Emperor ] before entering Prussia, although this document is also disputed. In ] the ] ] divided Prussia into four dioceses under the archbishop of ], one of which was Chełmno Land.


After the ], civil wars between the German Prussian cities and the Teutonic Knights ended with the ], western Prussia came under Polish crown protection as a part of autonomous ], since the 1700s also referred to as ] (see ]). After the ] between the Prussian cities and the Teutonic Knights ended with the ], Chełmno Land returned to the Polish crown as a part of autonomous ] (see ]).


As a result of breaking apart of the multiple countries, formerly formed by ] as Kings of Poland, in ] and referred to as ], Kulmer Land (with the exception of ]) was united with the eastern parts of Prussia (]) by the ]. Between ] and ] Kulmer Land (Chełmno Land) was a part of the ]. In 1815 it become part of ''Posen'' ], but in ] Kulmer Land was included in ]. In ] as a result of the ], Chełmno Land (with the exception of ]) was seized by the ]. Between ] and ] Chełmno Land was a part of the ]. In 1815 it become part of the ], but in ] Chełmno Land was included in ].


Following the ] in ], large parts of West Prussia were severed from Germany and given to Poland, (as ''Ziemia Chełmińska'') in January ]. In first days of September 1939 Kulmerland again became part of Germany, October 1939 annexed, January 1945 captured by Soviet Army and by Stalin given to Poland. Following the ] in ], Chełmno Land returned to Poland in January ]. In first days of September 1939 occupied by Germany, October 1939 annexed, January 1945 captured by Red Army and returned to Poland.


==References== ==References==
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Revision as of 09:48, 19 August 2008

Not to be confused with Chełm land. See also Kulmerland (ship).
Map of Prussian tribes (coloured areas) in the 13th century. Kulmerland (Chełmno Land) in the south west already under control of the Teutonic Order

Kulmerland (Culmerland, Culm land, Template:Lang-pl, Template:Audio-de) is a German name of a historical region in central Poland bounded by the Vistula and Drwęca rivers.

It is named after the city of Chełmno (also known as Culm). The largest cities in the region are Toruń, Grudziądz, Chełmno, and Chełmża. Sometimes it was considered to be part of the neighbouring provinces of Masovia, Kuyavia, Greater Poland, Prussia, and Pomerania; it is currently part of the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodship. The Culmerland or Kulmer Land was in Latin named Culmigeria (Holmrugier), referring to the ancient people of the Baltic Sea. Culmigerier was one of the names of the Prussians in general.

It is located on the right bank of the Vistula river, from the mouth of the Drwęca river to Chełmno. Where the Vistula river takes a sharp turn northward, the Drwęca forms the eastern border of the region, while its southern and western border is the Vistula river.

History

By the 10th century Prussia people came under conquest attacks by the Polans who had spread and with the first duke Mieszko I sought to conquer numerous peoples. Culmigeria being closest to the Polans came to be populated by the Lechitic Kuyavian and Masovian tribes as well. The Masovians were lead by Masos, who left the Polish duke Boleslaw I and sought refuge with the Prussians. When this area was subdued by the rulers of the Polans Chełmno became a local centre of administration (kasztelania). Chełmno Land was Christianised in the 11th century.

According to the will of Duke Boleslaus III of Poland, Culmigeria after his death in 1137 became a part of the duchy governed by his son Boleslaus IV the Curly and his descendants during the feudal fragmentation of Poland. However the Prussians as well as the Pomeranians many times managed to regain their freedom from subjugation by the expanding Polish dukes.

By the 13th century the territory was subject to raids by Prussians, who sacked Chełmno, the province's main town, in 1216. In 1220 Conrad I of Masovia, with the participation of the other princes of Poland, led a partial reconquest of the province, but the project of establishing a Polish defense of the province failed due to conflicts between the princes. He brought the crusading Knights of Dobrin to Masovia, where they built a castle at Dobrzyń in 1224 as a base for attacks against the Prussians. As a result the territory was again sacked and devastated by Prussian raids, which led to depopulation of the province.

Being involved in dynastic struggles elsewhere and too weak to deal with the Prussians alone, Conrad needed to safeguard and establish borders against the heathen Old Prussians, because his territory of Masovia was also in danger after the Prussians sieged Płock. Conrad awarded the already devastated Chełmno Land to the Teutonic Knights, giving them Nieszawa at first. He also brought in German settlers to Płock.

In 1226 Duke Conrad I of Masovia enlisted the aid of the Teutonic Order to protect Masovia and help convert the Prussians to Christianity. In return, the knights were to keep Chełmno Land as a fief, although some allege the grant to have been a forgery. The land constituted the base of the Monastic State of the Teutonic Knights, and its later conquest of East Prussia, marking the German Ostsiedlung.

The Teutonic Order obtained an Imperial bull from Emperor Frederick II before entering Prussia, although this document is also disputed. In 1243 the papal legate William of Modena divided Prussia into four dioceses under the archbishop of Riga, one of which was Chełmno Land.

After the Thirteen Years War between the Prussian cities and the Teutonic Knights ended with the Second Peace of Thorn (1466), Chełmno Land returned to the Polish crown as a part of autonomous Royal Prussia (see Chełmno Voivodship).

In 1772 as a result of the First Partition of Poland, Chełmno Land (with the exception of Toruń) was seized by the Kingdom of Prussia. Between 1807 and 1815 Chełmno Land was a part of the Duchy of Warsaw. In 1815 it become part of the Grand Duchy of Poznań, but in 1817 Chełmno Land was included in West Prussia.

Following the Treaty of Versailles in 1919, Chełmno Land returned to Poland in January 1920. In first days of September 1939 occupied by Germany, October 1939 annexed, January 1945 captured by Red Army and returned to Poland.

References

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External links

Clans of the Old Prussians
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Included by
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