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| ], preserved at a ] in the Arizona Desert.]] | |||
| A '''toilet''' is a ] and disposal system primarily intended for the disposal of the ]: ] and ]. Additionally, ] waste is sometimes disposed in toilets in western societies, but should only be disposed of in this manner if the pad or tampon is specifically designed to be flushed. The word "toilet" can be used to refer to the fixture itself or to the room containing the fixture, especially in ]. In ], the latter is euphemistically called a ''washroom'', and in ], a ''restroom''. | |||
| There are two basic types of toilets: the dry toilet, and the wet toilet - the latter being the most commonly known and producer of ]. The ] needs no plumbing for water input or evacuation, but is often coupled with some ventilation system. | |||
| The ancient cities of ]<ref></ref> and ]<ref></ref> which are located in present day ] & ] had ]s attached to a sophisticated ]<ref></ref>—and other forms of toilets were used both in the time of the ]s and ]s as well.<ref></ref> Although a precursor to the modern ] system was designed in 1596 by ],<ref></ref> the toilet did not enter into widespread use until the late nineteenth century, when it was adopted in English upper class residences.<ref>http://www.amazon.com/Poop-Culture-America-Grossest-National/dp/193259521X Poop Culture: How America is Shaped by its Grossest National Product by Dave Praeger ISBN 1-932-59521-X</ref> | |||
| Nearly 40 percent of the world's population lacks access to toilets.<ref></ref> | |||
| ==Types of toilets== | |||
| ] as seen in some parts of Europe and Asia.]] | |||
| There are also many different ways to clean oneself after using the toilet. A lot depends on national ] and local resources. The most common choice in the ] is ], sometimes used in conjunction with the ]. (See ] and ] for a discussion of the many alternatives used through history and in different cultures.) In the ] and some countries in ], and ]n countries such as ] and ], the custom is to use ], either with or without toilet paper.{{Fact|date=May 2007}} Traditionally, the left hand is used for this, for which reason that hand is considered impolite or polluted in many eastern countries.{{Fact|date=May 2007}} | |||
| The most common type of toilet in modern cities is the ], in which water takes away the waste through ] to a ]. In rural areas where sewers are not practical, ] may be installed instead. | |||
| The most common design in first-world countries is the sitting toilet. Some other countries use the ]. | |||
| {| | |||
| ! Main designs !! Specialty designs | |||
| |- | |||
| | style="width:50%" valign="top"| | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| ** Wall-hung urinal | |||
| ** Floor-length urinal | |||
| ** Gutter type urinal | |||
| ** ] | |||
| | style="width:50%" | | |||
| * Toilet with built-in ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * Dry toilet (i.e. no water used for flushing) | |||
| ** ]: very common in ] grounds in the United States. Also known as an ] in the U.S. | |||
| ** ]: Very commonly found in ] grounds in Europe, and large climbing ]s. Also found in some modern ecologically designed buildings. | |||
| ** Urine-diverting & dry composting: a source-separation toilet that keeps urine and feces separate and simplifies the composting process. Can also be called an ] (from ]) toilet, and is a viable alternative to flush sanitation in urban areas . | |||
| ** ] | |||
| ** ], a system for converting human faeces to ] | |||
| * ]: a toilet on a boat, which has a ] to bring cleaning seawater in and pump waste overboard or into a holding tank. | |||
| |} | |||
| ===Public toilets=== | |||
| {{main|Public toilet}}{{Merge|Public toilet|date=August 2008}} | |||
| ] in the Netherlands.]] | |||
| ] | |||
| Public toilets, public lavatories, or public conveniences are toilets that are accessible to the general public with common access from the street. Conveniences being the collective term for male and female designated toilets, convenience (]) usually acquiring a gender attribute. | |||
| A public toilet may or may not cost money to use; for those that do, see "]". Between the categories of outright free and outright pay toilets, there is a grey area of toilets where a fee is expected, but not enforced. A charge levied in the UK during the mid-20th century was one ] penny, hence the generally adopted term "spend a penny" meaning to use the toilet.{{Fact|date=May 2007}} | |||
| Public facilities often have several toilets partitioned by ''stalls'' (US) or ''cubicles'' (UK). Facilities for men often also have separate urinals, either wall-mounted fixtures designed for a single user, or a constantly-draining basin or trough for collective use. Wall-mounted urinals are sometimes separated by small partitions or other obstructions for ], i.e., to keep the user's ] hidden from public view.{{Fact|date=May 2007}} | |||
| ] outdoor toilet]] | |||
| Outdoor public toilets (in the street, around parks, etc.) are a form of ]. For mixed sex arrangements, there are cubicles varying from simple devices with little or no ] to more luxurious versions that automatically clean themselves after every use (for the latter, see ]). Facilities without walls all around are typically for ] only, and for men only; although passers-by can see the urinating men from the back, they cannot see the genitals.{{Fact|date=May 2007}} These street urinals are known as ''Pissoirs'' after the French term (see ]). | |||
| Some facilities are mobile, and can thus be put in place where and when needed, e.g., for a weekend at an entertainment venue. Additionally, some can be sunk into the ground (and thereby made inoperable), for the periods that they are not needed. The idea behind this is that some people do not like the sight of a public toilet in the street, and they are more easily hidden than repeatedly moved. This type is typically installed in entertainment areas and made operational during weekend evenings and nights. | |||
| ] by apparently making it harder to locate the veins.{{Fact|date=February 2007}}]] | |||
| A ] is an outdoor public toilet with walls which can either be connected to the local ] or store the waste and be emptied from time to time. Space shuttles empty waste out into outer space. Many toilets can be cleaned on the spot, or at a central location in the case of a mobile toilet or urinal. In Europe, public toilets are also set up for cities as a compensation for advertising permits. They are part of a ] contract between the out-of-home advertising company and the city council. The reason for this combination is the shortage in city budgets. | |||
| Terms used to identify a public toilet will vary from region to region. ''The Gents'' and ''The Ladies'' are commonly used ] terms meaning the male and female toilet respectively. Some ]an public toilets may be marked ]; while in the ] the label "CR" (comfort room) is common. | |||
| Some public toilets have begun to be provided with flushable paper ] covers which allow the user the comfort of knowing that they are not in contact with a surface previously used by a stranger. There is however no medical evidence that these prevent the spread of disease.<ref> Ask Lucy archive on paper toilet seat covers. June 28, 2006 </ref> | |||
| ====Toilets for people with disabilities==== | |||
| Some toilet areas (otherwise known as "stalls"), are specially adapted for people with ]. These are wide enough to allow the entry and use by a person in a ], and often feature hand-holds or ] bolted to the wall, enabling the person to maneuver onto the toilet, if necessary. Some countries have legal requirements for the accessibility of toilets. {{See|Accessible toilets}} | |||
| ====Gender and public toilets==== | |||
| ] is characteristic of public toilets to the extent that ]s of a man or a woman are used to indicate where their respective toilets are. These pictograms are sometimes enclosed within standard geometric forms to reinforce this information, with a circle representing a women's toilet and a triangle representing a men's facility. Pictograms depicting men and women in traditional dress (men in pants, women in skirts) have been criticized for perpetuating gender stereotypes. Standard ]s are rarely used. | |||
| In restaurants, bars and night clubs, the identifications can be ] to match the decoration of the premises, using male and female figures or parts of the body, text, or even puns, making it difficult for some patrons to identify them<ref name="Restaurant News">'''', ], Sept 13, 1999 by ], ].</ref>. | |||
| Sex-separated public toilets are a source of difficulty for some people. For example, people with children of the opposite sex must choose between bringing the child into a toilet not designated for the child's gender, or entering a toilet not designated for one's own. Men caring for babies often find that only the women's washroom has been fitted with a change table. People with disabilities who need assistance to use the restroom have an additional problem if their helper is the opposite ]. | |||
| Sex-separated public toilets are often difficult to negotiate for ]ed or ] people, who are often subject to embarrassment, harassment, or even assault or arrest by others offended by the presence of a person they interpret as being of the other gender (whether due to their outward presentation or their genital status). Transgendered people have been arrested for using not only bathrooms that correspond to their gender of identification, but also ones that correspond to the sex they were born with. | |||
| {| align="right" | |||
| | ] | |||
| | ] | |||
| |- | |||
| | colspan="2" align="center" | See also: ] | |||
| |} | |||
| Many existing public toilets ]. Additionally, some public places (such as facilities targeted to the transgendered or ] communities, and a few universities and offices) provide individual washrooms that are not gender-specified, specifically in order to respond to the concerns of gender-variant people; but this remains very rare and often controversial. Various courts have ruled on whether transgendered people have the right to use the washroom of their gender of identification. | |||
| A significant number of facilities have additional gender-neutral public toilets for a different reason — they are marked not for being for females or males, but as being accessible to persons with disabilities, and are adequately equipped to allow a person using a wheelchair and/or with mobility concerns to use them. | |||
| ] includes segregated toilets among the measures to ensure the safety of girls in schools<ref name="AI">'''', ], Document ACT 77/008/2007, November 2007.</ref> | |||
| ====Family restrooms==== | |||
| Another recent development in public toilets is the "family restroom". Family restrooms are ] that contain multiple stalls designed for maximum privacy and a communal washing area for use by both genders. The family restroom is designed so that a parent with a young child of the opposite gender can bring the child into the restroom with them without the concerns associated with single-gender restrooms. Family restrooms have started appearing in newly-built sports ], amusement ], ], and major ]. | |||
| ====Toilets in public transport==== | |||
| There are usually toilets in ]s, ] trains, and often in long-distance buses and ], but not in ]s, ]es, ]s, and other buses. Many newer trains have a waste reservoir, but, in older trains and still in some newer ones, the contents simply fall on the tracks, hence the notice which appears in many train toilets: "Please do not flush while the train is standing at a station". | |||
| Lavatories on aircraft consist of a sink, a waste bin, and a toilet. On many newer aircraft the toilet does not flush with water; rather, suction removes the waste into a collection bin below cabin level. This type is generically known as a vacuum lavatory. Older aircraft use a lavatory tank below the toilet (normally hidden by a hinged "flapper valve" at the bottom of the toilet bowl) and a pump to filter and recirculate lavatory fluid to facilitate flushing. {{facts|date=August 2008}} | |||
| :''See also:'' ] | |||
| ===Private toilets=== | |||
| Toilets in private homes are almost never separated by sex. However, the size of a home or facility bears on the availability of options. Small facilities are limited by their space to the toilet options they can offer; it is more common to find a higher number of choices in a large facility. The same is true for homes; in more affluent households in the USA, where the homes are usually larger, bathrooms are also often more spacious than average, and more numerous. In such homes, bathrooms (especially master bathrooms) are increasingly being designed with a small adjoining room exclusively for the toilet, as well as separate washing basins. This makes it easier for couples who share a bathroom to maintain their desired level of privacy and personal space. In Australia, it has long been the case that the toilet is in a separate room from the bathroom. | |||
| ==="High-tech" toilets=== | |||
| Advanced technology is being integrated into toilets with more functions, especially in Japan (see ]). The biggest maker of these toilets is ]. Such toilets can cost anywhere from US$200 to $5,000. The features are operated by control pads (sometimes with bilingual labels), and even hand-held remote control devices. Some of these features are | |||
| *Automatic-flushing mechanisms, operated by a ] or other sensor. Typically these flush a toilet when the user stands up, ]]] or flush a urinal when the user steps away. | |||
| *Water jets, or "bottom washers" like a ], as an alternative to toilet paper | |||
| *The "Portable ]", Toto's portable hand-held bottom washer | |||
| *Blow dryers, to dry the body after use of water jets | |||
| *Artificial flush sounds, to mask noises such as body functions | |||
| *Urine and stool analysis, for medical monitoring. Matsushita's "Smart Toilet" checks blood pressure, temperature, and blood sugar. | |||
| *Digital clock, to monitor time spent in the bathroom | |||
| *Automatic lid operation, to open and close the lid | |||
| *Heated seats (Some of these toilets have been known to catch on fire){{Fact|date=September 2007}} | |||
| *Deodorizing fans | |||
| *Automated paper toilet-seat-cover replacers, which automatically replace a paper toilet-seat cover with the push of a button. | |||
| *Electric Toilet Brushes | |||
| *New to the United States, but used in Europe and Israel for over a decade are dual flush toilets. Two buttons allow for the user to select between a flush for urine or feces. Because the density of urine is nearly equal to that of the water around it, it requires far less water to flush into a home's sewage system. Because most of a households' flushes are for urine, dual flush toilets can save a significant amount of water.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cronkitenews.jmc.asu.edu/?p=315|title=TUCSON LAWMAKER WANTS TAX CREDITS FOR WATER-CONSERVING TOILETS|publisher=Cronkite News Service|accessdate=2008-03-12}}</ref> | |||
| ==="Lo-tech" toilets=== | |||
| According to '''The Global Water Supply and Sanitation Assessment 2000''' by the ], 40% of the global population does not have access to ''excreta disposal facilities'', mostly in Asia and Africa. There are efforts to design toilets that are easy to build and maintain with simple materials, that are also hygienic. The ] has created some . | |||
| {{seealso|Outhouse}} | |||
| ===Toilets on fire-resistance rated floors=== | |||
| ]ping versus mechanical ] firestopping.]] | |||
| Toilets in multi-storey ]s, located on ] floors typically require at least two ], which can compromise the rating of the floor if left untreated. One opening is for the fresh water supply to flush and/or fill the water tank. The other through-penetration is for the drain pipe. The fresh water supply line requires routine firestopping. The drain pipe, however, is exempt from firestopping in many ]s, particularly when noncombustible ] is used, because the penetration terminates on the unexposed side in a ceramic bowl filled with water, which can withstand significant fires. ] firestops are often used, in the event ] pipes are used for toilet drains, so that the melting plastic pipe is choked off in the event of an accidental fire. It is, however, customary to fill the metallic drain pipe ] with ] ]. Even with the best of intentions, it would be difficult for the firestopper to install a ], because he is not allowed or inclined to remove the flange, which is what is partially used to support the drain pipe below during the installation process. | |||
| == Grey water == | |||
| {{seealso|Greywater}} | |||
| In some areas with water shortage issues, in order to conserve levels of ], some installations use grey water for toilets. Grey water is waste water produced from processes such as washing dishes, laundry and bathing. | |||
| {{Cleanup-remainder|May 2007|date=September 2007}} | |||
| ==History== | |||
| ]]] | |||
| According to Teresi et al. (2002):<ref>Teresi et al. 2002</ref> | |||
| <blockquote>The third millennium B.C. was the "Age of Cleanliness." Toilets and sewers were invented in several parts of the world, and ] circa 2800 B.C. had some of the most advanced, with lavatories built into the outer walls of houses. These were "Western-style" toilets made from bricks with wooden seats on top. They had vertical chutes, through which waste fell into street drains or cesspits. ], the director general of archaeology in India from 1944 to 1948, wrote, "The high quality of the sanitary arrangements could well be envied in many parts of the world today."</blockquote><blockquote> Nearly all of the hundreds of houses excavated had their own bathing rooms. Generally located on the ground floor, the bath was made of brick, sometimes with a surrounding curb to sit on. The water drained away through a hole in the floor, down chutes or pottery pipes in the walls, into the municipal drainage system. Even the fastidious ] rarely had special bathrooms.</blockquote> | |||
| The earliest toilets (if indeed they are) so far found are those at ] in the ], which was occupied from about 3100 BC until 2500 BC. Some of the houses there have a drain running directly beneath them, and some of these had a cubicle over the drain. The people of the ] in ] and north-western ] had water-flushing toilets in each house that were linked with drains covered with burnt clay bricks. Around the 18th century BC, toilets started to appear in ]; ] in the time of the ] and ancient ]. In ] civilization, toilets were sometimes part of public ]s. | |||
| ] | |||
| Roman toilets, like the ones pictured here, are commonly thought to be used in the sitting position. But sitting toilets only came into general use in the mid-19th century in the western world.<ref>A History of Technology, Vol.IV: The Industrial Revolution, 1750-1850. (C. Singer, E Holmyard, A Hall, T. Williams eds) Oxford Clarendon Press, pps. 507-508, 1958</ref> The Roman toilets were probably elevated to raise them above open sewers, rather than for sitting. ] are still used by the majority of the world's population.<ref> Kira A. The Bathroom. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1976, revised edition, pp.115,116.</ref> | |||
| ]]] | |||
| ]'s ''Marriage a la Mode'' series, 1743. A young countess receives her lover, tradesmen, hangers-on, and an Italian tenor as she finishes her toilette<ref> See Egerton op cit</ref>]] | |||
| {{clear}} | |||
| ==Etymology== | |||
| The word "toilet" came to be used in ] along with other ]. It originally referred to the ''toile'', French for "cloth", draped over a lady or gentleman's shoulders whilst their hair was being dressed, and then (in both French and English) by extension to the various elements, and also the whole complex of operations of ] and body care that centered at a dressing table, also covered by a cloth, on which stood a ] and various brushes and containers for powder and make-up: this ensemble was also a '']'', as also was the period spent at the table, during which close friends or tradesmen were often received.<ref>National Gallery Catalogues (new series): ''The British School'', Judy Egerton, p. 167, 1998, ISBN 1857091701, describing the famous Hogarth painting ''The Toilette'' from the '']'' series.</ref> The English poet ] in '']'' (1717) described the intricacies of a lady's preparation: | |||
| {{cquote|And now, unveil'd, the toilet stands display'd | |||
| Each silver vase in mystic order laid.}} These various senses are first recorded by the ] in rapid sequence in the later 17th century: the set of "articles required or used in dressing" 1662, the "action or process of dressing" 1681, the cloth on the table 1682, the cloth round the shoulders 1684, the table itself 1695, and the "reception of visitors by a lady during the concluding stages of her toilet" 1703 (also known as a "toilet-call"), but in the sense of a special room the earliest use is 1819, and this does not seem to include a lavatory.<ref>All ] (1st edn) for "toilet". The sequence of recorded first use may not exactly match the sequence in which they actually came into use </ref> | |||
| Through the 18th century, everywhere in the ]-speaking world, these various uses centred around a lady's draped dressing-table remained dominant. In the 19th century, apparently first in the United States,<ref>The original ] regards the use for a room including washing, bathing and/or lavatory facilities as "in U.S. esp."(ecially), and does not produce a quotation for the restricted sense as a lavatory, referring to "Funk's Standard Dictionary". ] Ist Edn "Toilet"</ref> the word was adapted as a genteel euphemism for the room and the object as we know them now, perhaps following the ] usage ''cabinet de toilette'', much as ''powder-room'' may be coyly used today, and this has been linked to the introduction of public toilets, for example on railway ]s, which required a plaque on the door. The original usages have become obsolete, and the table has become a ''dressing-table''. | |||
| Vestiges of the original meaning continue to be reflected in terms such as ''toiletries'', '']'' and ''toilet bag'' (to carry flannels, soaps, etc). This seemingly contradictory terminology has served as the basis for various ] e.g. '']'' magazine ("If it doesn't say 'eau de toilette' on the label, it most likely doesn't come from the famed region of Eau de Toilette in ] and might not even come from toilets at all.") | |||
| ] department store are branded as 'Toilets'.]] | |||
| The word ''toilet'' itself may be considered an ] word in the United States, whilst elsewhere the word is used without any embarrassment. The choice of the word used instead of ''toilet'' is highly variable, not just by regional ] but also, at least in ], by ] connotations. ] wrote an essay out of the choice of wording; see ]. Some manufacturers show this uneasiness with the word and its class attributes: ], the largest manufacturer, sells them as "toilets", yet the higher priced products of the ], often installed in more expensive housing, are sold as '']s'' or ''closets'', words which also carry other meanings. Confusingly, products imported from ] such as ] are referred to as "toilets", even though they carry the cachet of higher cost and quality. When referring to the room or the actual piece of equipment, the word ''toilet'' is often substituted with other ]s and ]s (See '']''). | |||
| As old euphemisms have become accepted, they have been progressively replaced by newer ones, an example of the ] at work. The choice of word used to describe the room or the piece of plumbing relies as much on regional variation (]) as on social situation and level of formality (]). | |||
| ===Lavatory=== | |||
| The term ''lavatory'', abbreviated in slang to ''lav'', derives from the ] ''lavātōrium'', which in turn comes from Latin ''lavāre'', to wash. It used to refer to a vessel for washing, such as a ]/], and thus came to mean a room with washing vessels. Since these rooms often also contain toilets, the meaning evolved into its current one, namely the polite and formal euphemism for a toilet and the room containing it. '''Lavatory''' is the common ] for toilets on commercial ] around the world, see ]. | |||
| ===Loo=== | |||
| ], Birmingham, England, United Kingdom]] | |||
| The origin of the (chiefly British) term ''loo'' is unknown. According to the OED, the etymology is obscure, but it might derive from the word Waterloo. The first recorded entry is in fact from ]'s ''] (1922)'': "O yes, mon loup. How much cost? Waterloo. Watercloset". | |||
| Other theories are: | |||
| * That it derives from the term "gardyloo" (a corruption of the ] phrase ''gardez l'eau'' (or maybe: Garde de l'eau!) loosely translated as "watch out for the water!") which was used in ] ] when ]s were emptied from a window onto the street. However the first recorded usage of "loo" comes long after this term became obsolete. | |||
| * That the word comes from ] terminology, loo being an old-fashioned word for ]. The standard nautical pronunciation (in ]) of ''leeward'' is ''looward''. Early ships were not fitted with toilets but the crew would urinate over the side of the vessel. However it was important to use the ] side. Using the ] side would result in the urine blown back on board: hence the phrases 'pissing into the wind' and 'spitting into the wind'. Even now most yachtsmen refer to ''the loo'' rather than ''the ]. | |||
| * That the word derives from the 17th century preacher ]. Bordaloue's sermons at the in ] lasted at least three hours and myth has it that wealthier ladies took along "travelling" ]s that could be hidden under their dresses whenever the need arose to avoid the need to leave. Due to the popularity of the myth the bowls became known as Bordaloues after the preacher and the name became corrupted to portaloos and sometimes just plain loos due to the habit of shortening words in slang. | |||
| ===WC=== | |||
| The ''WC'' refers to the initial letters of ], used commonly in France (pronounced "le vay-say" or "le vater") and Hungary (pronounced "vey-tsay"). The term is also used in the Netherlands (pronounced "waysay"), Germany (pronounced "vey-tsay") and Poland (pronounced "vu-tse"). In Mexico, ''WC'' is very common to indicate a public toilet, although the majority of the people there may not know the meaning of the mysterious letters on the door. The same can be said for Finland. {{Fact|date=April 2007}} Quite why the English expression should have become international is not clear. | |||
| ===Khazi=== | |||
| ] ] derives ''khazi'', also spelt karzy, kharsie or carzey, from a low ] word ''carsey'' originating in the late 19th century and meaning a privvy. Carsey also referred to a den or ]. It is presumably derived from the ] ''casa'' ] house, with the spelling influenced by similar sound to khaki. Khazi is now most commonly used in the city of Liverpool in the UK, away from its cockney slang roots.<ref>"Why Do We Say?" (1987) by ]</ref> ], NSW]] | |||
| ===Dunny=== | |||
| ''The Dunny'' is an ] expression for an outside toilet. See ].The person who appeared weekly to empty the pan beneath the seat was known as the dunnyman. The word derives from the British dialect word dunnekin, meaning dung-house.<ref></ref> | |||
| It is now an informal word used for any lavatory and is most often used referring to drop or pit lavatories in the ]. | |||
| ===Privy=== | |||
| ''The Privy'' is an old fashioned term used more in the ] and in ]; "privy" is an old alternative for "private", as in ]. It is used interchangeably in North America for various terms for the ]. | |||
| ===Derivations of "house"=== | |||
| Standalone toilets has been variously known as backhouse, house of ease, house of office, little house, or ].<ref>Ward Bucher (1996) "Dictionary of Building Preservation", ISBN 0471144134</ref> | |||
| The "house of office" was a common name for a toilet in seventeenth century England, used by, among others, ] on numerous occasions: ''October 23, 1660: ...going down into my cellar..., I put my foot into a great heap of turds, by which I find Mr Turner's house of office is full and comes into my cellar.''<ref>"The Diary of Samuel Pepys", Samuel Pepys, Mynors Bright, Richard Griffin (1892) </ref> | |||
| ===Latrine=== | |||
| '']'' is a term common in the military, specifically for the Army and Air Force for any point of entry facility where human waste is disposed of, which a civilian might call a bathroom or toilet, regardless of how modern or primitive it is. The United States Navy and Marine Corps use the nautical term ] to describe the same type of facility, regardless of whether it is located on a ship or on the land. | |||
| ] (]).]] | |||
| ==Culture== | |||
| ===Toilet training=== | |||
| An important part of ] is ]. | |||
| ===Graffiti=== | |||
| Public toilets have been associated with ], often of a transgressive, ]py, or low-brow humorous nature (cf. ]). The word ''latrinalia'' --from ''latrine'' 'toilet' and ''-alia'', signifying a worthless collection--was coined to describe this kind of graffiti. A famous example of such artwork, was featured on the album cover of the satirical Tony-award Broadway musical ], using felt tip pen scribblings. | |||
| ===Popular culture=== | |||
| In November, 2007, the twelfth restaurant in a toilet-themed chain opened in Taipei. | |||
| == How toilet cisterns work == | |||
| ] cell toilet with built-in washbasin]] | |||
| Cisterns are either lever or push button operated. Cisterns operated by a push button are available in single (6L) or dual flush (3L/6L) depending on the range. The majority of cisterns are now internal overflow; this means in the event of a failure, the water will be contained within the unit. A ] is an apparatus which serves several WC pans from one long cistern body. It is designed in this way to allow more frequent flushing. These can be found in schools, colleges and public toilets although are becoming less common. | |||
| === How they are made === | |||
| Pottery is made by a blend of clays, fillers and fluxes being fused together during the firing process. A white or coloured glaze is applied and is fused chemically and physically to the clay body during the same firing process. The finished product (vitreous china) has a very hard surface and is resistant to fading, staining, burning, scratching and acid attack. Due to the firing process and natural clays used, it is normal for the product to vary in size and shape, and +/- 5mm is normal. | |||
| ==Manufacturers== | |||
| List of manufacturers of toilets and fixtures: | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * Claytan | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * Eljer | |||
| * Evac | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * Karat | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * Victory | |||
| * ] | |||
| == Further reading== | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| *''Slanguage - a Dictionary of Irish slang'' by Bernard Share. (Dublin,1997) ISBN 0-7171-2683-8 | |||
| *''Temples of Convenience - And Chambers of Delight'' by ] (NPI Media Group, 2006) ISBN 075243893X | |||
| *''Thunder, Flush and Thomas Crapper'' by ] (Michael O'Mara Books, 1997), ISBN 1570760810. | |||
| *{{cite book | last = Teresi| first = Dick | coauthors = et al. | title = Lost Discoveries: The Ancient Roots of Modern Science--from the Babylonians to the Maya | publisher = Simon & Schuster| date =2002 | location = New York| pages = 351-352 || isbn = 0-684-83718-8 }} | |||
| ==References== | |||
| {{reflist}} | |||
| == See also == | |||
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| * ], for his publications ''The Good Loo Guide'' (to London), ''Guide Porcelaine to the Loos of Paris'', and ''The Better John Guide'' (to New York). | |||
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| * ] (zero gravity toilet) | |||
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| * ] (organizers of the annual "World Toilet Summit") | |||
| ==External links== | |||
| {{Commons|Toilet}} | |||
| {{external links|date=November 2007}} | |||
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| {{wikinews|Australians need bigger toilets}} | |||
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| * The UK's largest database of public toilets | |||
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| * - The Pub Review guide focusing on toilets. | |||
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| * - French website with toilet picture gallery | |||
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| * - A short history of wells and toilets, free book in pdf format (2005) | |||
| * - A short history of the toilet. | |||
| * | |||
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Revision as of 13:23, 24 August 2008
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