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| {{Redirect9|HK}} | |||
| {{Infobox Country | |||
| |native_name = 香港特別行政區 | |||
| |conventional_long_name = Hong Kong Special Administrative Region | |||
| |common_name = Hong Kong | |||
| |image_flag = Flag of Hong Kong.svg | |||
| |image_coat = Hong Kong SAR Regional Emblem.svg | |||
| |symbol_type = Emblem | |||
| |image_map = Hong Kong Night Skyline.jpg | |||
| |map_caption = View at night from ] | |||
| |image_map2 = Hong Kong Location.svg | |||
| |map2_width = 250px | |||
| |official_languages =<!-- DO NOT ADD CANTONESE TO THIS, the official languages are stated in the Basic Law as "Chinese and English" -->], ] <ref>The ] states that the official languages are "Chinese and English". It does not explicitly specify the standard for "Chinese". While ] and ]s are used as the spoken and written standards in ], ] and ]s are the long-established '']'' standards in Hong Kong. ''See also: ]''</ref> | |||
| |demonym = ] | |||
| |leader_title1 = ] | |||
| |leader_name1 = Sir ] | |||
| |leader_title2 = ] | |||
| |leader_name2 = ] | |||
| |legislature = ] | |||
| |sovereignty_type = ] | |||
| |established_event1 = ] | |||
| |established_date1 = 29 August 1842 | |||
| |established_event2 = ] | |||
| |established_date2 = 25 December 1941 –<br />15 August 1945 | |||
| |established_event3 = ] | |||
| |established_date3 = 1 July 1997 | |||
| |area_magnitude = 1 E9 | |||
| |area_km2 = 1,104 | |||
| |area_rank = 183rd | |||
| |area_sq_mi = 426 <!--Do not remove per WP:MOSNUM--> | |||
| |percent_water = 4.6 | |||
| |population_estimate = 6,985,200<ref></ref> | |||
| |population_estimate_year = 2008 | |||
| |population_estimate_rank = 98th | |||
| |population_census = 6,708,389 | |||
| |population_census_year = 2001 | |||
| |population_density_km2 = 6,352 | |||
| |population_density_sq_mi = 16,469 <!--Do not remove per WP:MOSNUM--> | |||
| |population_density_rank = 4th | |||
| |GDP_PPP = ]292.8 billion | |||
| |GDP_PPP_rank = 38th | |||
| |GDP_PPP_year = 2007 | |||
| |GDP_PPP_per_capita = US$41,994 | |||
| |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 10th | |||
| |GDP_nominal = US$206.7 billion | |||
| |GDP_nominal_rank = 37th | |||
| |GDP_nominal_year = 2007 | |||
| |GDP_nominal_per_capita = US$29,650 | |||
| |GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 27th | |||
| |HDI = {{increase}} 0.937 | |||
| |HDI_rank = 21st | |||
| |HDI_year = 2007 | |||
| |HDI_category = <font color="#009900">high</font> | |||
| |Gini = <!-- DO NOT USE CIA World Factbook. The Gini index is a parameter in calculating the HDI so the Gini index and the HDI should be from the same source, i.e. Human Development Report 2007/2008 -->43.4<ref></ref> | |||
| |Gini_year = 2007 | |||
| |currency = ] | |||
| |currency_code = HKD | |||
| |time_zone = ] | |||
| |utc_offset = +8 | |||
| |cctld = ] | |||
| |calling_code = 852 | |||
| }} | |||
| '''Hong Kong''' ({{zh-c|c=]]}}), officially the '''Hong Kong Special Administrative Region''',<ref> The name was often written as ''Hongkong'' until the ] officially adopted the current form in 1926 (Hongkong Government Gazette, Notification 479, 3 September 1926). Nevertheless, some century-old organisations still use the name, such as the ] and ]. While the names of most cities in the People's Republic of China are ] into English using ], the official English name is ''Hong Kong'' rather than the pinyin ''Xianggang''. ''See also: ]''</ref> is a territory located on ]'s south coast on the ], and borders ] province in the north and faces the ] in the east, west and south. It has a population of 6.9 million people, and is one of the most densely populated areas in the world.<ref>{{cite book | last=Ash | first=Russell | authorlink=Russell Ash | title=The Top 10 of Everything 2007 | origyear=2006 | publisher=] | isbn=0-600-61532-4 | pages=p78 }}</ref> | |||
| Beginning as a trading port, Hong Kong became a ] of the ] in 1842, and remained so until the ] to the ] in 1997.<ref name=otd>{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/1/newsid_2656000/2656973.stm |title=On This Day: 1997: Hong Kong handed over to Chinese control |publisher=BBC |accessdate=2008-09-09}}</ref> Along with ], Hong Kong is one of two ] and is generally not considered as part of ].<ref>So, Alvin Y. Lin, Nan. Poston, Dudley L. Contributor Professor, So, Alvin Y. (2001). The Chinese Triangle of Mainland China, Taiwan and Hong Kong. Greenwood Publishing. ISBN 0313308691.</ref> Under the "]" policy, Hong Kong has a high degree of ], is largely self-governing,<ref name=sbjd>{{cite web |url=http://en.wikisource.org/Sino-British_Joint_Declaration |title=Sino-British Joint Declaration |accessdate=2008-09-08}}</ref> and maintains a highly ] economy.<ref name=sbjd /> | |||
| Renowned for its expansive skyline and natural setting, Hong Kong is one of the world's leading ] and a major business and cultural hub.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.moneymorning.com/2008/05/21/hong-kong-gaining-prominence-as-leading-global-financial-center-2/ |title=Hong Kong Gaining Prominence as Leading Global Financial Center |author=Jennifer Yousfi |publisher=Money Morning |date=2008-05-21 |accessdate=2008-09-11}}</ref> Its identity as a cosmopolitan centre where east meets west is reflected in its ], ], ] and traditions,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.discoverhongkong.com/eng/heritage/index.jhtml |title=Heritage |publisher=DiscoverHongKong |accessdate=2008-07-09}}</ref> and although the population is predominantly ], residents and ]s of other ethnicities form a small but significant segment of society.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.censtatd.gov.hk/hong_kong_statistics/statistical_tables/index.jsp?htmlTableID=139&excelID=&chartID=&tableID=139&ID=&subjectID=1 |title=Population by Ethnicity, 2001 and 2006 |publisher=Census and Statistics Department, Hong Kong Government |accessdate=2008-09-09}}</ref> | |||
| {{toclimit|2}} | |||
| ==Etymology== | |||
| {{Hong Kong pronunciation}} | |||
| The ]-language name "Hong Kong" is an approximate phonetic rendering of the ] or ] name "香港", meaning "fragrant harbour" or "incense harbour".<ref name="etym">{{cite book |last=Room |first=Adrian |title=Placenames of the World |url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=M1JIPAN-eJ4C&pg=PA168&lpg=PA168&dq=hong+kong+etymology+fragrant+harbor&source=web&ots=idqkH_NOZK&sig=tDrezBcwrNKBib14Z6XRa-z9VhI&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=10&ct=result |year=2005 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=0786422483 |pages=p168}}</ref> | |||
| The original "fragrant harbour" was a small inlet between the island of ] and the south side of ], now known as ] in English, but still called "Heung Gong Tsai" (Little Hong Kong) in Cantonese.<ref>{{cite book |author=Bishop, Kevin; Roberts, Annabel |title=China's Imperial Way |url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1c0UyPNF_I0C&pg=PT216&lpg=PT216&dq=%22Heung+Gong+Tsai%22&source=web&ots=hwfbi_cIdH&sig=O12V-P04XM9fFJl7xWxFKLMW5Kw&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=3&ct=result#PPT214,M1 |year=1997 |publisher=China Books |isbn=9622175112 |pages=p218}}</ref> The fragrance came from ] grown to the north of ] that was stored around Aberdeen Harbour for export, before the development of ].<ref name=etym /> The village of Heung Gong Tsuen on Ap Lei Chau is perhaps the earliest recorded use of the name. | |||
| ==History== | |||
| {{main|History of Hong Kong}} | |||
| Human settlement in the area now known as Hong Kong dates back to the ] era. The region was first incorporated into ] during the ], and served as a trading post and ] during the ] and the ] dynasties. The area's earliest recorded ]an visitor was ], a ] ] who arrived in 1513. <ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=IHjyAAAACAAJ|author=Jonathan Porter|title=Macau, the Imaginary City: Culture and Society, 1557 to the Present|publisher=Westview Press|year=1996|isbn=0813328365}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=mXoFscQ2QwsC|author=Richard L. Edmonds|title=China and Europe Since 1978: A European Perspective|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2002|isbn=0521524032}}</ref> | |||
| In 1839 the refusal by ] authorities to import ] resulted in the ] between China and ]. ] became occupied by British forces in 1841, and was formally ceded to Britain under the ] at the end of the war. The British established a ] with the founding of ] the following year. In 1860, after China's defeat in the ], ] south of ] and ] were ceded to Britain under the ]. In 1898 Britain obtained a 99-year lease of ] and the adjacent northern lands, which became known as the ].<ref name="Wiltshire">{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=vQIXIQAACAAJ|author=Trea Wiltshire|title=Old Hong Kong|publisher=FormAsia|year=1997|isbn=9627283134}}</ref> | |||
| ] was a major trading post of the ].]] | |||
| ]ese troops march along ] following the British surrender in 1941.]] | |||
| During the first half of the 20th century, Hong Kong was a ], serving as an ] of the ]. The British introduced an education system based on their own model, while the local Chinese population had little contact with the European community of wealthy ]s settled near ].<ref name="Wiltshire" /> | |||
| In conjunction with its military campaign in ], the ] invaded Hong Kong on 8 December 1941. The ] ended with British and ] defenders surrendering control of the colony to Japan on 25 December. During the ], civilians suffered widespread ]s, ], and ] due to forced exchange of currency for military notes. Hong Kong lost more than half of its population in the period between the invasion and Japan's surrender in 1945, when the United Kingdom resumed control of the colony.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.commondreams.org/headlines05/0418-04.htm|title=Thousands March in Anti-Japan Protest in Hong Kong|publisher=New York Times|date=]|accessdate=2008-02-01}}</ref> | |||
| Hong Kong's population recovered quickly as a wave of ] migrants arrived for refuge from the ongoing ]. With the proclamation of the ] in 1949, more migrants fled to Hong Kong in fear of persecution by the ].<ref name="Wiltshire" /> Many ]s in ] and ] also shifted their operations to Hong Kong.<ref name="Wiltshire" /> The colony became the sole place of contact between ] and the ], as the Chinese communist government increasingly isolated itself from outside influence. | |||
| As textile and manufacturing industries grew with the help of population growth and low cost of labour, Hong Kong rapidly industrialised, with its economy becoming driven by exports, and living standards rising steadily. The construction of ] in 1953 marked the beginning of the ] program, designed to cope with the huge influx of immigrants. Trade in Hong Kong accelerated even further when ], immediately north of Hong Kong, became a ] of the PRC, and established Hong Kong as the main source of foreign investment to the mainland. The later decades of the 20th century saw the economy shift from textiles and manufacturing to mainly services-based, as the financial and banking sectors became increasingly dominant. | |||
| ] | |||
| With the lease of the New Territories due to expire within two decades the governments of the United Kingdom and the People's Republic of China discussed the issue of Hong Kong's sovereignty in the 1980s. In 1984 the two countries signed the ], agreeing to transfer sovereignty to the People's Republic of China in 1997,<ref name="Wiltshire" /> and stipulating that Hong Kong would be governed as a ], retaining its laws and a high degree of autonomy for at least fifty years after the transfer. The ], which would serve as the constitutional document after the transfer, was ratified in 1990, and the ] occurred at midnight on 1 July 1997, marked by a ] at the ].<ref name="Wiltshire" /> | |||
| Hong Kong's economy was affected by the ] of 1997 that hit many ]n markets, and the lethal ] ] also surfaced that year. After a gradual recovery, Hong Kong suffered again due to an outbreak of ] in 2003.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.people.com.cn/200401/16/eng20040116_132721.shtml|title=Links between SARS, human genes discovered|publisher=People's Daily|date=]|accessdate=2008-02-01}}</ref> Today, Hong Kong continues to serve as an important global financial centre, but faces uncertainty over its future role with a growing ], and its relationship with the PRC government in areas such as democratic reform and universal suffrage. | |||
| ==Politics and government== | |||
| {{main|Politics of Hong Kong|Government of Hong Kong|Elections in Hong Kong}} | |||
| ], located at ], is the unicameral legislature of Hong Kong.]] | |||
| ] is the official residence of the ].]] | |||
| In accordance with the ], and reflecting the policy known as "]" by the ], Hong Kong enjoys a high degree of autonomy as a ] in all areas except defence and foreign affairs.<ref>Section 3(2) of the ''Sino-British Joint Declaration'' states in part, "The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region will enjoy a high degree of autonomy, except in foreign and defence affairs which are the responsibilities of the Central People's Government."</ref> The declaration stipulates that the region maintain its ] ] and guarantees the rights and freedoms of its people for at least 50 years beyond the ].<ref>Section 3(5) of the ''Sino-British Joint Declaration'' states that the social and economic systems and lifestyle in Hong Kong will remain unchanged, and mentions rights and freedoms ensured by law. Section 3(12) states in part, "The above-stated basic policies of the People's Republic of China ... will remain unchanged for 50 years."</ref> The ] is the ] that outlines executive, legislative and judicial authorities of government, although final authority for interpreting the Basic Law rests with the PRC government. | |||
| The government can be ] into: | |||
| *The executive: The ], headed by the ] who is chosen by the ] and must receive appointment by the ];<ref name="BasicLaw">{{cite web|url=http://www.info.gov.hk/basic_law/fulltext/|title=The Basic Law|publisher=Hong Kong Special Administrative Region|accessdate=2007-08-07}}</ref> | |||
| *The legislature: The ] with 60 members, half of which are directly elected by ], and headed by the ] who serves as the ];<ref name="BasicLaw" /> | |||
| *The ]: A politically-neutral body that implements policies and provides government services, where public servants are appointed based on qualifications, experience and ability;<ref name="BasicLaw" /> | |||
| *The judiciary: Comprising the ], the ] (which includes the ] and the ]), the ], and ]. | |||
| The Basic Law and ] have been major issues of political debate since the transfer of sovereignty. In 2002, the government's proposed ], which required the enactment of laws prohibiting acts of treason and subversion against the ], was met with fierce opposition, and eventually shelved.<ref name="BasicLaw" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hkhrm.org.hk/english/reports/present_abode.html|title=Presentation to Legislative Council on Right of Abode Issue|publisher=Hong Kong Human Rights Monitor|date=]|accessdate=2007-01-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.immd.gov.hk/ehtml/hksarvepid.htm|title= Right of Abode in HKSAR — Verification of Eligibility for Permanent Identity Card|publisher=Immigration Department, The Government of the Hong Kong SAR|date=]|accessdate=2008-02-01}}</ref> Debate between pro-Beijing groups and ] groups characterises ], with the latter generally supporting a faster pace of ].<ref name="Cohen">Cohen, Warren I. Kirby, William. (1997). Hong Kong Under Chinese Rule: The Economic and Political Implications of Reversion. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521627613</ref> | |||
| As it has never been a ], Hong Kong has never had its own ] forces. As a ] colony, defence was provided by the ] under the ].<ref>{{cite book |authors=Ahmed Shafiqul Huque, Grace O. M. Lee, Anthony Cheung |title=The Civil Service in Hong Kong |url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9Lqq7tp7n00C&pg=PA19&dq=governor+of+hong+kong+is+commander+in+chief&as_brr=3&ei=3wbNSOqsNpWszATNqZTPAg&sig=ACfU3U2A5FF6eiicjAiwdgfKxdQ3LhrO4A |year=1998 |publisher=Hong Kong University Press |isbn=9622094589 |pages=p19}}</ref> When the ] assumed sovereignty in 1997, the British barracks were replaced by a ], comprising ], ], and ]s, and under the command of the Chinese ].<ref name=otd /> The Basic Law protects local civil affairs against interference by resident military forces, and the ] remains responsible for the maintenance of public order.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://en.wikisource.org/Basic_Law_of_the_Hong_Kong_Special_Administrative_Region/Chapter_II |title=Basic Law of Hong Kong - Chapter II, Article 14 |accessdate=2008-09-14 }}</ref> | |||
| ==Legal system and judiciary== | |||
| {{main|Legal system of Hong Kong|Judiciary of Hong Kong}} | |||
| ] in ]]] | |||
| In contrast to ]'s ] system, Hong Kong continues to follow the ] tradition established during British rule. Hong Kong's courts are permitted to refer to decisions (]) rendered by courts of other common law jurisdictions,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://en.wikisource.org/Basic_Law_of_the_Hong_Kong_Special_Administrative_Region/Chapter_IV/Section_4 |title=Basic Law of Hong Kong - Chapter IV, Section 4, Article 84 |accessdate=2008-09-05 }}</ref> and judges from other common law jurisdictions are allowed to participate in proceedings of Hong Kong's ] and sit as Hong Kong judges.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://en.wikisource.org/Basic_Law_of_the_Hong_Kong_Special_Administrative_Region/Chapter_IV/Section_4 |title=Basic Law of Hong Kong - Chapter IV, Section 4, Article 82 |accessdate=2008-09-05 }}</ref> | |||
| Structurally, Hong Kong's court system consists of the ], the ], which is made up of the ] and the ], and the ], which includes the ]. Other adjudicative bodies include the Lands Tribunal, the Magistrates' Courts, the Juvenile Court, the Coroner's Court, the Labour Tribunal, the Small Claims Tribunal, and the Obscene Articles Tribunal, which is responsible for classifying non-video pornography to be circulated in Hong Kong. Justices of the ] are appointed by Hong Kong's ]. | |||
| The ] is the largest legal institution in Hong Kong, and its responsibilities involve ], judicial administration, prosecution, civil representation, legal and policy drafting and reform, and the legal profession. Aside from prosecuting criminal cases, officials of the Department of Justice also appear in court on behalf of the government in all civil and administrative lawsuits against the government. As protector of the ], it may apply for ]s and assign legal representation on behalf of the public to take part in such a trial.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.doj.gov.hk/eng/about/sjo.htm |title=About Us: Organisation chart of the Secretary for Justice's Office |publisher=Department of Justice, Government of Hong Kong |accessdate=2008-09-05}}</ref> The ] protects the Department of Justice from any interference.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://en.wikisource.org/Basic_Law_of_the_Hong_Kong_Special_Administrative_Region/Chapter_IV/Section_4 |title=Basic Law of Hong Kong - Chapter IV, Section 2, Article 63 |accessdate=2008-09-05 }}</ref> | |||
| ==Administrative districts== | |||
| {{Hong Kong districts imagemap}} | |||
| {{main|Districts of Hong Kong}} | |||
| Hong Kong is subdivided into 18 geographic districts for administrative purposes, each represented by a ] that advises the ] on local matters such as public facilities, community programmes, cultural activities and environmental improvements. There are a total of 534 district councils seats, 405 of which are elected, while the rest are appointed by the ] and 27 '']'' chairmen of rural committees.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gov.hk/en/about/abouthk/factsheets/docs/district_admin.pdf |title=Hong Kong - The Facts: District Administration |publisher=Hong Kong Government |accessdate=2008-08-31|format=PDF}}</ref> The government's ] communicates government policies and plans to the public through the district offices. | |||
| The 18 districts can be split into three areas, often used for statistical purposes. ] is the original 1842 colony, and contains Hong Kong's ] on its northern coast. ] is to the north across ], the southern part of which was ]. The much larger ] was the final ] in 1898. | |||
| As a ], Hong Kong is governed as a ], and as such there are no formal definitions for its ]. One such example is ], which was one of the first urban settlements in Hong Kong after it became a colony, and was considered Hong Kong's ] during British rule.<ref name="britannica">{{cite encyclopedia |year=1911 |title =Hong-Kong |encyclopedia=] |url=http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Hong-Kong |accessdate=2008-04-26}}</ref> Its historic boundary, along with that of ] and ], remain stated in law, but has not had any legal or administrative status since 1982. | |||
| ==Geography== | |||
| {{main|Geography of Hong Kong|Ecology of Hong Kong|Climate of Hong Kong}} | |||
| ] and ]]] | |||
| ] | |||
| Hong Kong is located on ]'s south coast, {{convert|60|km|mi|abbr=on}} east of ] on the opposite side of the ]. It is surrounded by the ] on the east, south, and west, and borders the ] of ] in ] to the north over the ]. The territory's {{convert|1104|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} land area consists primarily of ], ], ] and the ] as well as some 260 other islands.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.censtatd.gov.hk/FileManager/EN/Content_810/geog.pdf|title=Geography and Climate, Hong Kong |accessdate=2007-01-10 |publisher=Census and Statistics Department, The Government of Hong Kong SAR|format=PDF}}</ref> | |||
| As much of Hong Kong's terrain is hilly to mountainous with steep slopes, less than only 25% of the territory's landmass is developed, and about 40% of the remaining land area is reserved as ] and ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://discoverhongkong.com/eng/touring/hiking/index.jhtml|title=Outdoor Adventure: Tours in Hong Kong|publisher=Hong Kong Tourism Board|year=]|accessdate=2008-02-01}}</ref> Most of the territory's ] exists on Kowloon peninsula, along the northern edge of Hong Kong Island and in scattered settlements throughout the New Territories. The highest elevation in the territory is at ], at a height of {{convert|958|m|ft}} above sea level. Hong Kong's long, irregular and curvaceous ]line also affords the territory with many bays, rivers and ]. | |||
| Despite Hong Kong's reputation of being intensely ], the territory has made much effort to promote a green environment,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hktrader.net/200111/200104/200104s1.htm|title=Chief Executive pledges a clean, green, world-class city|publisher=Hong Kong Trade Development Council|month=November|year=2001}}</ref> and recent growing public concern has prompted the severe restriction of further ] from ]. Awareness of the environment is growing as Hong Kong suffers from increasing ] compounded by its geography and tall buildings. Approximately 80% of the ] originates from other parts of the Pearl River Delta.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/22/world/asia/22hongkong.html?ex=1332216000&en=d298556ccd753714&ei=5088&partner=rssnyt |title=Dirty Air Becomes Divisive Issue in Hong Kong Vote|publisher=The New York Times|date=]|accessdate=2008-02-01}}</ref> | |||
| Situated just south of the ], ] is ] (] ''Cwa''). Summer is hot and humid with occasional showers and ], and warm air coming from the southwest. It is also the time when ] are most likely, sometimes resulting in ] or ]. Winter weather usually starts sunny and becomes cloudier towards February, with the occasional ] bringing strong, cooling winds from the north. The most pleasant seasons are spring, although changeable, and autumn, which is generally sunny and dry.<ref name="HKClimate">{{cite web|url=http://www.hko.gov.hk/wxinfo/climat/climahk.htm|title=Climate of Hong Kong|publisher=Hong Kong Observatory|date=2003-05-04|accessdate=2007-08-02}}</ref> Hong Kong averages 1,948 hours of sunshine per year,<ref name="sunshine">{{cite web |url=http://www.censtatd.gov.hk/products_and_services/products/publications/statistical_report/general_statistical_digest/index_cd_B1010006_dt_latest.jsp |title=Hong Kong in Figures 2008 Edition|publisher=HKGov Census and Statistics Department|date=2008-02-27|accessdate=2008-05-07}}</ref> while the highest and lowest ever recorded temperatures at the ] are {{convert|36.1|°C|°F|sigfig=4|lk=on}} and {{convert|0.0|°C|°F|sigfig=4}}, respectively.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.weather.gov.hk/cis/extreme/mon_extreme_e.htm|title=Extreme Values and Dates of Occurrence of Extremes of Meteorological Elements between 1884–1939 and 1947–2006 for Hong Kong|publisher=Hong Kong Observatory|accessdate=2008-02-01}}</ref> | |||
| {{Hong Kong weatherbox}} | |||
| ==Economy== | |||
| {{main article|Economy of Hong Kong}} | |||
| ], the pinnacle of ] ]]] | |||
| Hong Kong is one of the world's leading financial centres.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zyen.com/Knowledge/Research/GFCI%201%20March%202007%20Executive%20Summary.pdf|title=The Global Financial Centres Index 1 Executive Summary|publisher=City of London|month=March|year=2007|accessdate=2007-04-12|format=PDF}}</ref> Its highly ] has been ranked as the most free economy in the world in the ] for 14 consecutive years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.heritage.org/research/features/index/|title=2008 Index of Economic Freedom |publisher=The Heritage Foundation|accessdate=2008-02-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.heritage.org/research/features/index/topten.cfm|title=Top 10 Countries|publisher=The Heritage Foundation|accessdate=2008-02-01}}</ref> It is an important centre for international finance and trade, with the greatest concentration of corporate headquarters in the ] region, and is known as one of the ] for its high growth rates and rapid industrialisation between the 1960s and 1990s.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Q79VGofCqIgC|author=Peter Wallace Preston and Jürgen Haacke|title= Contemporary China: The Dynamics of Change at the Start of the New Millennium|publisher=Routledge|year=2002|isbn=0700716378}}</ref> The ] is the ] in the world, with a ] of ]2.97 trillion as of October 2007, and the second highest value of ]s, after ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iht.com/articles/2006/12/25/business/borse.php|title=Hong Kong surpasses New York in IPOs|publisher=International Herald Tribune|date=]|accessdate=2008-02-01}}</ref> The currency used in Hong Kong is the ], which has been pegged to the ] since 1983. | |||
| The Government of Hong Kong plays a passive role in the financial industry, mostly leaving the direction of the economy to market forces and the private sector. Under the official policy of ], Hong Kong is often cited as an example of ]. Following ], Hong Kong industrialised rapidly as a manufacturing centre driven by exports, and then underwent a rapid transition to a service-based economy in the 1980s. Hong Kong matured to become a financial centre in the 1990s, but was greatly affected by the ] in 1998, and again in 2003 by the ] outbreak. A revival of external and domestic demand has led to a strong recovery, as cost decreases strengthened the competitiveness of Hong Kong exports and a long deflationary period ended. | |||
| The territory has little arable land and few natural resources, so must import most of its ] and raw materials. Hong Kong is the world's eleventh largest trading entity,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.info.gov.hk/info/hkbrief/eng/ahk.htm|title=About Hong Kong|publisher=Hong Kong SAR Government Information Centre|month=April|year=2006|accessdate=2008-02-01}}</ref> with the total value of ]s and ]s exceeding its ]. Much of Hong Kong's exports consist of re-exports, which are products made outside of the territory, especially in ], and distributed via Hong Kong. Even before the ], Hong Kong had established extensive trade and investment ties with mainland China, and its autonomous status now enables it to serve as a point of entry for investment flowing into the mainland. At the end of 2007, there were 3.46 million people employed full-time, with the unemployment rate averaging 4.1%, the fourth straight year of decline.<ref>Hong Kong Monthly Digest of Statistics, March 2008</ref> Hong Kong's economy is dominated by the ], which accounts for over 90% of its ], while industry now constitutes just 9%. Inflation was at 2% in 2007, and Hong Kong's largest export markets are mainland China, the ], and ].<ref name=cia></ref> | |||
| ==Demographics== | |||
| ], at 6,200 people per km².]] | |||
| ] on ] Island]] | |||
| {{main|Demographics of Hong Kong}} | |||
| Residents of Hong Kong are sometimes referred to as ]. The territory's population increased sharply throughout the 1990s, reaching 6.99 million in 2006.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censtatd.gov.hk/hong_kong_statistics/statistics_by_subject/index.jsp?subjectID=1&charsetID=2&displayMode=T|title=Hong Kong Statistics - Population and Vital Events|publisher=Census and Statistics Department, Government of the Hong Kong SAR|accessdate=2008-02-01}}</ref> Hong Kong has a ] of 0.95 children per woman,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/hong_kong/total_fertility_rate.html|title=Hong Kong Total fertility rate|publisher=IndexMundi|accessdate=2008-02-01}}</ref> one of the lowest in the world and far below the 2.1 children per woman required to sustain the current population. However, the population in Hong Kong continues to grow due to the influx of immigrants from mainland China, approximating 45,000 per year. ] in Hong Kong is 81.6 years as of 2006, the second highest in the world. | |||
| About 95% of Hong Kong's population is of ], the majority of which is ] or from ethnic groups such as ] and ]. The remaining 5% of the population is composed of non-ethnic Chinese forming a highly visible group despite their smaller numbers. A ] population of ], ]ns, ]is and ]ese are found. ] ]s have become permanent residents of Hong Kong. An increasing number of domestic workers also originate from ]. There are also a number of ], ], ]ns, ], ], and ] working in Hong Kong's commercial and financial sector. | |||
| Hong Kong's ] official dialect is ], a ] dialect originating from ] province to the north of Hong Kong, and is spoken by 95% of the population as a first language. ] is also an official language, and according to a 1996 by-census is spoken by 3.1% of the population as an everyday language and by 34.9% of the population as a second language.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ucl.ac.uk/english-usage/ice/icehk.htm|title=ICE Hong Kong|publisher=University College London|accessdate=2008-02-01}}</ref> Signs displaying both Chinese and English are common throughout the territory. Since the ], an increase in immigrants from ] and greater integration with the mainland economy have brought an increasing amount of ] speakers to Hong Kong. | |||
| ] enjoys a high degree of freedom, guaranteed by the ]. 90% of Hong Kong's population practises a mix of local religions,<ref></ref> most prominently ] (mainly ]) and ].<ref>, Hong Kong Tourism Board.</ref><ref> marimari.com</ref><ref></ref> A ] community of around 600,000 exists,<ref name = "onnxty"></ref><ref name="Hong Kong 2006"></ref> forming about 8% of the total population, and is equally divided between ]s and ]s. There are also ], ],<ref></ref> ], ],<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.watchtower.org/e/statistics/worldwide_report.htm |title = 2007 Report of Jehovah's Witnesses Worldwide |accessdate = 2008-08-09}}</ref> ], ] and ] communities.<ref name = "onnxty"/> Concerns over a lack of ] after the 1997 handover have subsided, with ] adherents free to practice in Hong Kong, and the ] freely appointing its own bishops, unlike ]. | |||
| ==Education== | |||
| {{main|Education in Hong Kong}} | |||
| ]]] | |||
| Hong Kong's ] system roughly follows the ], although at the higher education levels, both English and ] systems exist. The ] is mainly spoken ], written ] and ], but ] language education has been increasing. The ], has ranked Hong Kong's education system as the second best in the world.<ref name="OECD">{{cite web|url=http://www.pisa.oecd.org/document/2/0,3343,en_32252351_32236191_39718850_1_1_1_1,00.html|title=PISA 2006 Science Competencies for Tomorrow's World|accessdate=2007-12-14}}</ref> | |||
| Hong Kong's public ]s are operated by the ]. The system features a non-compulsory three-year ], followed by a compulsory six-year ], a three-year junior ], a non-compulsory two-year senior secondary education leading to the ]s, and a two-year ] course leading to the ]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.edb.gov.hk/index.aspx?nodeID=97&langno=1|title=Kindergarten, Primary and Secondary Education|publisher=Education Bureau of the Hong Kong SAR|accessdate=2008-02-01}}</ref> Most comprehensive schools in Hong Kong fall under three categories: the rarer ]s; the more common subsidised schools, including government aids and grant schools; and ]s, often run by ] organisations and having admissions based on academic merit rather than on financial resources. Outside this system are the schools under the ] and private ]s. | |||
| There are ] in Hong Kong, and a number of ], offering various ], ], and ]s, other ]s and ] courses. The ], the oldest institution of ] in Hong Kong, has been ranked as the number one university in ] and the number two in ].<ref></ref> The ], since its opening in 1991, has become one of the most prestigious universities in Asia, and admissions is among the most competitive in Hong Kong.<ref>HKUST website, https://www.ab.ust.hk/arr/adm/</ref> | |||
| ==Culture== | |||
| {{main|Culture of Hong Kong}} | |||
| ], a tribute to Hong Kong cinema]] | |||
| Hong Kong is frequently described as a place where East meets West, reflecting the culture's mix of the territory's Chinese roots with the culture brought to it during its time as a British colony. Although over a decade has passed since the handover, Western cultural practises remain, and coexists seamlessly with the traditional philosophy and practices of Chinese culture. | |||
| One of the more noticeable contradictions is Hong Kong's balancing of a modernised way of life with traditional ] Chinese practises. Concepts like '']'' are taken very seriously, with expensive construction projects often hiring expert consultants, and are often believed to make or break a business. Other objects like ] mirrors are still regularly used to deflect evil spirits, and buildings often lack any floor ] in it, due to its similarity to the word for "die" in the Chinese language. The fusion of east and west also characterises Hong Kong's cuisine, where ] or ] restaurants can be found next to ] joints. | |||
| While Hong Kong is a recognised global centre of trade, its most famous export is its entertainment industry, particularly in the martial arts genre which gained a high level of popularity in the late 1960s and 1970s. Several Hollywood performers have originated from Hong Kong cinema, notably ], ], and ]. A number of Hong Kong filmmakers have also achieved widespread fame in Hollywood, such as ], ] and ]. Homegrown films such as '']'', '']'', '']'', '']'', and '']'' have gained international recognition. Hong Kong is also the world's main centre for ] music, which draws its influence from other forms of ], and more international styles including ], ], ], ], ] ] and others, and has a multinational fanbase. | |||
| ] and ].]] | |||
| The Hong Kong government supports cultural institutions such as the ], the ], the ], and the ]. Also, the government's ] also subsidises and sponsors international performers brought to Hong Kong. Many international cultural activities are organized by the government, consulates, and privately. | |||
| Hong Kong has two ] stations, ] and ]. ] are also widespread. The production of Hong Kong's soap dramas, comedy series and ]s have reached mass audiences throughout the Chinese-speaking world. Magazine and ] publishers in Hong Kong distribute and print in both Chinese and English, with a focus on ] and celebrity ]. ] is relatively free from government interference compared to ], and newspapers are often divided along political lines of support or show skepticism towards the ] in ]. | |||
| Hong Kong offers wide recreational and competitive sport opportinutues despite its limited land area. Internationally, Hong Kong participates in the ], and numerous other ] events, and hosted the equestrian events for the ] in ]. There are major multipurpose venues like ] and ]. Hong Kong's steep terrain make it ideal for ], with expansive views over the territory, and its rugged coastline provides many beaches for ]. | |||
| ==Architecture== | |||
| {{main|Architecture of Hong Kong}} | |||
| Hong Kong has the world's greatest number of ]s, at 7,558.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.emporis.com/en/bu/sk/st/ma/ci/ |title=Most Active Cities in terms of High-rise Construction |publisher=] |accessdate=2008-04-26}}</ref> The high ] and tall ] of Hong Kong's ] is due to a lack of available ] space, with the average distance from the harbourfront to the steep hills of ] at {{convert|1.3|km|mi|abbr=on|sigfig=1}}.<ref>{{cite journal |coauthors=C. O. Tong, S. C. Wong |year=1997 |month=August |title=The advantages of a high density, mixed land use, linear urban development |journal=Transportation |volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=295-307 |doi=10.1023/A:1004987422746 |url=http://www.springerlink.com/content/g20972028u70l7t2/ |accessdate=2008-04-26 }}</ref> This lack of space causing demand for dense, high-rise offices and housing, has resulted in 38 of the world's 100 tallest residential buildings being in Hong Kong,<ref> emporis.com</ref> and more people living or working above the 14th floor than anywhere else on Earth, making it the world's most vertical city.<ref>http://www.timeout.com/newyork/kids/events/things-to-do/112841/2384561/vertical-cities; http://www.skyscraper.org/home.htm</ref> | |||
| A downside to the lack of space and demand for construction is that few older buildings remain, the city instead becoming a centre for ]. The tallest building in Hong Kong is ], at {{convert|415|m|ft|abbr=on}} high.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=2internationalfinancecentre-hongkong-china |title=Two International Finance Centre |publisher=Emporis |accessdate=2008-09-02}}</ref> Other recognisable skyline features include the ], said to be easily dismantled and rebuilt elsewhere, the triangular ] with its pyramid-shaped spire, ] with its nighttime multi-coloured neon light show, and ]'s ] with its sharp, angular ]. The city has been rated as having the best skyline in the world.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.emporis.com/en/bu/sk/st/sr/ |title=Emporis Skyline Ranking |publisher=] |accessdate=2008-04-26}}</ref> Notable remaining historical assets include the ], the ], and the remains of ]. | |||
| There are many development plans in place, including the construction of ],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tamar.gov.hk/eng/design.htm |title=Tamar Development Project |publisher=Hong Kong SAR Government |accessdate=2008-04-26}}</ref> waterfront redevelopment in ],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://centralwaterfront.designinghongkong.com/index.php?lang=eng |title=Central Waterfront Design Competition |publisher=DesigningHongKong |accessdate=2008-04-26}}</ref> and a series of projects in ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hab.gov.hk/wkcd/pe/eng/intro.htm |title=West Kowloon Cultural District Public Engagement Exercise |publisher=HKGov Home Affairs Bureau |accessdate=2008-04-26}}</ref> More high-rise development is set to take place on the other side of ] in Kowloon, as the 1998 closure of the nearby ] lifted strict height restrictions,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/199807/10/0710062.htm |title=Kai Tak building height restrictions lifted |publisher=Hong Kong SAR Government |date=1998-07-10 |accessdate=2008-04-26}}</ref> including the soon-to-be tallest tower, the ], which will open in 2010.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=101555 |title=International Commerce Centre |publisher=Emporis |accessdate=2008-09-02}}</ref> | |||
| {{Panorama simple | |||
| |image = Image:Pauliyas Hongkong.jpg | |||
| |fullwidth = 3495 | |||
| |fullheight = 480 | |||
| |caption = A ] view of northern ] between ] in the east (left) and ] in the west (right) | |||
| |height = 192 | |||
| }} | |||
| ==Transport== | |||
| ] is the only one in the world that runs exclusively with ].]] | |||
| ] on one of its nine-minute voyages across ]]] | |||
| {{main|Transport in Hong Kong}} | |||
| Hong Kong has a highly developed ] network, encompassing both ] and private transport. Over 90% of daily travels (11 million)<ref name="TD">{{cite web |url=http://www.td.gov.hk/transport_in_hong_kong/public_transport/introduction/index.htm|title=Public Transport Introduction|publisher=Transport Department|accessdate=2008-07-13}}</ref> are on public transport, making it the highest percentage in the world.<ref name="pubtransport">{{cite book |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Nb9UAAAACAAJ |author=William H. K. Lam and Michael G. H. Bell |year=2003 |title=Advanced Modeling for Transit Operations and Service Planning |publisher=NetLibrary, Incorporated |isbn=0585475229}}</ref> The ] stored value ] payment system can be used to pay for fares on almost all railways, buses and ferries, and also for ] and ]s.<ref name="octopus">{{cite web |url=http://www.octopuscards.com/consumer/en/index.jsp |title=Octopus Card Information |publisher=] |accessdate=2008-04-29}}</ref> | |||
| The city's ] system, ], has 150 stations and serves 3.4 million people a day.<ref name="mtr">{{cite web |url=http://www.mtr.com.hk/eng/whatsnew/tourist_intro.html |title=Tourist Information |publisher=] Corporation |accessdate=2008-04-29}}</ref> The ], serving the city since 1904, covers the northern parts of Hong Kong Island and is the only ] system in the world run exclusively with ].<ref name="trams">{{cite web |url=http://www.hktramways.com/en/company/index.html |title=The Company |publisher=Hongkong Tramways Limited |accessdate=2008-04-29}}</ref> ]es were introduced to Hong Kong in 1949, and are now almost exclusively used, with single-decker buses remaining in use for routes with lower demand or roads with lower carrying capacity. Most normal franchised bus routes in Hong Kong operate until 1 am. ]es run the length and breadth of Hong Kong, through areas where standard bus lines cannot reach or do not reach as frequently, quickly, or directly. | |||
| The ] service operates four lines across ] and has been in operation for over 120 years, providing a panoramic view of Hong Kong's skyline for its 53,000 daily passengers.<ref name="ferryyears">{{cite web |url=http://www.iht.com/articles/2006/11/10/news/ferry.php |title=Not even HK's storied Star Ferry can face down developers |publisher=] |date=2006-11-10 |accessdate=2008-04-29}}</ref> It is considered one of the city's most treasured cultural icons and has been rated as one of the most picturesque ferry crossings in the world.<ref name="worldferry">{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/cornwall/3755270.stm |title=Ferry is amongst the world's best |publisher=] |date=2004-10-19 |accessdate=2008-04-29}}</ref> Other ] services are provided by operators serving ], new towns, ], and cities in mainland China. Hong Kong is also famous for its ] traversing the harbour, and small ] ferries which serve remote coastal settlements. | |||
| Hong Kong's steep, hilly terrain calls for some unusual ways of getting up and down the slopes. The ], the first public transport system in Hong Kong, has provided vertical rail transport between ] and ] since 1888 by steeply ascending the side of a mountain. In ], there is an extensive system of ]s and ]s, including the longest outdoor covered escalator system in the world, the ]. | |||
| ] is a leading air passenger gateway and logistics hub in Asia and one of the world's busiest ]s in terms of international passenger and cargo movement, serving more than 47 million passengers and handling 3.74 million tonnes of cargo in 2007.<ref name="airportnumbers">{{cite web |url=http://www.hongkongairport.com/eng/aboutus/index.html |title=About Us |publisher=] |accessdate=2008-04-28}}</ref> It replaced ] in ] in 1998 and has been voted the world's best airport multiple times.<ref name="bestairport">{{cite web |url=http://www.airlinequality.com/news/080807-Awards.htm |title=International travellers have voted Hong Kong the best airport in the world |publisher=] |date=2007-08-08 |accessdate=2008-04-28}}</ref> Over 85 airlines operate at the two-] airport and it is the primary hub of ], ], ], ] and ]. | |||
| == Notes and references == | |||
| {{reflist|3}} | |||
| ==Further reading== | |||
| {{refbegin|2}} | |||
| *''A History of Hong Kong'' (Third Edition). ]. HarperCollins. 1 October 1998. 624 pages. ISBN 1-56836-002-9. | |||
| *''Mathematical Modelling of Hong Kong Political and Economical Development''. Derek Lam. Guangzhou Academic Press. 18 February 1986. 23 pages. | |||
| *''Hong Kong's History: State and Society Under Colonial Rule (Asia's Transformations)''. Tak-Wing Ngo. Routledge. 1 August 1999. 205 pages. ISBN 0-415-20868-8. | |||
| *''The Cinema of Hong Kong: History, Arts, Identity''. Poshek Fu, David Deser. ]. 25 March 2002. 346 pages. ISBN 0-521-77602-3. | |||
| *''A Modern History of Hong Kong''. Steve Tsang. I.B. Tauris. 14 May 2004. 356 pages. ISBN 1-86064-184-9. | |||
| *''An Outline History of Hong Kong''. Liu Shuyong. 291 pages. ISBN 7-119-01946-5. | |||
| *''Forts and Pirates - A History of Hong Kong''. Hong Kong History Society. Hyperion Books. December 1990. ISBN 962-7489-01-8. | |||
| {{refend}} | |||
| ==External links== | |||
| {{Portal Hong Kong}} | |||
| {{Spoken Misplaced Pages|En-Hong Kong-article.ogg|2007-11-01}} | |||
| {{sisterlinks}} | |||
| {{contains Chinese text}} | |||
| ===Government=== | |||
| * - Official government site | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| * - Official site of the legislative body | |||
| * - Official site of the Hong Kong Tourism Board | |||
| ===General reference=== | |||
| * entry at ''The World Factbook'' | |||
| * ] entry on | |||
| ===Miscellanea=== | |||
| * {{wikitravel|Hong Kong}} | |||
| * {{flickr-inline|HongKong}} | |||
| * {{dmoz|Regional/Asia/Hong_Kong}} | |||
| * {{wikiatlas|Hong Kong}} | |||
| * | |||
| {{Hong Kong topics|state=show}} | |||
| {{Template group | |||
| |title = Geographic locale | |||
| |list = | |||
| {{Countries and territories of East Asia}} | |||
| {{Dependent and other territories of Asia}} | |||
| {{Province-level divisions of the People's Republic of China}} | |||
| {{Major cities of Greater China}} | |||
| {{Pearl River Delta}} | |||
| }} | |||
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| {{Territories of Greater China}} | |||
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| |title = Other | |||
| |list = | |||
| {{World's most populated metropolitan areas}} | |||
| {{World's most populated urban areas}} | |||
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Revision as of 14:18, 19 September 2008
Megan wants to get slapped with weaner.