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Joe Biden
Senior Senator from Delaware
Incumbent
Assumed office January 3, 1973Serving with Tom Carper
Preceded by	J. Caleb Boggs
Chairman of the Senate Committee on the Judiciary
In office January 4, 1987 – January 3, 1995
Preceded by	Strom Thurmond
Succeeded by	Orrin Hatch
Chairman of the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations
In office January 3 – January 20, 2001
Preceded by	Jesse Helms
Succeeded by	Jesse Helms
In office June 6, 2001 – January 3, 2003
Preceded by	Jesse Helms
Succeeded by	Dick Lugar
Incumbent
Assumed office January 4, 2007
Preceded by	Dick Lugar
Chairman of the International Narcotics Control Caucus
Incumbent
Assumed office 2007
Deputy	Chuck Grassley as co-chairman
Preceded by	Chuck Grassley
Member of the New Castle County Council
In office 1970–1972
Personal details
Born	(1942-11-20) November 20, 1942 (age 82) Scranton, Pennsylvania
Political party	Democratic
Spouse(s)	Neilia Hunter (deceased; m. 1966 – 1972) Jill Tracy Jacobs (m. 1977)
Children	Joseph Biden III Robert Hunter Biden Naomi Christina Biden Ashley Blazer Biden
Residence(s)	Wilmington, Delaware
Alma mater	University of Delaware Syracuse University College of Law
Profession	Lawyer, Politician
Signature
Website	Senate office VP campaign site Senate campaign site
More detailed articles about Joe Biden —————————— Obama–Biden campaign Biden presidential primaries campaign, 2008 Presidential primaries campaign, 1988 Political positions  · Electoral history

Joseph Robinette "Joe" Biden, Jr. (Template:Pron-en; born November 20, 1942) is the senior United States Senator from Delaware. He is both the Democratic vice presidential nominee for the November 2008 presidential election and a candidate for re-election in the U.S. Senate.

Biden was born in Template:City-state, and lived there for ten years prior to moving to Delaware. He became an attorney in 1969 and was elected to a county council in 1970. Biden was first elected to the Senate in 1972 and became the fifth-youngest senator in U.S. history. He was re-elected to the Senate in 1978, 1984, 1990, 1996, and 2002 and has served for the sixth-longest period among current senators.

Biden is a long-time member and current chairman of the Foreign Relations Committee. His strong advocacy helped bring about U.S. military assistance and intervention during the Bosnian War. He voted in favor of the Iraq War Resolution, but later proposed resolutions to alter U.S. strategy there. He has served as chairman of the Senate Judiciary Committee—dealing with issues related to drug policy, crime prevention, and civil liberties—and led creation of the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act and Violence Against Women Act. He chaired the Judiciary Committee during the contentious U.S. Supreme Court nominations of Robert Bork and Clarence Thomas.

Biden unsuccessfully sought the Democratic presidential nomination in 1988 and 2008, both times dropping out early in the process. Barack Obama selected Biden to be the Democratic Party nominee for Vice President in the 2008 U.S. election. If elected, he will be the first Roman Catholic Vice President and the first Vice President from Delaware.

Early life and education

Biden was born in Scranton, Pennsylvania, the son of Joseph Robinette Biden Sr. (1915–2002) and Catherine Eugenia "Jean" Finnegan (born 1918). He was the first of four siblings in an Irish Catholic family. He has two brothers, James Brian Biden and Francis W. Biden, and a sister, Valerie (Biden) Owens.

Biden's father had been very well-off earlier in his life, but had suffered several business reverses by the time Biden was born. For several years the family had to live with Biden's maternal grandparents, the Finnegans. Then the Scranton area went into economic decline during the 1950s, and Biden's father could not find enough work. Negative impressions of drinking alcohol in the Biden and Finnegan families and in the neighborhood led to Joe Biden's becoming a teetotaler. In 1953 the Biden family moved to an apartment in Claymont, Delaware, where they lived for a few years before moving to a house in Wilmington, Delaware. Joe Biden Sr. then did better as a used car salesman, and the family's circumstances were middle class. One of his grandfathers was a member of the Pennsylvania State Senate. Biden suffered from stuttering through much of his childhood and into his twenties; he overcame it via long hours spent reciting poetry in front of a mirror.

Biden attended the Archmere Academy in Claymont, where he was a standout wide receiver on the high school football team and played on the baseball team as well. Academically, Biden was undistinguished, but he was a natural leader among the students. He graduated in 1961.

Biden attended the University of Delaware in Newark, where he was more interested in sports and socializing than in studying. He graduated with a Bachelor of Arts with a double major in history and political science in 1965, ranked 506th of 688 in his class.

He went on to receive his Juris Doctor from Syracuse University College of Law in 1968, where by his own description he underperformed. During his first year there, he was accused of having plagiarized 5 of 15 pages of a law review article. Biden said it was inadvertent due to his not knowing the proper rules of citation, and he was permitted to retake the course after receiving a grade of F, which was subsequently dropped from his record. He was admitted to the Delaware Bar in 1969.

Biden received five student draft deferments during this period, with the first coming in late 1963 and the last in early 1968, at the peak of the Vietnam War. In April 1968, he was reclassified by the Selective Service System as not available for service due to having had asthma as a teenager. Biden was not a part of the anti-Vietnam War movement; he would later say that at the time he was preoccupied with marriage and law school, and that he "wore sports coats ... not tie-dyed".

Family and early political career

On August 27, 1966, Biden, then a law student, married Neilia Hunter, who was from an affluent background in Skaneateles, New York and had attended Syracuse University. They had met in 1964 while on spring break in the Bahamas, and he had overcome her parents' initial reluctance for her to be dating a Roman Catholic. They had three children, Joseph R. "Beau" Biden III (born 1969), Robert Hunter (born 1970), and Naomi Christina (born 1971). In 1969, Biden began practicing law in Wilmington, Delaware, but corporate law did not appeal to him and being a criminal defense lawyer did not pay well. He was soon elected to the New Castle County, County Council, where he served from 1970 to 1972 while continuing to work in private practice as well.

His entry into the 1972 U.S. Senate election presented Biden with a unique circumstance. Longtime Delaware political figure and Republican incumbent Senator J. Caleb Boggs was considering retirement, which would likely have left U.S. Representative Pete du Pont and Wilmington Mayor Harry G. Haskell, Jr. in a divisive primary fight. To avoid that, U.S. President Richard M. Nixon helped convince Boggs to run again with full party support. Biden's campaign had virtually no money and was given no chance of winning. It was managed by his sister Valerie Biden Owens (who would go on to manage his future campaigns as well) and staffed by other members of his family, and relied upon handed-out newsprint position papers. Biden's campaign issues focused on withdrawal from Vietnam, the environment, civil rights, and "change". His energy level, his attractive young family, and his ability to connect with voters' emotions gave Biden an advantage over the ready-to-retire Boggs. Biden won the November 7, 1972 election in an upset by a margin of 3,162 votes.

A few weeks after the election, Biden's wife and one-year-old daughter were killed in an automobile accident while Christmas shopping in Hockessin, Delaware on December 18, 1972. (Neilia Biden's station wagon was hit by a tractor-trailer as she pulled out from an intersection; the truck driver was cleared of any wrongdoing.) Biden's two sons, Beau and Hunter, were critically injured in the accident, but both eventually made full recoveries. Biden considered resigning in order to care for them; persuaded not to by Senate Majority Leader Mike Mansfield; he was sworn into office from one of their bedsides. The accident left Biden filled with both anger and religious doubt: "I liked to at night when I thought there was a better chance of finding a fight ... I had not known I was capable of such rage ... I felt God had played a horrible trick on me."

In order to be at home every day for his young sons, Biden began the practice of commuting an hour and a half each day on the train from his home in the Wilmington suburbs to Washington, D.C., which he continues to do. In the aftermath of the accident, he had trouble focusing on work, and appeared to just go through the motions of being a senator. In his memoirs, Biden notes that staffers were taking bets on how long he would last. A single father for five years, Biden left standing orders that he be interrupted in the Senate at any time if his sons called. In remembrance of the accident, Biden does not work on December 18. Biden's elder son, Beau, later became Delaware Attorney General and an Army Judge Advocate scheduled for service in Iraq and Biden's younger son, Hunter is a Washington attorney.

In 1975, Biden met Jill Tracy Jacobs, who grew up in Willow Grove, Pennsylvania and would become a teacher in Delaware. They had met on a blind date with Biden's brother's help though it turned out that Biden had already noticed her in a local advertisement. Biden would credit her with renewing his interest in both politics and life. On June 17, 1977, Biden and Jacobs married. They have one daughter, Ashley Blazer (born 1981). Biden and his family are members of the Roman Catholic Church, and regularly attend services at St. Joseph on the Brandywine in Greenville, Delaware.

Biden states that he has never taken a drink in his life because alcoholism is prevalent in his extended family.

United States Senator

When Biden did take office on January 3, 1973, at age 30 (the minimum age to become a U.S. Senator), he became the fifth-youngest senator in U.S. history. In 1974, freshman Senator Biden was named one of the 200 Faces for the Future by Time magazine.

Biden has since been elected to five additional terms, in most cases with about 60 percent of the vote. Biden spent 28 years as a junior senator due to the two-year seniority of his Republican colleague William V. Roth. After Roth was defeated for re-election by Thomas R. Carper in 2000, Biden became Delaware's senior senator. He is now the longest-serving senator in Delaware history.

In February 1988, after suffering from several episodes of increasingly severe neck pain, Biden was taken by long-distance ambulance to Walter Reed Army Medical Center and given lifesaving surgery to correct a intracranial berry aneurysm that had begun leaking; the situation was serious enough that a priest had administered last rites at the hospital. While recuperating, he suffered a pulmonary embolism, which represented a major complication. Another operation to repair a second aneurysm, which had caused no symptoms but was also at risk from bursting, was performed in May 1988. The hospitalization and recovery kept Biden from his duties in the U.S. Senate for seven months. Biden has had no recurrences or effects from the aneurysms since then.

Biden serves on the following committees in the 110th U.S. Congress:

• Committee on Foreign Relations (chairman)
  • As chairman of the full committee Biden is an ex officio member of each subcommittee.
• Committee on the Judiciary
  • Subcommittee on Antitrust Competition Policy and Consumer Rights
  • Subcommittee on Crime and Drugs (chairman)
  • Subcommittee on Human Rights and the Law
  • Subcommittee on Immigration, Border Security, and Refugees
  • Subcommittee on Technology Terrorism and Homeland Security
• Caucus on International Narcotics Control (co-chairman)

Biden has been co-chair of the NATO Observer Group in the Senate.

Judiciary Committee

Biden is a long-time member of the U.S. Senate Committee on the Judiciary, which he chaired from 1987 until 1995 and on which he served as ranking minority member from 1981 until 1987 and again from 1995 until 1997. In this capacity, he dealt with issues related to drug policy, crime prevention, and civil liberties.

While chairman, Biden presided over the two most contentious U.S. Supreme Court confirmation hearings in history, those for Robert Bork in 1987 and Clarence Thomas in 1991. In the Bork hearings, Biden stated his opposition to Bork soon after the nomination, reversing an approval in an interview of a hypothetical Bork nomination he had made the previous year and angering conservatives who thought he could not conduct the hearings dispassionately. At the close, Biden won praise for conducting the proceedings fairly and with good humor and courage, as his 1988 presidential campaign collapsed in the middle of the hearings. Rejecting some of the less intellectually honest arguments that other Bork opponents were making, Biden framed his discussion around the belief that the U.S. Constitution provides rights to liberty and privacy that extend beyond those explicitly enumerated in the text, and that Bork's strong originalism was ideologically incompatible with that view. Bork's nomination was rejected in the committee by a 9–5 vote, and then rejected in the full Senate by a 58–42 margin.

In the Thomas hearings, Biden's questions on constitutional issues were often long and convoluted, sometimes such that Thomas forgot the question being asked. Thomas later wrote that despite earlier private assurances from the senator, Biden's questions had been akin to a beanball. The nomination came out of the committee without a recommendation, with Biden opposed. In part due to his own bad experiences in 1987 with his presidential campaign, Biden was reluctant to let personal matters enter into the hearings. Biden initially shared with committee, but not the public, Anita Hill's sexual harassment charges, on the grounds she was not yet willing to testify. After she did, Biden did not permit other witnesses to testify further on her behalf, such as Angela Wright (who made a similar charge) and experts on harassment. Biden said he was striving to preserve Thomas's right to privacy and the decency of the hearings. The nomination was approved by a 52–48 vote in the full Senate, with Biden again opposed. During and afterwards, Biden was strongly criticized by liberal legal groups and women's groups for having mishandled the hearings and having not done enough to support Hill. Biden subsequently sought out women to serve on the Judiciary Committee and emphasized women's issues in the committee's legislative agenda.

Biden has been involved in crafting many federal crime laws over the last decade, including the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994, also known as the Biden Crime Law, and the landmark Violence Against Women Act of 1994 (VAWA), which contains a broad array of measures to combat domestic violence and provides billions of dollars in federal funds to address gender-based crimes. In 2000, the Supreme Court ruled that the section of VAWA allowing a federal civil remedy for victims of gender-motivated violence exceeded Congress's authority and therefore was unconstitutional. Congress reauthorized VAWA in 2000 and 2005. Biden has said, "I consider the Violence Against Women Act the single most significant legislation that I’ve crafted during my 35-year tenure in the Senate." In March 2004, Biden enlisted major American technology companies in diagnosing the problems of the Austin, Texas-based National Domestic Violence Hotline, and to donate equipment and expertise to it.

Biden was critical of the actions of Independent Counsel Ken Starr during the 1990s Whitewater controversy and Lewinsky scandal investigations, and said "it's going to be a cold day in hell" before another Independent Counsel is granted the same powers. Biden voted to acquit on both charges during the impeachment of President Clinton.

As chairman of the International Narcotics Control Caucus, Biden wrote the laws that created the U.S. "Drug Czar", who oversees and coordinates national drug control policy. In April 2003 he introduced the controversial Reducing Americans' Vulnerability to Ecstasy Act, also known as the RAVE Act. He continues to work to stop the spread of "date rape drugs" such as flunitrazepam, and drugs such as Ecstasy and Ketamine. In 2004 he worked to pass a bill outlawing steroids like androstenedione, the drug used by many baseball players.

Biden's legislation to promote college aid and loan programs allows families to deduct on their annual income tax returns up to $10,000 per year in higher education expenses. His "Kids 2000" legislation established a public/private partnership to provide computer centers, teachers, Internet access, and technical training to young people, particularly to low-income and at-risk youth.

Foreign Relations Committee

Biden is also a long-time member and current chairman of the U.S. Senate Committee on Foreign Relations. In 1997, he became the ranking minority member and chaired the committee from June 2001 through 2003. When Democrats re-took control of the Senate following the 2006 elections, Biden again assumed the top spot on the committee in 2007. Biden has generally been a liberal internationalist in foreign policy, who has collaborated effectively with important Republican Senate figures such as Richard Lugar and Jesse Helms and who has sometimes gone against elements of his own party.

In response to the refusal of the U.S. Congress to ratify the SALT II Treaty signed in 1979 by Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev and President Jimmy Carter, Biden took the initiative to meet the Soviet Foreign Minister Andrey Gromyko, educated him about American concerns and interests, and secured several changes to address objections of the Foreign Relations Committee. Biden's efforts to combat hostilities in the Balkans in the 1990s brought national attention and influenced presidential policy: traveling repeatedly to the region, he made one meeting famous by calling Serbian leader Slobodan Milosevic a "war criminal". He consistently argued for lifting the arms embargo, training Bosnian Muslims, investigating war crimes and administering NATO air strikes. Biden's subsequent "lift and strike" resolution was instrumental in convincing President Bill Clinton to use military force in the face of systemic human rights violations. Biden has called his role in affecting Balkans policy his "proudest moment in public life" that related to foreign policy. Biden has also called on Libya to release political prisoner Fathi Eljahmi.

Biden had voted against authorization for the Gulf War in 1991. Biden stated in 2002 that Saddam Hussein was a threat to national security, and that there was no option but to eliminate that threat. The Bush administration rejected an effort Biden undertook with Senator Richard Lugar to pass a resolution authorizing military action only after the exhaustion of diplomatic efforts. In October 2002, Biden voted in favor of the Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq, justifying the Iraq War. He has long supported the appropriations to pay for the occupation, but has argued repeatedly that the war should be internationalized, that more soldiers are needed, and that the Bush administration should "level with the American people" about the cost and length of the conflict.

Biden is a leading advocate for dividing Iraq into a loose federation of three ethnic states. In November 2006, Biden and Leslie Gelb, President Emeritus of the Council on Foreign Relations, released a comprehensive strategy to end sectarian violence in Iraq. Rather than continuing the present approach or withdrawing, the plan called for "a third way": federalizing Iraq and giving Kurds, Shiites, and Sunnis "breathing room" in their own regions. In September 2007, a non-binding resolution passed the Senate endorsing such a scheme. Iraq’s political leadership united in denouncing the resolution as a de facto partitioning of the country, and the U.S. Embassy in Baghdad issued a statement distancing itself.

In May 2008, Biden sharply criticized President George W. Bush for his speech to Israel's Knesset in which he suggested that some Democrats were acting in the same way some Western leaders did when they appeased Hitler in the runup to World War II. Biden stating that "This is bullshit. This is malarkey. This is outrageous. Outrageous for the president of the United States to go to a foreign country, sit in the Knesset ... and make this kind of ridiculous statement." Biden later apologized for using the expletive. Biden further stated that "Since when does this administration think that if you sit down, you have to eliminate the word 'no' from your vocabulary?"

Delaware matters

Biden is a familiar figure to his Delaware constituency, by virtue of his daily train commuting from there, and has generally sought to attend to state needs. Biden has been a strong supporter of increased Amtrak funding and rail security; he hosts an annual Christmas dinner for the Amtrak crews. He has been an advocate for Delaware military installations, including Dover Air Force Base and New Castle County Air Guard Base.

Biden has been a sponsor of bankruptcy legislation during the 2000s, which was sought by MBNA, one of Delaware's largest companies, and other credit card issuers. Biden fought for certain amendments to the bill that would indirectly protect homeowners and forbid anti-abortion felons from using bankruptcy to discharge fines; the overall bill was vetoed by Bill Clinton in 2000 but then finally passed as the Bankruptcy Abuse Prevention and Consumer Protection Act in 2005, with Biden supporting. The downstate Sussex County region is the nation's top chicken-producing area, and Biden held up trade agreements with Russia when that country stopped importing U.S. chickens.

In 2007, Biden requested and gained $67 million worth of projects for his constituents through congressional earmarks.

Characteristics as senator

With a net worth between $59,000 and $366,000, and almost no outside income or investment income, he is consistently ranked as one of the least wealthy members of the Senate. Biden states that he has been listed as the second poorest member in Congress, a distinction that he is not proud of, but attributes it to being elected early in his career.

During his years as a senator, Biden has amassed a reputation for loquaciousness, with his questions and remarks during Senate hearings being especially known for being long-winded. He has been a strong speaker and debater and a frequent and effective guest on the influential Sunday morning talk shows. According to political analyst Mark Halperin, he has also shown "a persistent tendency to say silly, offensive, and off-putting things"; The New York Times writes that Biden's "weak filters make him capable of blurting out pretty much anything".

Presidential campaigns

Biden has twice run for the Democratic nomination for President, first in 1988, and again in 2008. He first considered running in 1984, after he gained notice for giving speeches to party audiences that simultaneously scolded and encouraged Democrats. He chose not to run in 1992 in part because he had voted against the resolution authorizing the Gulf War. He considered joining the Democratic field of candidates for the 2004 presidential race but in August 2003 decided otherwise, saying he did not have enough time and any attempt would be too much of a long shot. In May 2004, Biden urged Republican Senator John McCain to run as vice president with presumptive Democratic presidential nominee John Kerry, saying the cross-party ticket would help heal the “vicious rift” in U.S. politics. During this time, Biden was also widely discussed as a possible Secretary of State in a Democratic administration.

1988

In 1987, Biden ran as a Democratic presidential candidate, formally declaring his candidacy at the Wilmington train station on June 9, 1987. When the campaign began, Biden was considered a potentially strong candidate because of his moderate image, his speaking ability on the stump, his appeal to Baby Boomers, his high profile position as chair of the Senate Judiciary Committee at the upcoming Robert Bork Supreme Court nomination hearings, and his fundraising appeal—$1.7 million raised in the first quarter of 1987 was more than any other candidate. Biden received considerable attention in the summer of 1986 when he excoriated Secretary of State George Shultz at a Senate hearing because of the Reagan administration's support of South Africa, which continued to support a system of apartheid.

By August 1987, Biden's campaign, whose messaging was confused due to staff rivalries, had begun to lag behind those of Michael Dukakis and Richard Gephardt, although he had still raised more funds than all candidates but Dukakis, and was seeing an upturn in Iowa polls. In September 1987, the campaign ran into trouble when he was accused of plagiarizing a speech by Neil Kinnock, then-leader of the British Labour Party. Kinnock’s speech included the lines:

"Why am I the first Kinnock in a thousand generations to be able to get to university? Why is Glenys the first woman in her family in a thousand generations to be able to get to university? Was it because all our predecessors were thick?"

While Biden’s speech included the lines:

"I started thinking as I was coming over here, why is it that Joe Biden is the first in his family ever to go to a university? Why is it that my wife who is sitting out there in the audience is the first in her family to ever go to college? Is it because our fathers and mothers were not bright? Is it because I'm the first Biden in a thousand generations to get a college and a graduate degree that I was smarter than the rest?"

Though Biden had cited Kinnock as the source for the formulation many times before, he made no reference to the original source at the August 23 Iowa State Fair debate in question or in another appearance. While political speeches often appropriate ideas and language from each other, Biden's use came under more scrutiny because he somewhat distorted his own family's background in order to match Kinnock's.

A few days later, Biden's plagiarism incident in law school came to light. It was also revealed that when earlier questioned by a New Hampshire resident about his grades in law school, Biden had inaccurately recollected graduating in the "top half" of his class when he actually graduated 76th from 85, that he had attended law school on a full scholarship, and had received three degrees in college. In fact, he had earned a single B.A. with a double major in history and political science, and had received a half scholarship to law school based on financial need with some additional assistance based in part upon academics.

The Kinnock and school revelations were magnified by the limited amount of other news about the nomination race at the time, when most of the public were not yet paying attention to any of the campaigns; Biden thus fell into what Washington Post writer Paul Taylor described as that year's trend, a "trial by media ordeal". Biden lacked a strong demographic or political group of support to help him survive the crisis. He withdrew from the nomination race on September 23, 1987, saying his candidacy had been overrun by "the exaggerated shadow" of his past mistakes. After Biden withdrew from the race, it was revealed that the Dukakis campaign had secretly made a video showcasing the Biden–Kinnock comparison and distributed it to news outlets. Also later in 1987, the Delaware Supreme Court's Board of Professional Responsibility cleared Biden of the law school plagiarism charges regarding his standing as a lawyer, saying Biden had "not violated any rules".

2008

Biden declared his candidacy for president on January 31, 2007, although he had discussed running for months prior, and first made a formal announcement to Tim Russert on Meet the Press on January 7, stating he would "be the best Biden I can be." In January 2006, Delaware newspaper columnist Harry F. Themal wrote that Biden "occupies the sensible center of the Democratic Party." Themal concludes that this is the position Biden desires, and that in a campaign "he plans to stress the dangers to the security of the average American, not just from the terrorist threat, but from the lack of health assistance, crime, and energy dependence on unstable parts of the world."

During his campaign, Biden focused on the war in Iraq and his support for the implementation of the Biden-Gelb plan to achieve political success. He touted his record in the Senate as the head of major congressional committees and his experience on foreign policy. Despite speculation to the contrary, Biden rejected the notion of accepting the position of U.S. Secretary of State, focusing only on the presidency. At a 2007 campaign event, Biden said, "I know a lot of my opponents out there say I'd be a great Secretary of State. Seriously, every one of them. Do you watch any of the debates? 'Joe's right, Joe's right, Joe's right.'" Other candidates commenting that "Joe is right" in the Democratic debates was converted into a Biden campaign theme and ad. In mid-2007, Biden stressed his foreign policy expertise compared to Obama's, saying of the latter, "I think he can be ready, but right now I don't believe he is. The presidency is not something that lends itself to on-the-job training." Biden was noted for his one-liners on the campaign trail, saying of Republican then-frontrunner Rudy Giuliani at the October 30, 2007, debate in Philadelphia, "There's only three things he mentions in a sentence: a noun, and a verb and 9/11."

Biden made remarks during the campaign that attracted controversy. In January 2007, he spoke of fellow Democratic candidate and Senator Barack Obama: "I mean, you got the first mainstream African-American who is articulate and bright and clean and a nice-looking guy, I mean, that's a storybook, man." This comment took second place on Time magazine's list of Top 10 Campaign Gaffes for 2007. Biden had earlier been criticized in July 2006 for a remark he made about his support among Indian Americans: "I've had a great relationship. In Delaware, the largest growth in population is Indian-Americans moving from India. You cannot go to a 7-Eleven or a Dunkin' Donuts unless you have a slight Indian accent. I'm not joking." Biden later said the remark was not intended to be derogatory.

Overall, Biden had difficulty raising funds, struggled to draw people to his rallies, and failed to gain traction against the high-profile candidacies of Obama and Senator Hillary Rodham Clinton; he never rose above single digits in the national polls of the Democratic candidates. In the initial contest on January 3, 2008, Biden placed fifth in the Iowa caucuses, garnering slightly less than one percent of the state delegates. Biden withdrew from the race that evening, saying "There is nothing sad about tonight.... I feel no regret."

2008 vice-presidential candidacy

Template:Future election candidate

In a June 22, 2008, interview on NBC's Meet the Press, Biden confirmed that, although he was not actively seeking a spot on the ticket, he would accept the vice presidential nomination if offered. On August 22, 2008, Barack Obama announced that Biden would be his running mate. The New York Times reported that the strategy behind the choice reflected a desire to fill out the ticket with someone who has foreign policy and national security experience—and not to help the ticket win a swing state or to emphasize Obama's "change" message. Other observers pointed out Biden's appeal to middle-class and blue-collar voters, as well as his willingness to aggressively challenge Republican nominee John McCain in a way that Obama seemed uncomfortable doing at times.

After his selection as a vice presidential candidate, Biden was criticized by his own Roman Catholic Diocese of Wilmington bishop over his stance on abortion, which goes against the church's pro-life teachings. The diocese confirmed that even if elected vice president, Biden would not be allowed to speak at Catholic schools. Biden was soon barred from receiving Holy Communion by the bishop of his original hometown of Scranton, Pennsylvania, because of his support for abortion rights; however, Biden did continue to receive Communion at his local Delaware parish. Scranton became a flash point in the competition for swing state Catholic voters between the Democratic campaign and liberal Catholic groups, who stressed that other social issues should be considered as much or more than abortion, and many bishops and conservative Catholics, who maintained abortion was paramount. The New York Times reported that Biden "departed from party doctrine on abortion rights, declaring that as a Catholic, he believes life begins at conception", but Biden said that he would not impose his personal religious views on others.

In general, Biden's vice presidential campaigning gained little media visibility, as far greater press attention was focused on the Republican running mate, Alaska Governor Sarah Palin. Biden nevertheless focused on campaigning in economically-challenged areas of swing states and trying to win over blue-collar Democrats, especially those who had supported Hillary Rodham Clinton. Biden attacked McCain heavily, despite a long-standing personal friendship; he would say, “That guy I used to know, he’s gone. It literally saddens me.” As the financial crisis of 2007–2008 reached a peak with the liquidity crisis of September 2008 and the proposed bailout of United States financial system became a major factor in the campaign, Biden voted in favor of the $700 billion Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008, which passed the Senate 74–25.

On October 2, 2008, Biden participated in the campaign's one vice presidential debate with Palin. Polling from CNN, Fox and CBS found that while Palin exceeded many voters' expectations, Biden had won the debate overall.

On October 5, he suspended campaign events for a few days after the death of his wife's mother.

2008 Senate candidacy

Template:Future election candidate

After ending his 2008 presidential bid in January, Biden focused instead on running for a seventh Senate term against Republican Christine O'Donnell. In late August 2008, he was picked by Obama to be his running mate. Biden is nevertheless continuing to run for Senate re-election as well as Vice President, as permitted by Delaware state law. If he won both races, he would resign from the Senate before Inauguration Day – January 20, 2009, assuming he chose to become Vice President. Delaware's Democratic governor, Ruth Ann Minner, or possibly her successor, would then appoint someone else to serve the first two years of his term. There has been speculation in the media as to who the appointee might be.

Career outside of government

In 1981, Biden received an honorary degree from Saint Joseph's University. Since 1991, Biden has served as an adjunct professor at the Widener University School of Law, where has taught a seminar on constitutional law. Biden has typically co-taught the course with another professor, taking on at least half the course minutes and sometimes flying back from overseas to make one of the classes.

Biden is an inductee of the Delaware Volunteer Firemen's Association Hall of Fame, and sits on the board of advisors of the Close Up Foundation.

Political positions

A method that political scientists use for gauging ideology is to compare the annual ratings by the Americans for Democratic Action (ADA) with the ratings by the American Conservative Union (ACU). Biden has a lifetime liberal 72 percent score from the ADA through 2004, while the ACU awarded Biden a lifetime conservative rating of 13 percent through 2007. Using another metric, Biden has a lifetime average liberal score of 77.5 percent, according to a National Journal analysis that places him ideologically among the center of Senate Democrats. The Almanac of American Politics rates congressional votes as liberal or conservative on the political spectrum, in three policy areas: economic, social, and foreign. For 2005–2006, Biden's average ratings were as follows: the economic rating was 80 percent liberal and 13 percent conservative, the social rating was 78 percent liberal and 18 percent conservative, and the foreign rating was 71 percent liberal and 25 percent conservative.

Various interest groups have given Biden scores or grades as to how well his votes align with the positions of each group. The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) gives him an 86 percent lifetime score, with a 91 percent score for the current session of Congress. Biden received a 91 percent voting record from the National Education Association (NEA) showing a pro-teacher union voting record. Biden opposes drilling for oil in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge and supports governmental funding to find new energy sources. Biden believes action must be taken on global warming. He co-sponsored the Sense of the Senate resolution calling on the United States to be a part of the United Nations climate negotiations and the Boxer-Sanders Global Warming Pollution Reduction Act, the most stringent climate bill in the United States Senate. Biden cites high health care and energy costs as two major threats to the prosperity of American businesses, and believes that addressing these issues will improve American economic competitiveness. Biden was given a 100 percent approval rating from AFL-CIO indicating a heavily pro-union voting record. Biden is opposed to the privatization of Social Security and was given an 89 percent approval rating from the Alliance for Retired Americans (ARA), an organization of retired union members.

Almanac

Electoral history

Further reading

This article is part of a series aboutJoe Biden
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• Biden Jr., Joseph R. (2007). Promises to Keep. Random House. ISBN 9781400065363.
• Biden Jr., Joseph R. (2001-07-24). Administration’s Missile Defense Program and the ABM Treaty: Hearing Before the Committee on Foreign Relations, U.S. Senate (PDF). U.S. Government Printing Office. ISBN 0756719593.
• Biden Jr., Joseph R. (2002-02-12). Examining The Theft Of American Intellectual Property At Home And Abroad: Hearing before the Committee On Foreign Relations, U.S. Senate (PDF). U.S. Government Printing Office. ISBN 0756741777.
• Biden Jr., Joseph R. (2002-08-01). Hearings to Examine Threats, Responses, and Regional Considerations Surrounding Iraq: Hearing before the Committee on Foreign Relations, U.S. Senate (PDF). U.S. Government Printing Office. ISBN 0756728231.
• Biden Jr., Joseph R. (September 2003). Strategies for Homeland Defense: A Compilation by the Committee on Foreign Relations, U.S. Senate. Diane Publishing. ISBN 0756726239.
• Biden Jr., Joseph R. (2001-07-08). Putin Administration's Policies toward Non-Russian Regions of the Russian Federation: Hearing before the Committee on Foreign Relations, U.S. Senate (PDF). U.S. Government Printing Office. ISBN 0756726247.
• Biden Jr., Joseph R. (2001-09-05). Threat of Bioterrorism and the Spread of Infectious Diseases: Hearing before the Committee on Foreign Relations, U.S. Senate (PDF). U.S. Government Printing Office. ISBN 0756726255.
• Biden Jr., Joseph R. (2002-02-27). How Do We Promote Democratization, Poverty Alleviation, and Human Rights to Build a More Secure Future: Hearing before the Committee on Foreign Relations, U.S. Senate (PDF). U.S. Government Printing Office. ISBN 0756724783.
• Biden Jr., Joseph R. (January 2003). Political Future of Afghanistan: Hearing before the Committee on Foreign Relations, U.S. Senate. Diane Publishing. ISBN 0756730392.
• Biden Jr., Joseph R. (January 2003). International Campaign Against Terrorism: Hearing before the Committee on Foreign Relations, U.S. Senate. Diane Publishing. ISBN 0756730414.
• Biden Jr., Joseph R. (2002). Halting the Spread of HIV/AIDS: Future Efforts in the U.S. Bilateral & Multilateral Response: Hearings before the Comm. on Foreign Relations, U.S. Senate. Diane Publishing. ISBN 0756734541.
• Biden Jr., Joseph R. (April 2000). Hague Convention On International Child Abduction: Applicable Law And Institutional Framework Within Certain Convention Countries Report To The Senate. Diane Publishing. ISBN 0756722500. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
• Nicholson, William C. (ed.) (2005). Homeland Security Law and Policy (with a foreword by Joseph Biden ed.). C. C Thomas. ISBN 0398075832. {{cite book}}: |first= has generic name (help)

References

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2. "Ancestry of Joe Biden". wargs.com. Retrieved 2008-08-26.
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7. ^ Rubinkam, Michael (2008-08-27). "Biden's Scranton childhood left lasting impression". Associated Press for Fox News. Retrieved 2008-09-07.
8. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/24/us/politics/24biden.html?_r=1&oref=slogin. See also List of teetotalers.
9. ^ Almanac of American Politics 2008, p. 364.
10. "Senator Joe Biden's 2004 Keynote Speech". National Stuttering Association. 2008-08-26. Retrieved 2008-09-07.
11. ^ Taylor, Paul (1990). See How They Run: Electing the President in an Age of Mediaocracy. Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 0-394-47059-6. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: checksum (help) p. 99.
12. ^ "Joe Biden Timeline". Biden senate website. Retrieved 2008-08-23.
13. Taylor, See How They Run, p. 98.
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15. Biden, Promises to Keep, pp. 26.
16. ^ Dionne Jr., E. J. (September 18, 1987). "Biden Admits Plagiarism in School But Says It Was Not 'Malevolent'". The New York Times. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
17. ^ Chase, Randall (2008-08-31). "Biden received 5 deferments before being declared medically ineligible for Vietnam". Associated Press for The Hartford Courant. Retrieved 2008-09-01. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
18. Taylor, See How They Run, p. 96.
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22. Cohen, Celia (2002). Only in Delaware, Politics and Politicians in the First State. Grapevine Publishing. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help) p. 199
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24. Kipp, Rachel (2008-09-04). "1972 crash still haunts driver's family". The News Journal. Retrieved 2008-09-13. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
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26. Pride, Mike (2007-12-01). "Biden a smart guy who has lived his family values". Concord Monitor. Retrieved 2008-10-04. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
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31. Biden, Promises to Keep, pp. 117–118.
32. Gibson, Ginger (2008-08-25). "Parishioners not surprised to see Biden at Mass". The News Journal. Retrieved 2008-09-28. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
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40. Copeland, Libby (2008-10-23). "Campaign Curriculum". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2008-10-25. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
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47. ^ Mayer, Jane (1994). Strange Justice: The Selling of Clarence Thomas. Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-395-633184-4. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: length (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help) p. 213, 218, 336.
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51. Bash, Dana (October 11, 2000). "Senate votes to allow compensation for terror victims, re-authorizes Violence Against Women Act". CNN. Retrieved 2008-08-24. See also: "Deal Reached on Violence Against Women Act". Fox News. December 16, 2005. Retrieved 2008-08-24.
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61. Almanac of American Politics 2008, p. 365.
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63. ^ Ned Parker and Raheem Salman (2007-10-01). "U.S. vote unites Iraqis in anger". Los Angeles Times. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
64. "Biden: Iraqi Progress on Oil is Important Step, But More Needs to be Done". Biden senate website. Retrieved 2008-08-23.
65. Henry, Ed (May 16, 2008). "Dems fire back at Bush on 'appeasement' statement". CNN. Retrieved 2008-09-02.
66. "Senate Approves $24.4 Million for Guard, Dover Air Force Bases" (Press release). Biden senate website. 2005-09-23. Retrieved 2008-09-16.
67. Bolton, Alexander (2007-11-09). "Clinton tops 2008 rivals, gets $530M in earmarks". The Hill. Retrieved 2008-08-24. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
68. "A look at Biden's net worth". Associated Press. 2008-08-24. Retrieved 2008-08-26.
69. Broder, John M. (2008-09-13). "Biden Releases Tax Returns, in Part to Pressure Rivals". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-09-13. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
70. Mooney, Alexander (2008-09-12). "Biden tax returns revealed". CNN. Retrieved 2008-09-13.
71. "Transcripts". The Situation Room. CNN. 2006-01-12. Retrieved 2008-09-21.
72. Tapper, Jake (2007-01-31). "A Biden Problem: Foot in Mouth". ABC News. Retrieved 2008-09-21.
73. ^ Leibovich, Mark (2008-09-19). "Meanwhile, the Other No. 2 Keeps On Punching". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-09-20. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
74. Seelye, Katharine Q. (1998-03-19). "Senate Struggles to Pay Attention to the Remapping of NATO". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-09-21. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
75. ^ Halperin, Mark (2008-08-23). "Halperin on Biden: Pros and Cons". Time. Retrieved 2008-09-21. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
76. Germond, Jack (1989). Whose Broad Stripes and Bright Stars? The Trivial Pursuit of the Presidency 1988. Warner Books. ISBN 0-446-51424-1. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help) p. 216
77. "Sen. Biden not running for president". CNN. 2003-08-12. Retrieved 2008-09-18.
78. "McCain Urged to Join Kerry Ticket". Reuters for MSNBC. May 16, 2004. Archived from the original on 2004-08-03.
79. Baker, Gerard (2004-10-29). "Kerry to opt for the senator who copied Kinnock". The Times. Retrieved 2008-08-24. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
80. Dionne Jr., E. J. (1987-06-10). "Biden Joins Campaign for the Presidency". The New York Times. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
81. ^ Toner, Robin (August 31, 1987). "Biden, Once the Field's Hot Democrat, Is Being Overtaken by Cooler Rivals". The New York Times. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
82. ^ Taylor, See How They Run, p. 83.
83. "Lifelong ambition led Joe Biden to Senate, White House aspirations". Dallas News. Retrieved 2008-08-25.
84. Taylor, See How They Run, pp. 108–109.
85. ^ Cook, Rhodes (1989). "The Nominating Process". In Nelson, Michael (ed.) (ed.). The Elections of 1988. Congressional Quarterly, Inc. ISBN 0-87187-494-6. {{cite book}}: |editor= has generic name (help) p. 46.
86. Dowd, Maureen (September 12, 1987). "Biden's Debate Finale: An Echo From Abroad". The New York Times. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
87. Germond and Witcover, Whose Broad Stripes and Bright Stars?, pp. 230–231.
88. ^ "Media outlets reported allegations Biden plagiarized Kinnock, but not that he had previously credited him". Media Matters. 2008-08-23. Retrieved 2008-08-28.
89. ^ Dionne Jr., E. J. (September 22, 1987). "Biden Admits Errors and Criticizes Latest Report". The New York Times. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
90. Pomper, Gerald M. (1989). "The Presidential Nominations". The Election of 1988. Chatham House Publishers. ISBN 0-934540-77-4. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: checksum (help) p. 37.
91. Taylor, See How They Run, pp. 86, 88.
92. Taylor, See How They Run, pp. 88–89.
93. Dionne Jr., E. J. (September 24, 1987). "Biden Withdraws Bid for President in Wake of Furor". The New York Times. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
94. "Offers Briton His Talks `Without Attribution' Biden Meets Kinnock, but He's Not Speechless". Los Angeles Times. January 12, 1988. See also: "Joseph Biden's Plagiarism; Michael Dukakis's 'Attack Video' – 1988". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2008-08-19. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
95. "Professional Board Clears Biden In Two Allegations of Plagiarism". Associated Press for The New York Times. May 29, 1989. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
96. "Biden Stumbles at the Starting Gate". [[The Washington Post]]. 2007-01-01. Retrieved 2008-08-23. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help); line feed character in |publisher= at position 9 (help)
97. Koppelman, Alex (2007-01-08). "The "Best Biden" for President?". Salon.com. Retrieved 2008-08-23.
98. ^ Themal, Harry F. (January 23, 2006). "unknown". The News Journal. {{cite news}}: Cite uses generic title (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
99. "A Candidate For Secretary Of State". The New York Observer. June 12, 2007. Retrieved 2008-08-23. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
100. "Biden Won't Serve As Secretary of State". Fox News. Thursday, November 29, 2007. Retrieved 2008-08-23. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
101. "Joe is Right". YouTube. Retrieved 2008-08-23.
102. "Transcript: The Democratic Debate". ABC News. 2007-08-19. Retrieved 2008-09-24.
103. Farrell, Joelle. "'A noun, a verb and 9/11'". Concord Monitor. Retrieved 2008-08-23. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
104. Horowitz, Jason (2007-02-04). "Biden Unbound: Lays Into Clinton, Obama, Edwards". The New York Observer. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help) Several linguists and political analysts stated that the correct transcription includes a comma after the word "African-American", which "would significantly change the meaning (and the degree of offensiveness) of Biden's comment". See Liberman, Mark (2007-02-01). "Language Log: Biden's Comma". Language Log.
105. Lim, Christine. "Top 10 Campaign Gaffes". Time. Retrieved 2008-08-20. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
106. ^ "Biden's Comments Ruffle Feathers, Senator Forced To Explain His Remarks About Indian-Americans". CBS News. 2006-07-07. Retrieved 2008-08-24.
107. The Indian-American activist who was on the receiving end of Biden's comment stated that he was "100 percent behind (Biden) because he did nothing wrong." See Distaso, John (2006-07-10). "Indian-American activist defends Sen. Biden". New Hampshire Union Leader. Retrieved 2008-02-01. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
108. "Conventions 2008: Sen. Joseph Biden (D)". National Journal. 2008-08-25. Retrieved 2008-09-16.
109. "Iowa Democratic Party Caucus Results". Iowa Democratic Party. Retrieved 2008-08-29.
110. Murray, Shailagh (2008-01-04). "Biden, Dodd Withdraw From Race". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2008-08-29. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
111. "Biden: I'd say yes to being VP". CNN. Retrieved 2008-08-23.
112. Associated Press (August 23, 2008). "Obama's veep message to supporters". Washington Post. Retrieved 2008-08-23. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)"Text message is out and it's official".
113. "Welcome the Next Vice President". BarackObama.com. Retrieved 2008-08-24.
114. Nagourney, Adam (August 23, 2008). "Obama Chooses Biden as Running Mate". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-08-23. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
115. Dionne, E.J. (August 25, 2008). "Tramps Like Us: How Joe Biden will reassure working class voters and change the tenor of this week's convention". The New Republic. Retrieved 2008-08-25. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
116. "Scranton Bishop Says He will Refuse Communion to Joseph Biden". Lifesitenews.com. 2008-09-02. Retrieved 2008-09-10.
117. ^ Westen, John-Henry (2008-08-28). "Biden's Bishop Will not Permit Him, Even if Elected VP, to Speak at Catholic Schools". Catholic Exchange. Retrieved 2008-10-02. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
118. Kirkpatrick, David (2008-09-16). "Abortion Issue Again Dividing Catholic Votes". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-09-19.
119. Kirkpatrick, David D. (2008-10-04). "A Fight Among Catholics Over Which Party Best Reflects Church Teachings". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-10-05. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
120. Phillips, Kate (September 7, 2008). "As a Matter of Faith, Biden Says Life Begins at Conception". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-08-07. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
121. Tapper, Jake (2008-09-14). "Joe Who?". ABC News. Retrieved 2008-09-15.
122. "Senate Passes Economic Rescue Package". NY1 News. 2008-10-01. Retrieved 2008-10-02.
123. "Debate poll says Biden won, Palin beat expectations". Turner Broadcasting System, Inc. Retrieved 2008-10-04.
124. "CBS Poll: Uncommitted Voters Say Biden Won". CBS Interactive Inc. Retrieved 2008-10-04.
125. "Who Won VP Debate: A Review of Polls with October 3 pm update". Kansascity.com. Retrieved 2008-10-04.
126. Marquardt, Alexander (2008-10-05). "Biden's mother-in-law dies". CNN.
127. ^ "Biden Wages 2 Campaigns At Once". Associated Press. 2008-08-24. Retrieved 2008-08-29.
128. Murray, Shailagh (August 20, 2008). "Biden's Son Off to Iraq". Washington Post. Retrieved 2008-08-23. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
129. "Swing State Project:DE-Sen: Bidenmania". Swing State Project. Retrieved 2008-08-24.
130. "Honorary Degree Recipients" (PDF). Saint Joseph's University. Retrieved 2008-08-19.
131. "Faculty: Joseph R. Biden, Jr". Widener University School of Law. Retrieved 2008-09-24.
132. Purchla, Matt (2008-08-26). "For Widener Law students, a teacher aims high". Metro Philadelphia. Retrieved 2008-09-25. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
133. Carey, Kathleen E. (2008-08-27). "For Widener Law students, a teacher aims high". Delaware County Daily Times. Retrieved 2008-09-25. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
134. "Hall of Fame". Delaware Volunteer Firemen's Association. Retrieved 2008-09-16.
135. "Board of Advisors". Close Up Foundation. Retrieved 2008-08-29.
136. Mayer, William. "Kerry's Record Rings a Bell". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2008-08-24. "The question of how to measure a senator's or representative's ideology is one that political scientists regularly need to answer. For more than 30 years, the standard method for gauging ideology has been to use the annual ratings of lawmakers' votes by various interest groups, notably the Americans for Democratic Action (ADA) and the American Conservative Union (ACU)."
137. Kiely, Kathy. ""Judging Judge Roberts: A look at the Judiciary Committee"], [[USA Today]], [[2005-09-12]]. Retrieved [[2008-08-24]]". {{cite web}}: URL–wikilink conflict (help) See also: "2007 U.S. Senate votes". American Conservative Union. Retrieved 2008-08-24. Lifetime rating is given.
138. "Biden's Senate Vote Record". nationaljournal.com. August 23, 2008. Retrieved 2008-08-23.
139. Almanac of American Politics 2008, p. 363. In 2005, the ratings were E 73 26, S 83 10, F 76 15; in 2006, E 87 0, S 73 26, F 65 34.
140. "ACLU Congressional Scorecard". American Civil Liberties Union. Retrieved 2008-08-25.
141. "Improving America's Schools Act of 1994, SEC. 14510". US Department of Education. Retrieved 2008-08-23.
142. "Arctic Power - Arctic National Wildlife Refuge - Presidential Candidates views on ANWR, The Democrats". Retrieved 2008-08-25.
143. "A look at the environmental record of Joe Biden, Barack Obama's ..." Grist. January 3, 2008. Retrieved 2008-05-04. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)

Books referenced

• Barone, Michael (2008). The Almanac of American Politics. Washington: National Journal Group. ISBN 0-89234-116-0. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: checksum (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)

External links

• Biography at the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
• Financial information (federal office) at the Federal Election Commission
• Official Senate website
• Official Senate campaign website
• Official Vice Presidential campaign website
• Template:Worldcat id

v t e Current United States senators
President: ▌ Kamala Harris (D) ‧ President pro tempore: ▌ Patty Murray (D)
AL: ▌ Tuberville (R)⎣ ▌ Britt (R) AK: ▌ Murkowski (R)⎣ ▌ Sullivan (R) AZ: ▌ Sinema (I)⎣ ▌ Kelly (D) AR: ▌ Boozman (R)⎣ ▌ Cotton (R) CA: ▌ Padilla (D)⎣ ▌ Schiff (D) CO: ▌ Bennet (D)⎣ ▌ Hickenlooper (D) CT: ▌ Blumenthal (D)⎣ ▌ Murphy (D) DE: ▌ Carper (D)⎣ ▌ Coons (D) FL: ▌ Rubio (R)⎣ ▌ R. Scott (R) GA: ▌ Ossoff (D)⎣ ▌ Warnock (D) HI: ▌ Schatz (D)⎣ ▌ Hirono (D) ID: ▌ Crapo (R)⎣ ▌ Risch (R) IL: ▌ Durbin (D)⎣ ▌ Duckworth (D) IN: ▌ Young (R)⎣ ▌ Braun (R) IA: ▌ Grassley (R)⎣ ▌ Ernst (R) KS: ▌ Moran (R)⎣ ▌ Marshall (R) KY: ▌ McConnell (R)⎣ ▌ Paul (R) LA: ▌ Cassidy (R)⎣ ▌ Kennedy (R) ME: ▌ Collins (R)⎣ ▌ King (I) MD: ▌ Cardin (D)⎣ ▌ Van Hollen (D) MA: ▌ Warren (D)⎣ ▌ Markey (D) MI: ▌ Stabenow (D)⎣ ▌ Peters (D) MN: ▌ Klobuchar (D)⎣ ▌ Smith (D) MS: ▌ Wicker (R)⎣ ▌ Hyde-Smith (R) MO: ▌ Hawley (R)⎣ ▌ Schmitt (R) MT: ▌ Tester (D)⎣ ▌ Daines (R) NE: ▌ Fischer (R)⎣ ▌ Ricketts (R) NV: ▌ Cortez Masto (D)⎣ ▌ Rosen (D) NH: ▌ Shaheen (D)⎣ ▌ Hassan (D) NJ: ▌ Booker (D)⎣ ▌ Kim (D) NM: ▌ Heinrich (D)⎣ ▌ Luján (D) NY: ▌ Schumer (D)⎣ ▌ Gillibrand (D) NC: ▌ Tillis (R)⎣ ▌ Budd (R) ND: ▌ Hoeven (R)⎣ ▌ Cramer (R) OH: ▌ Brown (D)⎣ ▌ Vance (R) OK: ▌ Lankford (R)⎣ ▌ Mullin (R) OR: ▌ Wyden (D)⎣ ▌ Merkley (D) PA: ▌ Casey (D)⎣ ▌ Fetterman (D) RI: ▌ Reed (D)⎣ ▌ Whitehouse (D) SC: ▌ Graham (R)⎣ ▌ T. Scott (R) SD: ▌ Thune (R)⎣ ▌ Rounds (R) TN: ▌ Blackburn (R)⎣ ▌ Hagerty (R) TX: ▌ Cornyn (R)⎣ ▌ Cruz (R) UT: ▌ Lee (R)⎣ ▌ Romney (R) VT: ▌ Sanders (I)⎣ ▌ Welch (D) VA: ▌ Warner (D)⎣ ▌ Kaine (D) WA: ▌ Murray (D)⎣ ▌ Cantwell (D) WV: ▌ Manchin (I)⎣ ▌ Capito (R) WI: ▌ Johnson (R)⎣ ▌ Baldwin (D) WY: ▌ Barrasso (R)⎣ ▌ Lummis (R)
▌ Republican: 49 ▌ Democratic: 47 ▌ Independent: 4

{{subst:#if:Biden, Joe|}} [[Category:{{subst:#switch:{{subst:uc:1942}}

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| #default = 1942 births

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• Living people
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• American legal academics
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• Current members of the United States Senate
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• Joe Biden
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