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| '''Żydowski Związek Wojskowy''' ('''ŻZW''', ] for ''Jewish Military Union'') was an ] ] operating during ] in the area of the ] and fighting during the ]. It was formed primarily of former ] of the ] in late 1939, soon after the start of the ] ] of ].<ref>http://hgs.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/19/2/201</ref> | '''Żydowski Związek Wojskowy''' ('''ŻZW''', ] for ''Jewish Military Union'') was an ] ] operating during ] in the area of the ] and fighting during the ]. It was formed primarily of former ] of the ] in late 1939, soon after the start of the ] ] of ].<ref>http://hgs.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/19/2/201</ref> | ||
| Due to its close ties with the all-national ], after the war the ] authorities of Poland suppressed the publication of books and articles on ŻZW, whose role in the uprising in the ghetto was undervalued,<ref name="Kledzik">{{pl icon}} {{cite journal | author = ] | year = 2002 | month = October | title = ŻZW; Appelbaum w cieniu Anielewicza | journal = ] | volume = 10 | issue = 12 | id = 2002-10-11 | url = http://polish-jewish-heritage.org/Pol/listopad_zwiazek.html | accessdate = 2006-05-09 }}</ref> as opposed to a leftist Jewish organization ] (''Jewish Fighting Organization''), whose role in the struggle is better covered in modern monographs and often overstated. |
Due to its close ties with the all-national ], after the war the ] authorities of Poland suppressed the publication of books and articles on ŻZW, whose role in the uprising in the ghetto was undervalued,<ref name="Kledzik">{{pl icon}} {{cite journal | author = ] | year = 2002 | month = October | title = ŻZW; Appelbaum w cieniu Anielewicza | journal = ] | volume = 10 | issue = 12 | id = 2002-10-11 | url = http://polish-jewish-heritage.org/Pol/listopad_zwiazek.html | accessdate = 2006-05-09 }}</ref> as opposed to a leftist Jewish organization ] (''Jewish Fighting Organization''), whose role in the struggle is better covered in modern monographs and often overstated.{{fact}} | ||
| ==History== | ==History== | ||
| ===Formation=== | ===Formation=== | ||
| ]]] | ]]] | ||
| The ŻZW was formed some time in November 1939, immediately after the ]. Among its founding members was ]<ref name="Apfelbaum">Some sources render his surname as Appelbaum; in fact most surnames mentioned in this article are often misspelt in the sources, cf. Frenkel - Frenkiel, Wajnsztok - Weinsztok; see also Kledzik, op.cit.</ref>, a pre-war ] of the Polish Army,<ref name="Arens">{{en icon}} {{cite journal | author = Moshe Arens | year = 2003 | month = May | title = The Changing Face of Memory: Who Defended The Warsaw Ghetto? | journal = ] | url = http://www.freeman.org/m_online/may03/arens.htm | accessdate = 2006-05-09 }}</ref> who proposed to his former superior, ] ], the formation of a Jewish ] ] group in collaboration with other Polish resistance organizations being formed at that time |
The ŻZW was formed some time in November of 1939, immediately after the ]. Among its founding members was ]<ref name="Apfelbaum">Some sources render his surname as Appelbaum; in fact most surnames mentioned in this article are often misspelt in the sources, cf. Frenkel - Frenkiel, Wajnsztok - Weinsztok; see also Kledzik, op.cit.</ref>, a pre-war ] of the Polish Army,<ref name="Arens">{{en icon}} {{cite journal | author = Moshe Arens | year = 2003 | month = May | title = The Changing Face of Memory: Who Defended The Warsaw Ghetto? | journal = ] | url = http://www.freeman.org/m_online/may03/arens.htm | accessdate = 2006-05-09 }}</ref> who proposed to his former superior, ] ], the formation of a Jewish ] ] group in collaboration with other Polish resistance organizations being formed at that time{{fact}}. At the end of December such an organization was indeed formed and received the name of Żydowski Związek Walki. On ], ], its existence was approved by ] ], the Polish ] and the ] of the ]{{fact}} | ||
| Initially consisting of only 39 men, each armed with a ], with time it had grown to become one of the most numerous and most notable Jewish resistance organizations in Poland. Between 1940 and 1942 additional cells were formed in most major towns of Poland, including the most notable groups in ], ] and ]. Although initially formed entirely by professional soldiers, with time it also included members of pre-war right wing Jewish-Polish parties such as ] (among them Perec Laskier, Lowa Swerin, Paweł Frenkel, Merediks, Langleben and Rosenfeld), ] (Joel Białobrow, ]) and the revisionist faction of the ] (Leib "Leon" Rodal and Meir Klingbeil).<ref name="Kledzik"/> | Initially consisting of only 39 men, each armed with a ], with time it had grown to become one of the most numerous and most notable Jewish resistance organizations in Poland. Between 1940 and 1942 additional cells were formed in most major towns of Poland, including the most notable groups in ], ] and ]. Although initially formed entirely by professional soldiers, with time it also included members of pre-war right wing Jewish-Polish parties such as ] (among them Perec Laskier, Lowa Swerin, Paweł Frenkel, Merediks, Langleben and Rosenfeld), ] (Joel Białobrow, ]) and the revisionist faction of the ] (Leib "Leon" Rodal and Meir Klingbeil).<ref name="Kledzik"/> | ||
| The ŻZW was formed in close ties with Iwański's organization and initially focused primarily on acquisition of arms and preparation of a large-scale opeartion in which all of its members could escape to ], from where they wanted to flee to ] where the Polish Army was being re-created |
The ŻZW was formed in close ties with Iwański's organization and initially focused primarily on acquisition of arms and preparation of a large-scale opeartion in which all of its members could escape to ], from where they wanted to flee to ] where the Polish Army was being re-created{{fact}}. With time however it was decided that the members stay in occupied Poland to help organize the struggle against the occupiers. In the later period the ŻZW focused on acquisition of arms for the future struggle as well as on helping the Jews to escape the ], created in almost every town in German-held Poland. Thanks to the close ties with the ] and then the AK (mainly through ] ], the Polish underground ] force), the ŻZW received a large number of guns and armaments, as well as training of their members by professional officers. Those resistance organizations also provided help with weapons and ammunition acquisition, as well as with organizing the escapes.<ref name="Arens"/> | ||
| Although the ŻZW was active in a number of towns in Poland, it's major ] remained in ]. When most of the Jewish inhabitants were forced into the Warsaw Ghetto, the ŻZW remained in contact with the outside world through Iwański and a number of other officers on the ''Aryan side''. By the summer of 1942, the Union had 320 well-armed<ref name="armed">By Polish resistance standards obviously; see also Moshe Arens, op.cit.</ref> members in Warsaw alone. During the first large ] from the Warsaw Ghetto, the ŻZW received the news of the German plans and managed to hide most of its members in bunkers, which resulted in less than 20 of them being arrested by the Germans |
Although the ŻZW was active in a number of towns in Poland, it's major ] remained in ]. When most of the Jewish inhabitants were forced into the Warsaw Ghetto, the ŻZW remained in contact with the outside world through Iwański and a number of other officers on the ''Aryan side''. By the summer of 1942, the Union had 320 well-armed<ref name="armed">By Polish resistance standards obviously; see also Moshe Arens, op.cit.</ref> members in Warsaw alone. During the first large ] from the Warsaw Ghetto, the ŻZW received the news of the German plans and managed to hide most of its members in bunkers, which resulted in less than 20 of them being arrested by the Germans{{fact}}. Although Dawid Mordechaj Apfelbaum could not convince ] to start an armed uprising against the Germans during the deportation, the organization managed to preserve most of its members - and assets. It also started to train more members and by January of 1943 it already had roughly 500 men at arms in Warsaw alone. In addition, the ''technological department'' of the ŻZW, together with Capt. ]'s group of the ] resistance organization managed to dig two secret tunnels under the walls of the ghetto, providing contact with the outside and allowing smuggling of arms into the ghetto.<ref name="Arens"/> | ||
| ===Structure=== | ===Structure=== | ||
| The commander of the ŻZW at the time of the uprising was Dr. ], <ref name="PWN">{{pl icon}} {{cite encyclopedia | year = 2005 | title = ŻYDOWSKI ZWIĄZEK WOJSKOWY | encyclopedia =] | publisher = ] | location = Warsaw | id = }}</ref> though others have mentioned Apfelbaum <ref name="Kledzik"/> | The commander of the ŻZW at the time of the uprising was Dr. ], <ref name="PWN">{{pl icon}} {{cite encyclopedia | year = 2005 | title = ŻYDOWSKI ZWIĄZEK WOJSKOWY | encyclopedia =] | publisher = ] | location = Warsaw | id = }}</ref> though others have mentioned Apfelbaum <ref name="Kledzik"/> | ||
| and Dawid Wdowiński (although this citation is not certain due to lack of documents and sources). | and Dawid Wdowiński (although this citation is not certain due to lack of documents and sources). | ||
| The organization was divided onto groups of five soldiers. Three groups formed a unit, four units formed a platoon and four platoons - a company, composed of roughly 240 men. In early January 1943 the ŻZW had two entirely-manned and fully-armed companies and two additional '']'' companies, to be manned by newly-arrived ]s when need arises. This indeed happened in April 1943, though the actual number of ŻZW soldiers to take part in the Uprising is a matter of debate.<ref name="Kledzik"/> Apart from the fighting groups, the ŻZW was organized into several departments:<ref name="Kledzik"/> | The organization was divided onto groups of five soldiers. Three groups formed a unit, four units formed a platoon and four platoons - a company, composed of roughly 240 men. In early January of 1943 the ŻZW had two entirely-manned and fully-armed companies and two additional '']'' companies, to be manned by newly-arrived ]s when need arises. This indeed happened in April of 1943, though the actual number of ŻZW soldiers to take part in the Uprising is a matter of debate.<ref name="Kledzik"/> Apart from the fighting groups, the ŻZW was organized into several departments:<ref name="Kledzik"/> | ||
| * Information Department, directed by Leon Rodal; | * Information Department, directed by Leon Rodal; | ||
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| {{Link FA|he}} | {{Link FA|he}} | ||
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| ] | ] | ||
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Żydowski Związek Wojskowy (ŻZW, Polish for Jewish Military Union) was an underground resistance organization operating during World War II in the area of the Warsaw Ghetto and fighting during the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising. It was formed primarily of former officers of the Polish Army in late 1939, soon after the start of the German occupation of Poland.
Due to its close ties with the all-national Armia Krajowa (AK), after the war the Communist authorities of Poland suppressed the publication of books and articles on ŻZW, whose role in the uprising in the ghetto was undervalued, as opposed to a leftist Jewish organization Żydowska Organizacja Bojowa (Jewish Fighting Organization), whose role in the struggle is better covered in modern monographs and often overstated.
History
Formation
The ŻZW was formed some time in November of 1939, immediately after the German and Soviet conquest of Poland. Among its founding members was Dawid Mordechaj Apfelbaum, a pre-war Lieutenant of the Polish Army, who proposed to his former superior, Captain Henryk Iwański, the formation of a Jewish en cadre resistance group in collaboration with other Polish resistance organizations being formed at that time. At the end of December such an organization was indeed formed and received the name of Żydowski Związek Walki. On January 30, 1940, its existence was approved by General Władysław Sikorski, the Polish commander in chief and the prime minister of the Polish Government in Exile
Initially consisting of only 39 men, each armed with a Vis pistol, with time it had grown to become one of the most numerous and most notable Jewish resistance organizations in Poland. Between 1940 and 1942 additional cells were formed in most major towns of Poland, including the most notable groups in Lublin, Lwów and Stanisławów. Although initially formed entirely by professional soldiers, with time it also included members of pre-war right wing Jewish-Polish parties such as Betar (among them Perec Laskier, Lowa Swerin, Paweł Frenkel, Merediks, Langleben and Rosenfeld), Hatzohar (Joel Białobrow, Dawid Wdowiński) and the revisionist faction of the Polish Zionist Party (Leib "Leon" Rodal and Meir Klingbeil).
The ŻZW was formed in close ties with Iwański's organization and initially focused primarily on acquisition of arms and preparation of a large-scale opeartion in which all of its members could escape to Hungary, from where they wanted to flee to Great Britain where the Polish Army was being re-created. With time however it was decided that the members stay in occupied Poland to help organize the struggle against the occupiers. In the later period the ŻZW focused on acquisition of arms for the future struggle as well as on helping the Jews to escape the ghettos, created in almost every town in German-held Poland. Thanks to the close ties with the Związek Walki Zbrojnej and then the AK (mainly through Iwański's Security Corps, the Polish underground police force), the ŻZW received a large number of guns and armaments, as well as training of their members by professional officers. Those resistance organizations also provided help with weapons and ammunition acquisition, as well as with organizing the escapes.
Although the ŻZW was active in a number of towns in Poland, it's major headquarters remained in Warsaw. When most of the Jewish inhabitants were forced into the Warsaw Ghetto, the ŻZW remained in contact with the outside world through Iwański and a number of other officers on the Aryan side. By the summer of 1942, the Union had 320 well-armed members in Warsaw alone. During the first large deportation from the Warsaw Ghetto, the ŻZW received the news of the German plans and managed to hide most of its members in bunkers, which resulted in less than 20 of them being arrested by the Germans. Although Dawid Mordechaj Apfelbaum could not convince Adam Czerniaków to start an armed uprising against the Germans during the deportation, the organization managed to preserve most of its members - and assets. It also started to train more members and by January of 1943 it already had roughly 500 men at arms in Warsaw alone. In addition, the technological department of the ŻZW, together with Capt. Cezary Ketling's group of the PLAN resistance organization managed to dig two secret tunnels under the walls of the ghetto, providing contact with the outside and allowing smuggling of arms into the ghetto.
Structure
The commander of the ŻZW at the time of the uprising was Dr. Paweł Frenkiel, though others have mentioned Apfelbaum and Dawid Wdowiński (although this citation is not certain due to lack of documents and sources). The organization was divided onto groups of five soldiers. Three groups formed a unit, four units formed a platoon and four platoons - a company, composed of roughly 240 men. In early January of 1943 the ŻZW had two entirely-manned and fully-armed companies and two additional en cadre companies, to be manned by newly-arrived volunteers when need arises. This indeed happened in April of 1943, though the actual number of ŻZW soldiers to take part in the Uprising is a matter of debate. Apart from the fighting groups, the ŻZW was organized into several departments:
- Information Department, directed by Leon Rodal;
- Organization Department, directed by Paweł Frenkel;
- Supply Department ("Kwatermistrzowski"), directed by Leon Wajnsztok;
- Finances Department, without a director;
- Communication Department (contacts with Armia Krajowa mainly), directed by Dawid Apfelbaum;
- Medical Department led by dr Józef Celmajster (under pseudonym Niemirski);
- Juridicial Department under Dawid Szulman;
- Saving (Ratowanie) Department (transporting Jewish children and others outside the ghetto), under Kalma Mendelson;
- Department of Technology, Transport and Supplies (which, among other things, built two tunnels under the Ghetto walls) led by Hanoch Federbusz;
- Military Department under Paweł Frenkel and Dawid Apfelbaum.
Warsaw Ghetto Uprising
During the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising ŻZW is said to have had about 400 well-armed fighters grouped in 11 units. ŻZW fought together with AK fighters in Muranowska street (4 units under Frenkel). Dawid M. Apfelbaum took position in Miła street. Heniek Federbusz group organized a strong pocket of resistance in a house near Zamenhoff street. Jan Pika unit took position in Miła street, while unit of Leizer Staniewicz fought in the Nalewki, Gęsia street and Franciszkańska street. Dawid Berliński's group took position in second part of Nalewki. Roman Winsztok commanded group near Muranowska, where also the headquarters of the Union was located (Muranowska 7/9 street). Photograph of ZZW headquarters at 2 Muranow Street Warsaw {reference only-see }
After the war
Already during the war the influence and the importance of the Żydowski Związek Wojskowy was being downgraded. The surviving commanders of the leftist ŻOB either did not mention the ŻZW's fight in the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising in their writings at all, or belittled its importance. Also the war-time Soviet propaganda did only briefly mention the fighters as they collided with its aims of presenting the Soviet Union as the only defender of the European Jewry. In addition, except for Dawid Wdowiński none of the high-ranking commanders of the ŻZW survived the war to tell their part of the story and it was not until 1963 that Wdowiński's memoirs were published.
This led to a number of myths concerning both the ŻZW and the Uprising being commonly repeated in many modern publications. This was even strengthened by the post-war propaganda of the Polish communists, who openly underlined the value of the leftist Żydowska Organizacja Bojowa, while suppressed all publications on the Armia Krajowa-backed ŻZW.
The “Contact” ring used as a sign between the ŻZW and the Armia Krajowa is displayed in Yad Vashem. A means of identification, used in particular during meetings of higher level officers, were two identical gold rings set with a red stone engraved with Jewish symbols. It was not enough for the contacts to show the ring, they were expected to explain the significance of the symbols.
The ring that was in the possession of the Jewish underground fighters, was destroyed in the ruins of the Ghetto. Its twin remained in the hands of Henryk Iwanski, the leader of the Polish underground and later brought to the museum in Jerusalem, Israel.
See also
Notes and references
- In-line:
- http://hgs.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/19/2/201
- ^ Template:Pl icon Maciej Kledzik (2002). "ŻZW; Appelbaum w cieniu Anielewicza". Rzeczpospolita. 10 (12). 2002-10-11. Retrieved 2006-05-09.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help) - Some sources render his surname as Appelbaum; in fact most surnames mentioned in this article are often misspelt in the sources, cf. Frenkel - Frenkiel, Wajnsztok - Weinsztok; see also Kledzik, op.cit.
- ^ Template:En icon Moshe Arens (2003). "The Changing Face of Memory: Who Defended The Warsaw Ghetto?". Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 2006-05-09.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help) - By Polish resistance standards obviously; see also Moshe Arens, op.cit.
- Template:Pl icon "ŻYDOWSKI ZWIĄZEK WOJSKOWY". PWN encyclopedia. Warsaw: Państwowe Wydawnictwa Naukowe. 2005.
- Template:En icon Icchak Cukierman (1993). A surplus of memory: chronicle of the Warsaw Ghetto uprising. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 702. ISBN 0520078411.
- Template:Ru icon Pyotr Gorelik (2003). "КРЕПОСТЬ МАСАДА В ВАРШАВЕ (Masada fortress in Warsaw)". Zametki po Evreiskoy Istorii. 2002-08-30 (32). Retrieved 2006-05-09.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help) - Template:En icon Dawid Wdowiński (1963). And we are not saved. New York: Philosophical Library. p. 222. ISBN 0802224865.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - Template:Ru icon Aleksandr Svishchev (2003). "Восстание в Варшавском гетто. Мифы и действительность (Warsaw Ghetto Uprising: myths and facts". Еврейские новости (Jewish News). 2003-07-23 (27 (51)). Retrieved 2006-05-09.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help)
- General:
- Template:En icon Chaim Lazar (1966). Muranowska 7: the Warsaw Ghetto rising. Tel Aviv: Massada P.E.C. Press. p. 341. ISBN.
- Template:Pl icon Maciej Kledzik (2004). "Zapomniani żołnierze (Forgotten Soldiers)". Rzeczpospolita. 136 (2004-06-12). Retrieved 2006-05-09.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help)
Further reading
- Apfelbaum, Marian 2007, "Two Flags; Return to the Warsaw Ghetto", Gefen Publishing House. ISBN 9789652293565
- Dawid Wdowiński; Chaim Lazar, Morris Chariton (1963). And we are not saved. New York: Philosophical Library, 222. ISBN 0802224865.