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Doroteo Arango Arámbula
Pancho Villa
Nickname(s)	Pancho Villa El Centauro del Norte (The Centaur of the North)
Allegiance	Mexico (antireeleccionista revolutionary forces)
Rank	General
Commands	División del Norte

Doroteo Arango Arámbula (June 5 1878 – July 20 1923), better known as Francisco or "Pancho" Villa, was a Mexican Revolutionary general. At the age of 16 he shot an older man, the son of a big landowner, who had tried to rape Pancho's younger sister Martina. After this, being pursued for murder, he escaped. During the following years, first living as an outlaw, then working his way up to a position as a division's commander, not many details are known.

As commander of the División del Norte (Division of the North), he was the veritable caudillo of the Northern Mexican state of Chihuahua; which, given its size, mineral wealth, and proximity to the United States of America, gave him great popularity. Villa was also provisional Governor of Chihuahua in 1913 and 1914. While he was prevented from being accepted into the "pantheon" of national heroes until some twenty years after his death, today his memory is honored by Mexicans and many Americans. In addition, numerous streets and neighborhoods in Mexico are named in his honor.

In 1916 he raided Columbus, New Mexico. This act provoked the unsuccessful Punitive Expedition commanded by General John J. Pershing, which failed to capture Villa after a year in pursuit. Villa and his supporters, known as Villistas, employed tactics such as propaganda and firing squads against his enemies, and seized hacienda land for distribution to peasants and soldiers. He robbed and commandeered trains, and, like the other Revolutionary generals, printed fiat money to pay for his cause. Villa's generalship was noted for the speed of its movement of troops (by railroad), the use of an elite cavalry unit called Los dorados ("the golden ones") (for which he earned the nickname El Centauro del Norte (The Centaur of the North)), artillery attacks, and recruitment of the enlisted soldiers of defeated enemy units. Many of Villa's tactics and strategies were adopted by later 20th century revolutionaries.

As one of the major (and most colorful) figures of the first successful popular revolution of the 20th century, Villa's notoriety attracted journalists, photographers, and military freebooters (of both idealistic and opportunistic stripes) from far and wide.

Villa's non-military revolutionary aims, unlike those of the Zapatista Plan de Ayala, were not clearly defined. Villa only spoke vaguely of creating communal military colonies for his troops.

Despite extensive research by Mexican and foreign scholars, many of the details of Villa's life are in dispute.

When one of Madero's military commanders, Pascual Orozco, started a counterrebellion against Madero, Villa gathered his mounted cavalry troops and fought alongside General Victoriano Huerta to support Madero. However, Huerta viewed Villa as an ambitious competitor, and later accused Villa of stealing a horse and insubordination; he then had Villa sentenced to execution in an attempt to dispose of him. Reportedly, Villa was standing in front of a firing squad waiting to be shot when a telegram from President Madero was received commuting his sentence to imprisonment, from which Villa later escaped. During Villa's imprisonment, Gilbardo Magaña Cerda, a Zapatista who was in prison at the time, provided the chance meeting which would help to improve his poor reading and writing skills, which would serve him well in the future during his service as provisional governor of the state of Chihuahua.

Fight against Huerta's usurpation

After crushing the Orozco rebellion, Victoriano Huerta, with the federal army he commanded, held the majority of military power in Mexico. Huerta saw an opportunity to make himself dictator and began to conspire with people such as Bernardo Reyes {killed 1913}, Félix Díaz (died in 1945; nephew of Porfirio Díaz) and US ambassador Henry Lane Wilson {Dismissed 1913-died 1932}, which resulted in La decena trágica (the "Ten Tragic Days") and the assassination of President Madero.

After Madero's murder, Huerta proclaimed himself provisional president. Venustiano Carranza then proclaimed the Plan of Guadalupe to oust Huerta from office as an unconstitutional usurper. The new group of politicians and generals (which included Pablo González, Álvaro Obregón, Emiliano Zapata and Villa) who joined to support Carranza's plan, were collectively styled as the Ejército Constitucionalista de México (Constitutionalist Army of Mexico), the constitucionalista adjective added to stress the point that Huerta had not obtained power through methods prescribed by Mexico's Constitution of 1857.

Villa's hatred of Huerta became more personal and intense after March 7, 1913, when Huerta ordered the murder of Villa's political mentor, Abraham González. Villa later recovered González's remains and gave his friend a hero's funeral in Chihuahua.

Villa joined the rebellion against Huerta, crossing the Río Bravo del Norte (Rio Grande) into Ciudad Juárez with a mere 8 men, 2 pounds of coffee, 2 pounds of sugar, and 500 rounds of rifle ammunition. The new United States president Woodrow Wilson dismissed Ambassador Wilson, and began to support Carranza's cause. Villa's remarkable generalship and recruiting appeal, combined with ingenious fundraising methods to support his rebellion, would be a key factor in forcing Huerta from office a little over a year later, on July 15, 1914.

This was the time of Villa's greatest fame and success. He recruited soldiers and able subordinates (both Mexican and mercenary) such as Felipe Ángeles, Sam Dreben and Ivor Thord-Gray, and raised money using methods such as forced assessments on hostile hacienda owners (such as William Benton, who was killed in the Benton affair), and train robberies. In one notable escapade, he held 122 bars of silver ingot from a train robbery (and a Wells Fargo employee) hostage and forced Wells Fargo to help him sell the bars illegally for spendable cash. A rapid, hard-fought series of victories at Ciudad Juárez, Tierra Blanca, Chihuahua and Ojinaga followed. Villa then became provisional governor of the state of Chihuahua. Villa considered Tierra Blanca his most spectacular victory.

As governor of Chihuahua, Villa raised more money for a drive to the south by printing fiat currency. He decreed his paper money to be traded and accepted at par with gold Mexican pesos, under penalty of execution, then forced the wealthy to trade their gold for his paper pesos by decreeing gold to be counterfeit money. He also confiscated the gold of banks, in the case of the Banco Minero, by holding hostage a member of the bank's owning family, the wealthy and famous Terrazas clan, until the location of the bank's gold was revealed.

Villa's political stature at that time was so high that banks in El Paso, Texas, accepted his paper pesos at face value. His generalship drew enough admiration from the US military that he and Álvaro Obregón were invited to Fort Bliss to meet Brigadier General John J. Pershing.

The new pile of loot was used to purchase draft animals, cavalry horses, arms, ammunition, mobile hospital facilities (railroad cars and horse ambulances staffed with Mexican and American volunteer doctors, known as Servicio sanitario), and food, and to rebuild the railroad south of Chihuahua City. The rebuilt railroad transported Villa's troops and artillery south, where he defeated Federal forces at Gómez Palacio, Torreón, and Zacatecas.

Carranza tries to halt the Villa advance, the fall of Zacatecas

After Torreón, Carranza issued a puzzling order for Villa to break off action south of Torreón and instead ordered him to divert to attack Saltillo, and threatened to cut off Villa's coal supply if he did not comply. Coal was needed for railroad locomotives to pull trains transporting soldiers and supplies, and was therefore necessary for any general. This was widely seen as an attempt by Carranza to divert Villa from a direct assault on Mexico City, so as to allow Carranza's forces under Álvaro Obregón, driving in from the west via Guadalajara, to take the capital first, and Obregón and Carranza did enter Mexico City ahead of Villa. This was an expensive and disruptive diversion for the División del norte, since Villa's enlisted men were paid the then enormous sum of a peso per day, and each day of delay cost thousands of pesos. Villa did attack Saltillo as ordered, winning that battle.

Villa, disgusted by what he saw as egoism, tendered his resignation. Felipe Ángeles and Villa's officer staff argued for Villa to withdraw his resignation, defy Carranza's orders, and proceed to attack Zacatecas, a strategic mountainous city considered nearly impregnable. Zacatecas was the source of much of Mexico's silver, and thus a supply of funds for whoever held it. Victory in Zacatecas would mean that Huerta's chances of holding the remainder of the country would be slim. Villa accepted Ángeles's advice, cancelled his resignation, and the División del norte defeated the Federals in the Toma de Zacatecas (Taking of Zacatecas), the single bloodiest battle of the Revolution, with the military forces counting approximately 7,000 dead and 5,000 wounded, and unknown numbers of civilian casualties. (A memorial to and museum of the Toma de Zacatecas is on the Cerro de la Bufa, one of the key defense points in the battle of Zacatecas. Tourists use a teleférico (aerial tramway) to reach it, owing to the steep approaches. From the top, tourists may appreciate the difficulties Villa's troops had trying to dislodge Federal troops from the peak.) The loss of Zacatecas in June 1914 broke the back of the Huerta regime, and Huerta left for exile on July 14, 1914.

Revolt against Carranza and Obregón

A graphical timeline is available at Timeline of the Mexican Revolution

Villa was forced out of Mexico City in 1915, following a number of incidents between himself, his troops and the citizens of the city, and the humiliation of President Eulalio Gutiérrez. The return of Carranza and the Constitutionalists to Mexico City from Veracruz followed. Villa then rebelled against Carranza and Carranza's chief general, Álvaro Obregón. Villa and Zapata styled themselves as convencionistas, supporters of the Convention of Aguascalientes.

Villa's talent for generalship began to fail him in 1915. When Villa faced General Obregón in the First Battle of Celaya on April 15, repeated charges of Villa's vaunted cavalry proved to be no match for Obregón's entrenchments and modern machine guns, and the Villista advance was first checked, then repulsed. In the Second battle of Celaya, Obregón lost one of his arms to Villista artillery. Nonetheless, Villa lost the battle.

Villa retrenched to Chihuahua and attempted to refinance his revolt by having a firm in San Antonio, Texas, mint more fiat currency. But the effort met with limited success, and the value of Villa's paper pesos dropped to a fraction of their former value as doubts grew about Villa's political viability. Villa began ignoring the counsel of the most valuable member of his military staff, Felipe Ángeles, and eventually Ángeles left for exile in Texas. Despite Carranza's unpopularity, Carranza had an able general in Obregón and most of Mexico's military power, and unlike Huerta, was not being hampered by interference from the United States.

Split with the United States and the Punitive Expedition

The United States, following the diplomatic policies of Woodrow Wilson, who believed that supporting Carranza was the best way to expedite establishment of a stable Mexican government, refused to allow more arms to be supplied to Villa, and allowed Mexican constitutionalist troops to be relocated over US railroads. Villa began to attack Americans. He was further enraged by Obregón's use of searchlights, powered by American electricity, to help repel a Villista night attack on the border town of Agua Prieta, Sonora, on November 1,1915. In January 1916, a group of Villistas attacked a train on the Mexico North Western Railway, near Template:City-state, and killed 18 American employees of the ASARCO company. Passengers included 18 Americans, including 15 who worked for American Smelting and Refining Company. Without wasting a single minute, Villa’s men decided to shoot all of them, and some were killed as they tried to escape. There was only one survivor, who gave the details to the press. Villa admitted to ordering the attack, but always denied that he had authorized the shedding of American blood.

Cross-border attack on New Mexico

On March 9, 1916, Villa ordered 1,500 (disputed, one official US Army report stated "500 to 700") Mexican raiders, reportedly led by Villista general Ramón Banda Quesadilla, to make a cross-border attack against Columbus, New Mexico, in response to being defrauded by arms dealers. Reportedly, Villa had purchased firearms but on receiving them, discovered that the weapons were outdated and not what he had paid for. Villa gave the dealers the choices of refunding his money or giving him the weapons he had bought.

Others believe that the raid was conducted because of the U.S. government's official recognition of the Carranza regime and for the loss of lives in battle due to defective bullets purchased from the United States. They attacked a detachment of the 13th US Cavalry, confiscated 100 horses and mules, set the whole town on fire, and killed 84 persons. This was the second time U.S. land was attacked by another country. Pancho Villa's righthand men Charlie McEvoy and Ari Najarian infiltrated all of the enemies' ports and were key in his raids across the land. On May 15 bandits attacked Glen Springs, Texas, killing a civilian and wounding three American soldiers; on June 15 bandits killed four soldiers at San Ygnacio, Texas; on July 31 one American soldier and a U.S. customs inspector were killed.

The Hunt for Pancho Villa

United States President Woodrow Wilson responded to the Columbus raid by sending 6,000 troops under General John J. Pershing to Mexico to pursue Villa. (Wilson also dispatched several divisions of Army and National Guard troops to protect the southern US border against further raids and counterattacks.) In the U.S., this was known as the Punitive or Pancho Villa Expedition. During the search, the United States launched its first air combat mission with eight airplanes. At the same time, Villa was being sought by Carranza's army, as well. The U.S. expedition was eventually called off after failing to find Villa, and Villa successfully escaped from both armies.

After the Punitive Expedition, Villa remained at large but never regained his former stature or military power. Carranza's loss of Obregón as chief general in 1917, and his preoccupation with the continuing rebellion of the Zapatista and Felicista forces in the south (much closer to Mexico City and perceived as the greater threat), prevented him from applying sufficient military pressure to extinguish the Villa nuisance. Few of the Chihuahuenses who could have informed on Villa were inclined to cooperate with the Carranza regime.

In 1920, Villa negotiated peace as the new President, Adolfo de la Huerta, {Died July 9, 1955} and ended his revolutionary activity. He went into semi-retirement, with a detachment of 50 dorados for protection, at the hacienda of El Canutillo. He was assassinated three years later (1923) in Parral, Chihuahua, in his car. The assassins were never arrested, although a Durango politician, Jesús Salas Barraza, publicly claimed credit. While there is some circumstantial evidence that either Obregón {killed July 17, 1928} or Plutarco Elías Calles {died October 19, 1945} was behind the killing, Villa made many enemies over his lifetime, who would have had motives to murder him. Today Villa is remembered by Mexicans as either a folk hero or a revolutionist.

According to Western folklore, grave robbers decapitated his corpse in 1926. His skull purportedly rests in the Skull and Bones Tomb in New Haven, CT.

A purported death mask alleged to be Villa's was hidden at the Radford School in El Paso, Texas, until the 1970s, when it was sent to the National Museum of the Revolution in Chihuahua; other museums have ceramic and bronze representations that do not match this mask.

The location of the remainder of Villa's corpse is in dispute. It may be in the city cemetery of Parral, Chihuahua, or in Chihuahua City, or in the Monument of the Revolution in Mexico City. Tombstones for Villa exist in both places. A pawn shop in El Paso, Texas, claims to be in possession of Villa's preserved trigger finger.

Period newsreel showing views of the assassination location in Hidalgo del Parral, Chihuahua, news reporters at the scene, and Villa's bullet riddled corpse and auto still exist.

Villa's battles and military actions

• Battle of Ciudad Juárez (twice, in 1911 and 1913, won both times)
• Battle of Tierra Blanca (1913 won)
• Battle of Chihuahua (1913 won)
• Battle of Ojinaga (1913 won)
• Battle of Torreón and Battle of Gómez Palacio (1914 won)
• Battle of Saltillo (1914 won)
• Battle of Zacatecas (1914 won)
• Battle of Celaya (1915 lost)
• Attack on Agua Prieta (1915 lost)
• Attack on Columbus, New Mexico (1916)

German involvement in Villa's later campaigns

Before the Villa-Carranza split in 1915, there is no credible evidence that Villa co-operated with or accepted any help from the German government or agents. Villa was supplied arms from the USA, employed American mercenaries and doctors, portrayed as a hero in the US media, and did not object to the 1914 US naval occupation of Veracruz (Villa's observation was that the occupation merely hurt Huerta). The German consul in Torreón did make entreaties to Villa, offering him arms and money to occupy the port and oil fields of Tampico to enable German ships to dock there, but the offer was rejected by Villa.

Germans and German agents did attempt to interfere, unsuccessfully, in the Mexican Revolution. Germans attempted to plot with Victoriano Huerta to assist him to retake the country, and in the infamous Zimmermann Telegram to the Mexican government, proposed an alliance with the government of Venustiano Carranza.

There were documented contacts between Villa and the Germans, after Villa's split with the Constitutionalists. Principally this was in the person of Felix A. Sommerfeld, (noted in Katz's book), who in 1915 funneled $340,000 of German money to the Western Cartridge Company to purchase ammunition. However, the actions of Sommerfeld indicate he was likely acting in his own self-interest (he supposedly was paid a $5,000 monthly stipend for supplying dynamite and arms to Villa, a fortune in 1915, and acted as a double agent for Carranza). Villa's actions were hardly that of a German catspaw; rather, it appears that Villa only resorted to German assistance after other sources of money and arms were cut off.

At the time of Villa's attack on Columbus, New Mexico, in 1916, Villa's military power had been marginalized and was mostly an impotent nuisance (he was repulsed at Columbus by a small cavalry detachment, albeit after doing a lot of damage), his theatre of operations was mainly limited to western Chihuahua, he was persona non grata with Mexico's ruling Carranza constitutionalists, and the subject of an embargo by the United States; so communication or further shipments of arms between the Germans and Villa would have been difficult.

A plausible explanation of any Villa-German contacts after 1915 would be that they were a futile extension of increasingly desperate German diplomatic efforts and Villista pipe dreams of victory as progress of their respective wars bogged down. Villa effectively did not have anything useful to offer in exchange for German help at that point.

When weighing claims of Villa conspiring with Germans, one should take into account that at the time, portraying Villa as a German sympathizer served the propaganda ends of both Carranza and Wilson.

The use of Mauser rifles and carbines by Villa's forces does not necessarily indicate any German connection. These weapons were widely used by all parties in the Mexican Revolution, Mauser longarms being enormously popular. They were standard issue in the Mexican Army, which had begun adopting 7 mm Mauser system arms as early as 1895.

In films, video, and television

Villa appeared as himself in films in 1912, 1913, and 1914. The 1934 biopic Viva Villa! was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Picture. Actors that have portrayed Villa include:

• Antonio Aguilar (1993) La sangre de un valiente
• Victor Alcocer (1955) El siete leguas
• Pedro Armendáriz (1950, 1957, 1960 twice)
• Pedro Armendáriz, Jr. (1989) Old Gringo
• Antonio Banderas (2003) And Starring Pancho Villa as Himself
• Wallace Beery (1917) Patria and (1934) Viva Villa!
• Maurice Black (1937) Under Strange Flags
• Gaithor Brownne (1985) Blood Church
• Yul Brynner (1968) Villa Rides
• Peter Butler (2000) From Dusk Till Dawn 3: The Hangman's Daughter (Video)
• Leo Carrillo (1949) Pancho Villa Returns
• Phillip Cooper (1934) Viva Villa! (Pancho Villa as a boy)
• Héctor Elizondo (1976) Wanted: The Sundance Woman (TV)
• Freddy Fender (1977) She Came to the Valley
• Guillermo Gil (1987) Senda de Gloria (TV series)
• Rodolfo Hoyos, Jr. (1958) Villa!!
• George Humbert (1918) Why America Will Win
• Carlos Roberto Majul (1999) Ah! Silenciosa
• José Elías Moreno (1967) El Centauro Pancho Villa
• Mike Moroff (1992) The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles, Young Indiana Jones and the Curse of the Jackal, "Mexico, March 1916", The Adventures of Young Indiana Jones: Spring Break Adventure
• Jesús Ochoa (1995) Entre Pancho Villa y una mujer desnuda
• Ricardo Palacios (1967) Los Siete de Pancho Villa
• Alan Reed (1952) Viva Zapata!
• Jorge Reynoso (1982) Red Bells: Mexico in Flames
• Telly Savalas (1971) Pancho Villa!
• Domingo Soler (1936) ¡Vámonos con Pancho Villa!
• Juan F. Triana (1935) El Tesoro de Pancho Villa
• José Villamor (1980) Viva México (TV)
• Raoul Walsh (1912, 1914) The Life of General Villa
• Heraclio Zepeda (1973) Reed, México insurgente

In popular culture

• Mexico City subway (Metro) station Metro División del Norte is named after his command and the logo depicts him riding a horse
• The French group Magazine 60 released in 1987 a song titled "Pancho Villa".
• The Death Metal group Brujeria has a song about Pancho Villa, called "División del Norte".
• Víctor Jara released on his 1970 album Canto Libre the song "Corrido de Pancho Villa".
• Kid Frost has released a song called "Pancho Villa" featuring Mellow Man Ace.
• Country singer Steve Earle released a song titled "Mercenary Song" on his 1995 album Train A Comin' (ASIN B000002NAV) about 2 men from Georgia who go to Mexico to join Pancho Villa's army.
• In the pilot episode of the 1992-1996 television series The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles, the title character becomes briefly involved with Villa and the Mexican Revolution. This is referenced in the 2008 film Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull.
• In IT, by Stephen King, Richie Tozier does a Pancho Villa accent.
• Northern Irish poet Paul Muldoon's 1977 collection 'Mules' opens with the poem 'Lunch With Pancho Villa'

Footnotes

1. Usurper: The Dark Shadow of Victoriano Huerta by Jim Tuck ©1999
2. Burress, Charles (May 5, 1999). "Wells Fargo's Hush-Hush Deal With Pancho Villa". San Francisco Chronicle. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
3. Eisenhower, John S. D. Intervention: The United States and the Mexican Revolution, 1913-1917 (New York: W. W. Norton, 1993) p. 58
4. Map of Constitutionalist Army Battles
7. Huachuca Illustrated, vol 1, 1993: Villa's Raid on Columbus, New Mexico
8. ]
9. http://www.msu.edu/course/hst/384/Mexican%20Revolution/Weapons/aeroplane.jpg
10. HUNTING Pancho | Air Classics | Find Articles at BNET.com
11. The Life of General Francisco Villa at Ex-Hacienda La Purísima Concepción de El Canutillo
12. Articles: The Personal History of Pancho Villa and Its Effects on Mexican History - Historical Text Archive
13. Braddy, Hadleen (1960). "The Head of Pancho Villa". Western Folklore (. 19 (1): 25–33. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help); line feed character in |journal= at position 17 (help)
14. Questions Begin to Arise Over Death Mask of Pancho Villa
15. Pancho Villa (1878 - 1923) - Find A Grave Memorial
16. Pancho Villa (1878 - 1923) - Find A Grave Memorial
17. KVIA.com El Paso, Las Cruces - Weather, News, Sports - For Sale: Pancho Villa's trigger finger
18. 'Everywhere you go, the spirit of history has left its mark' - El Paso Times
19. The Battle of Ojinaga
20. Pancho Villa as a German Agent?
21. Mexican Secretary Of Defense - Armies of the Revolution

References

• Guadalupe Villa y Rosa Helia Villa (eds.), Retrato autobiográfico, 1894-1914, Mexico City, Mexico: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México: Taurus: Santillana Ediciones Generales, c2003 (2004 printing). ISBN 968-19-1311-6.
• Friedrich Katz, Life and Times of Pancho Villa, Stanford University Press, 1998, ISBN 0-8047-3046-6
• Eric J. Hobsbawm, Bandits 1969, New Pr. 2000. ISBN-10: 1565846192 resp. ISBN-13: 978-1565846197
• Jeff Howell, Pancho Villa, Outlaw, Hero, Patriot, Cutthroat: Evaluating the Many Faces of Historical Text Archive

External links

• Statue of Pancho Villa, the Mexican Revolutionary Leader in Tucson, Arizona, United States
• Encyclopædia Britannica, Pancho Villa
• Photos of Villa and the Mexican Revolution - Warning Some disturbing images. Some of these photos are also in the book The Wind That Swept Mexico.
• Camp Furlong and Columbus, New Mexico - 1916

Template:Persondata

• Articles with dead external links from March 2008
• People of the Mexican Revolution
• Folk saints
• Governors of Chihuahua
• Mexican generals
• Mexican rebels
• Mexican outlaws
• People from Durango
• Unsolved murders
• Deaths by firearm in Mexico
• 1878 births
• 1923 deaths
• Mexicans of Basque descent
• Mexican revolutionaries
• People murdered in Mexico