| Revision as of 14:50, 2 November 2008 editAshley kennedy3 (talk | contribs)Pending changes reviewers14,243 editsm Paneas← Previous edit | Revision as of 20:27, 9 November 2008 edit undo96.253.38.233 (talk) ←Blanked the pageNext edit → | ||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
| :''Not be confused with ], on the Mediterranean, now ] in Israel, or with ] in Cappadocia.'' | |||
| '''Caesarea Philippi''' was an ancient city located at the southwestern base of ] (Ba'al-Hermon or Arabic Jebel esh-Sheikh). The city is mentioned in the gospels of ],<ref>Matthew 16:13</ref> ]<ref>Mark 8:27</ref> and also numerous times in ]. The city was located within the region known as the "Panion" (the region of the Greek god ]). Named after the deity associated with the grotto and shrines close to the spring called "]". Today, the city, now no longer inhabited, is an archaeological site located within the ]. | |||
| ] | |||
| While Baniyas does not appear in the Old Testament, ], ], ] and Samuel ben Samson all incorrectly identified it with ] (Tel Dan).<ref>A Biblical History of Israel By Iain William Provan, V. Philips Long, Tremper Longman Published by Westminster John Knox Press, 2003 ISBN 0664220908 pp 181-183</ref><ref>Wilson, John Francis. (2004) ibid p 150</ref><ref>Louis Félicien Joseph Caignart de Saulcy, Edouard de Warren (1854) ''Narrative of a Journey Round the Dead Sea, and in the Bible Lands; in 1850 and 1851. Including an Account of the Discovery of the Sites of Sodom and Gomorrah'' Parry and M'Millan, pp 417-418</ref> While ] accurately places Dan/laish in the vicinity of Paneas at the fourth mile on the route to ].<ref>Louis Félicien Joseph Caignart de Saulcy, Edouard de Warren (1854) ibid p 418</ref> | |||
| ==Pagan associations== | |||
| ] | |||
| ] conquests started a process of Hellenisation in Egypt and Syria that continued for 1,000 years. Paneas was first settled in the ] period. The ] kings, in the 3rd century BC, built a cult centre. | |||
| ]Panias is a spring known also known Fanium named for ], the ] of desolate places. It lies close to the fabled "way of the sea" mentioned by Isaiah.<ref>Isaiah 9:1</ref> Along which many armies of Antiquity have marched. In the distant past a giant spring, gushed from a cave in the ] bedrock, tumbling down the valley to flow into the Huela marshes. Currently it is the source of the stream Nahal Senir. Whereas previously the Jordan River rose from the malaria infested ] it now rises from this spring and two others at the base of Mount Hermon. The flow of the spring has decreased greatly in modern times.<ref>Wilson, John F (2004) ''Banias: The Story of Caesarea Philippi, Lost City of Pan'' I.B.Tauris, ISBN 1850434409 p 2</ref> The water no longer gushes from the cave, but only seeps from the bedrock below it. Paneas was certainly an ancient place of great sanctity and when ] influences were overlaid on the region, the cult of its local ] gave place to the worship of ], to whom the cave was dedicated and from which the copious spring feeding the ] mashes rose and ultimately supplied the ].<ref>Kent, Charles Foster (1912) Biblical Geography and History reprinted by Read Books, 2007 ISBN 1406754730 pp 47-48</ref> The pre-Hellenic deities that have been associated with the site are ] or Ba'al-hermon.<ref>Bromiley, Geoffrey W. (1995) ''International Standard Bible Encyclopedia: A-D'' Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, ISBN 0802837816 p 569</ref> | |||
| In extant sections of the Greek historian ]'s history of "The Rise of the Roman Empire", the ] is mentioned. The battle of Panium occurred in 198 BC between the ] armies of ] Egypt and the ] Greeks of ], led by ].<ref> Digitital Library. TUFTS University Polybius Book 16 para 18</ref><ref> Digitital Library. TUFTS University Polybius Book 16 para 19</ref><ref> Digitital Library. TUFTS University Polybius Book 16 para 20</ref> Antiochus's victory cemented Selucid control over ], ] ] and ] until the ]. The Hellenised Sellucids built a pagan temple dedicated to Pan, (a goat-footed god of victory in battle , desolate places, music and goat herds), at Paneas.<ref>Chambers Dictionary of Etymology: The Origins and Development of Over 25,000 English Words Edited By Robert K. Barnhart, Sol Steinmetz (1999) Chambers Harrap Publishers L, ISBN 0550142304, p 752</ref> | |||
| ==Roman== | |||
| ] Kingdom: <br>{{legend|lime|Territory under ], from 6 ]}}{{legend|Fuchsia|Territory under ]}}{{legend|orange|Territory under Herod Philip II}}{{legend|silver|] (cities of ], Azotas, Phaesalis)}}{{legend|green|]}}{{legend|yellow|Autonomous cities (])}}]] | |||
| ===Herodian city=== | |||
| On the death of Zenodorus in 20 BC, the Panion, which included Paneas was annexed to the Kingdom of ].<ref>Wilson, John Francis. (2004) ''Caesarea Philippi: Banias, the Lost City of Pan'' I.B.Tauris, ISBN 1850434409 p 9</ref> He erected here a temple of "white marble" in honour of his patron. In the year 3 BC, ] (also known as Philip the Tetrarch) founded a city at Paneas. It became the administrative capital of Philip's large ] of ] which encompassed the Golan and the ]. ] in ] refers to the city as Caesarea Paneas; the New Testament as Caesarea Philippi (to distinguish it from ] on the ] coast).<ref>Matthew. 16:13</ref><ref>Josephus Flavius ''Antiquities of the Jews'' Book 18 chapter 2 para 1</ref> In 14 CE Philip II named it Caesarea (in honour of the ] Emperor Caesar ]) and "made improvements" to the city. His image was placed on a coin issued in 29/30 CE (to commemorate the founding of the city), this was considered as idolatrous by Jews but was following in the ] tradition of ].<ref>Wilson, John Francis. (2004) ibid pp 20-22</ref> | |||
| On the death of Philip II in 33 CE the ] was incorporated into the province of ] with the city given the autonomy to administer its own revenues.<ref>Wilson, John Francis. (2004) ibid p 23</ref> | |||
| In 61 CE the king ] renamed the administrative capital as Neronias in honour of the Roman emperor ], but this name held only till 68 CE.<ref>Madden, Frederic William (1864) ''History of Jewish Coinage, and of Money in the Old and New Testament'' B. Quaritch, p 114</ref> Agrippa also carried out urban improvements<ref>Josephus, Flavius war of the Jews Book 3 chapter 10 para 7 ''As for Panium itself, its natural beauty had been improved by the royal liberality of Agrippa, and adorned at his expenses.''</ref> | |||
| During the ] ] rested his troops at Caesarea Philippi in July 67 CE holding games over a period of 20 days before advancing on ] to crush the Jewish resistance in Galilee.<ref>Emil Schürer, Fergus Millar, Géza Vermès (1973) ''The History of the Jewish People in the Age of Jesus Christ (175 B.C.-A.D. 135)'' Continuum International Publishing Group, ISBN 0567022420 p 494</ref> | |||
| ===Gospel association=== | |||
| {{main|Confession of Peter}} | |||
| In the ], ] is said to have approached the area near the city, but without entering the city itself. Jesus, while in this area, asked his closest disciples what they thought of him. Accounts of their answers, including the ], are found in the Synoptic Gospels of ], ], and ], as well as in the ]. | |||
| Here Saint Peter made his confession of Jesus not as the Messiah but as "Lord" and the "Holy one of God", and Christ in turn gave a charge to Peter.<ref>Mark 8: 27-33, Mathew. 16; 13-23 and Luke 9: 18-22.</ref><ref>Fitzmyer, Joseph A. (1991) ''A Christological Catechism: New Testament Answers'' Paulist Press, ISBN 0809132532 p 62</ref> | |||
| A woman from Paneas, who had been bleeding for 12 years, is said to have been miraculously cured by ].<ref>Luke; 8:43. Mark 5:23 Matthew 9:20</ref> After she was cured she had a statue of ] erected.<ref>Louis Félicien Joseph Caignart de Saulcy, Edouard de Warren (1854) ibid p 418</ref> | |||
| ===Byzantium=== | |||
| On attaining the position of Emperor of the Roman Empire in 361 ] instigated a religious reformation of the Roman state, as part of a programme intended to restore the lost grandeur and strength of the Roman State.<ref>Norwich, John Julius (1988) “Byzantium; the Early Centuries” Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-011447-5 pp 88-92</ref> He supported the restoration of Hellenic paganism as the state religion.<ref>Brown, Peter, ''The World of Late Antiquity'', W. W. Norton, New York, 1971, ISBN 0393958035 p. 93.</ref> In Panease this was achieved by replacing the Christian symbols. | |||
| ] describes the event surrounding the replacement of a statue of Christ:- | |||
| :”Having heard that at Casarea Philippi, otherwise called Panease Paneades, a city of Phoenicia, there was a celebrated statue of Christ, which had been erected by a woman whom the Lord had cured of a flow of blood. Julian commanded it to be taken down, and a statue of himself erected in its place; but a violent fire from the heaven fell upon it, and broke off the parts contiguous to the breast; the head and neck were thrown prostrate, and it was transfixed to the ground with the face downwards at the point where the fracture of the bust was; and it has stood in that fashion from that day until now, full of the rust of the lightning.” <ref>Wilson, John Francis. (2004) ibid p 99</ref> | |||
| ==Caliphate== | |||
| In 635 Paneas gained favourable terms of surrender from the Muslim army of ] after the defeat of ] army. In 636 a newly formed Byzantine army advanced on Palestine using Paneas as a staging post on the way to confront the Muslim army at ].<ref>Wilson, John Francis. (2004) ibid p 114</ref> | |||
| The depopulation of Paneas after the Muslim conquest was rapid, as the traditional markets of Paneas disappeared (only 14 of the 173 Byzantine sites in the area show signs of habitation from this period). The Hellenised city fell into decline. At the council of al-Jabiyah the administration of the new territory of the ] was established, Paneas remained the principal city of the district of ''al-Djawlan'' (the Golan) in the ''jund'' (military Province) of ''Dimshq'' (]), due to its strategic military importance on the border with ''Filistin'' (]).<ref>Wilson, John Francis. (2004) ibid pp 115-116</ref> | |||
| Ca. 780 CE the nun ] visited Caesarea and reported that the town had a church and a "great many Christians" but does not record any Christians as living in the town at the time of her visit.<ref>Wilson, John Francis. (2004) ibid pp 118-119</ref> | |||
| ==See also== | |||
| *] | |||
| ==External links== | |||
| * | |||
| ==References== | |||
| ===Footnotes=== | |||
| <div style="height: 400px; overflow: auto; padding: 3px; border:1px solid #AAAAAA; reflist" > | |||
| {{reflist|2}} | |||
| </div> | |||
| ===Bibliography=== | |||
| *al-Athīr, ʻIzz al-Dīn Ibn (Translated 2006) ''The Chronicle of Ibn Al-Athīr for the Crusading Period from Al-Kāmil Fīʼl-taʼrīkh: The Years AH 491-541/1097-1146, the Coming of the Franks And the Muslim Response'' Translated by Donald Sidney Richards Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. ISBN 0754640787 | |||
| *Brown, Peter ''The World of Late Antiquity'', W. W. Norton, New York, 1971, ISBN 0393958035 | |||
| *Flavius, Josephus The Jewish War ISBN 0-14-044-420-3 | |||
| *Fitzmyer, Joseph A. (1991) A Christological Catechism: New Testament Answers Paulist Press, ISBN 0809132532 | |||
| *Gregorian, Vartan (2003) "Islam: A Mosaic, Not a Monolith", Brookings Institution Press, ISBN 081573283X | |||
| *Hindley, Geoffrey. (2004) The Crusades: Islam and Christianity in the Struggle for World Supremacy Carroll & Graf Publishers, ISBN 0786713445 | |||
| *Kent, Charles Foster (1912) Biblical Geography and History reprinted by Read Books, 2007 ISBN 1406754730 | |||
| *Murphy-O'Connor, Jerome (2008) The Holy Land: An Oxford Archaeological Guide from Earliest Times to 1700 Oxford University Press US, ISBN 0199236666 | |||
| *Norwich, John Julius (1988) “Byzantium; the Early Centuries” Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-011447-5 | |||
| *Polybius The Rise of the Roman Empire, Translated by Ian Scott-Kilvert Contributor Frank William Walbank, Penguin Classics, 1979 ISBN 0140443622 | |||
| *Richard, Jean (1999) The Crusades c.1071-c.1291 Cambridge University press ISBN 0-521-62566-1 | |||
| *Salibi, Kamal Suleiman (1977) Syria Under Islam: Empire on Trial, 634-1097 Caravan Books, 1977 ISBN 0882060139 | |||
| *Wilson, John Francis. (2004) Caesarea Philippi: Banias, the Lost City of Pan I.B.Tauris, ISBN 1850434409 | |||
| {{coord|33|14|46.00|N|35|41|36.00|E|type:city|display=title}} | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||