| Revision as of 10:16, 27 November 2008 view sourceHertz1888 (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users, Pending changes reviewers, Rollbackers57,227 editsm Reverted edits by 81.181.173.126 (talk) to last version by Binksternet← Previous edit | Revision as of 02:44, 28 November 2008 view source 218.215.146.140 (talk)No edit summaryNext edit → | ||
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| {{Infobox Scientist | |||
| |box_width = 300px | |||
| |name = Nikola Tesla | |||
| |image = N.Tesla.JPG | |||
| |image_size = 200px | |||
| |caption = Nikola Tesla (1856-1943), ''circa'' 1896. | |||
| |birth_date = {{Birth date|1856|7|10|df=yes}} | |||
| |birth_place = ], ] | |||
| |death_date = {{Death date and age|1943|1|7|1856|7|10|df=yes}} | |||
| |death_place = ], ], ] | |||
| |residence = ] (]) <br/>]</br>] <br/> ] | |||
| |citizenship = ] (pre-1891)</br>] (post-1891) | |||
| |nationality = | |||
| |ethnicity = ] | |||
| |fields = ] and ] | |||
| |workplaces = ]</br>]</br>{{nowrap|]}} | |||
| |alma_mater = | |||
| |doctoral_advisor = | |||
| |academic_advisors = | |||
| |doctoral_students = | |||
| |notable_students = | |||
| |known_for = ]</br>]</br>]</br>]</br>]</br>]</br>]</br>]</br>]</br>]</br>]</br>]</br>]</br>]</br>]</br>]</br>] | |||
| |author_abbrev_bot = | |||
| |author_abbrev_zoo = | |||
| |influences = ] | |||
| |influenced = ] | |||
| |awards = ] (1916)<br>] (1893)<br>] (1934) | |||
| |religion = ]<ref></ref> | |||
| |signature = Nikola Tesla signature.png | |||
| |footnotes = | |||
| }} | |||
| <!-- | |||
| There have already been discussions about Tesla's ethnicity on the talk page. Please do not change it, or first discuss it on the talk page. | |||
| --> | |||
| '''Nikola Tesla''' (]: {{lang|sr|Никола Тесла}}) (10 July 1856 – 7 January 1943) was an ] and a ] and ]. Born in ], ], ], he was an ethnic ] subject of the ] and later became an ].<ref></ref> Tesla is often described as the most important ] and ] of the modern age, a man who "shed light over the face of Earth".<ref>''Nikola Tesla, genije koji je obasjao svet'', produced by Ljubo Vujovic, presented by ] and RCN: quoted also in Ogledalo journal, July 2008</ref> He is best known for many revolutionary contributions in the field of ] in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. ] and theoretical work formed the basis of modern ] ] (AC) systems, including the ] ] systems and the ], with which he helped usher in the ]. Contemporary biographers of Tesla have regarded him as "''The Father of Physics''", "''The man who invented the twentieth century''"<ref name="book">{{cite book | last=Lomas | first=Robert | title=The Man who Invented the Twentieth Century | location=London| publisher=Headline | year=1999 | isbn=0747275882 }}</ref> and "the ] of modern electricity."<ref>Seifer, "Wizard: The Life and Times of Nikola Tesla," book synopsis</ref> | |||
| After his demonstration of ] (]) in 1894 and after being the victor in the "]", he was widely respected as one of the greatest electrical engineers who worked in America.<ref></ref> Much of his early work pioneered modern electrical engineering and many of his discoveries were of groundbreaking importance. During this period, in the United States, Tesla's fame rivaled that of any other inventor or scientist in ] or ],<ref>Harnessing the Wheelwork of Nature: Tesla's Science of Energy by Thomas Valone</ref> but due to his eccentric personality and his seemingly unbelievable and sometimes bizarre claims about possible scientific and technological developments, Tesla was ultimately ostracized and regarded as a ].<ref>{{cite book | last=Childress | first=David Hatcher (ed.) | title=The Tesla Papers: Nikola Tesla on Free Energy & Wireless Transmission of Power | location=Kempton, IL | publisher=Adventures Unlimited Press | year=2000 | isbn=0932813860 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | author=Robert Lomas | title= Spark of genius | url=http://www.robertlomas.com/Tesla/Independent_Article.html | work=Independent Magazine | date=1999-08-21 | accessdate=2008-07-29}}</ref> Never having put much focus on his finances, Tesla died impoverished at the age of 86. | |||
| The ] unit measuring ] or ] induction (commonly known as the ] '''B'''), the '']'', was named in his honour (at the ''Conférence Générale des Poids et Mesures'', ], 1960), as well as the '']'' of ] to wirelessly power electronic devices which Tesla demonstrated on a low scale (lightbulbs) as early as 1893 and aspired to use for the intercontinental transmission of industrial energy levels in his unfinished ] project. | |||
| Aside from his work on ] and ] ], Tesla has contributed in varying degrees to the establishment of ], ], ] and computer science, and to the expansion of ], ],<ref>Cheney, Margaret, "Tesla: Man Out of Time", 1979. ISBN . Front cover flap</ref> and ]. In 1943, the ] credited him as being the ].<ref>U.S. Supreme Court, "Marconi Wireless Telegraph co. of America v. United States". 320 U.S. 1. Nos. 369, 373. Argued 9-12 April 1943. Decided 21 June 1943.</ref> Many of his achievements have been used, with some controversy, to support various ]s, ], and early ] ]ism. | |||
| Tesla is honored in ] and ], as well as in the ] and ]. He was awarded the highest order of the ] by ]. | |||
| ==Biography== | |||
| ===Early years=== | |||
| ]]] | |||
| Tesla was born to Serbian parents in the Croatian village of ] near ], in the ] region of the ]. According to legend, he was born precisely at midnight during an ].{{Fact|date=October 2008}} | |||
| His baptismal certificate reports that he was born on 28 June <small>(] 10 July)</small>, 1856, and ] by the ] priest Toma Oklobdžija. His father was Father Milutin Tesla, a priest in the ] Metropolitanate of ]. Milutin was born on 19 February 1819 in the village of Raduc, county Medak in Lika, Austrian Empire, as son of Nikola Tesla (b. 1789 in the military frontier, settled after his service in the ] in Gospic in 1815) and Ana Kalinić, from the famous frontier ] family. Tesla's family asserted its last name as such in Lika. His paternal origin is thought to be of the Draganić family from the ] valley area below the geographical entity known as ], from one of the local ]; however genealogical research{{Fact|date=June 2008}} shows that Nikola is from the Herzegovinian noble ] (modern-day ] in Montenegro), from its ] subgroup that traces its origin from medieval nobleman ]<ref>{{cite book | author=Obrad Mićov Samardžić, "Porijeklo Samardžića i ostalih bratstava roda Orlovića", Mostar 1992.ISBN 86-82271-53-2}}</ref> that bore ]'s banner at the ] in 1389. His mother was Đuka Mandić, herself a daughter of a ] priest. She came from a family domiciled in Lika and ], but with deeper origins to ]. She was talented in making home craft tools. She memorized many ], but never learned to read.<ref>Seifer, "Wizard" p. 7</ref> His godfather, Jovan Drenovac, was a captain in the army protecting the ]. | |||
| Nikola was the fourth of five children, having one older brother (Dane, who was killed in a ] accident when Nikola was five) and three sisters (Milka, Angelina and Marica).<ref name="cheney-uth-glenn-99">Margaret Cheney, Robert Uth, and Jim Glenn, "Tesla, Master of Lightning". Barnes & Noble Publishing, 1999. ISBN .</ref>{{rp|3}} His family moved to ] in 1862. Tesla went to school in ]. He finished a four year term in the span of three years.<ref>Walker, E. H. (1900). Leaders of the 19th century with some noted characters of earlier times, their efforts and achievements in advancing human progress vividly portrayed for the guidance of present and future generations. Chicago: A.B. Kuhlman Co., p, 474.</ref> | |||
| ] | |||
| Tesla then studied ] at the ] in ] (1875). While there, he studied the uses of alternating current. Some sources say he received Baccalaureate degrees from the university at Graz.<ref>{{cite journal |last= Wysock |first= W.C. |coauthors= J.F. Corum, J.M. Hardesty and K.L. Corum |title= Who Was The Real Dr. Nikola Tesla? (A Look At His Professional Credentials) |journal= Antenna Measurement Techniques Association, posterpape |date= 22 October 2001 |url= http://www.ttr.com/Who%20Was%20Dr%20Tesla.pdf }}</ref><ref>"" says he ]d 4 degrees (physics, mathematics, mechanical engineering and electrical engineering)</ref><ref>Harper's Encyclopædia of United States History from 458 A.D. to 1906. Harper & brothers 1905. .</ref> However, the university says that he did not receive a degree and did not continue beyond the first semester of his third year, during which he stopped attending lectures.<ref>, D. Mrkich</ref><ref>{{cite web |last= Wohinz |first= Josef W. |title= Nikola Tesla und Graz |publisher= Technischen Universität Graz |date= 16 May 2006 |url = http://www.presse.tugraz.at//pressemitteilungen/2006/16.05.2006_graz.htm |accessdate= }}</ref><ref> | |||
| {{cite book | last = Wohinz | first = Josef W. (Ed,) | title = Nikola Tesla und die Technik in Graz | publisher = Verlag der Technischen Universität Graz | date = 2006 | location = Graz, Austria | id = ISBN ; ISBN . |pages= p. 16}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last= Kulishich |first= Kosta |title= Tesla Nearly Missed His Career as Inventor: College Roommate Tells |publisher= Newark News |date= 27 August 1931}}. Cited in Seifer, Marc, The Life and Times of Nikola Tesla, 1996</ref> In December 1878 he left Graz and broke all relations with his family. His friends thought that he had drowned in ]. He went to ], ], where he was first employed as an assistant engineer for a year. He suffered a ] during this time. Tesla was later persuaded by his father to attend the ] in ], which he attended for the summer term of 1880. Here he was influenced by ]. However after his father died he left the university, having completed only one term.<ref name="seifer-96">{{cite book |last= Seifer |first= Marc |title= Wizard: The Life and Times of Nikola Tesla; Biography of a Genius |publisher= Carol Publishing Group |date= 1996 |location= Secaucus, NJ |id= ISBN}}</ref> | |||
| Tesla engaged in reading many works, memorizing complete books, supposedly having a ].<ref name="cheney-79">{{cite book |last= Cheney |first= Margaret |title= Tesla: Man Out of Time |origyear= 1979 |url= http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN&id=ti2Jt7XarzMC |accessdate= |year= 2001 |publisher= ] |isbn= }}</ref> Tesla related in his autobiography that he experienced detailed moments of inspiration. During his early life, Tesla was stricken with illness time and time again. He suffered a peculiar affliction in which blinding flashes of light would appear before his eyes, often accompanied by hallucinations. Much of the time the visions were linked to a word or idea he might have come across; just by hearing the name of an item, he would involuntarily envision it in realistic detail. Modern-day ] report similar symptoms. Tesla would visualise an invention in his brain in precise form before moving to the construction stage; a technique sometimes known as ]. Tesla also often had flashbacks to events that had happened previously in his life; this began to happen during childhood.<ref name="cheney-79" /> | |||
| ====Hungary and France==== | |||
| In 1880, he moved to ], ], to work under ] in a ] company,<ref>James Grant Wilson, John Fiske, ''Appleton's Cyclopædia of American Biography''. P. 261.</ref> | |||
| the National ]. There, he met Nebojša Petrović, a young, Serbian inventor who lived in Austria. Although their encounter was brief, they did work on a project together using twin turbines to create continual power. On the opening of the ] exchange in Budapest, 1881, Tesla became the chief electrician to the company, and was later engineer for the country's first telephone system. He also developed a device that, according to some, was a ] ] or ], but according to others could have been the first ].<ref>"''''". ] Books, Breckenridge, CO.</ref> | |||
| In 1882 he moved to ], France, to work as an engineer for the ''Continental Edison Company'', designing improvements to electric equipment. In the same year, Tesla conceived the ] and began developing various devices that use ]s for which he received patents in 1888. | |||
| ]]] | |||
| ] ]]] | |||
| Soon thereafter, Tesla was awakened from a dream, that his mother had died, "And I knew that this was so"<ref>{{cite book | |||
| |title=Wizard | |||
| |author=Marc J. Seifer | |||
| |year=1998 | |||
| |publisher=Citadel Press | |||
| |isbn=0806519606 | |||
| |url=http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN&id=h2DTNDFcC14C&pg=PA94&lpg=PA94&ots=Zk6E-wLsLK&dq=nikola+tesla+mother+death&sig=aL3uwBWDxhJZq9oLFBcLC8rV4uQ | |||
| }}</ref> After her death, Tesla fell ill. He spent two to three weeks recuperating in Gospić and the village of ''Tomingaj'' near ], his mother's birthplace. | |||
| ====United States==== | |||
| On 6 June 1884, Tesla first arrived in the US in ].<ref>"Master of Lightning" by ]. </ref> | |||
| He had little besides a letter of recommendation from ], his manager in his previous job. In the letter of recommendation to ], Charles Batchelor wrote, "I know two great men and you are one of them; the other is this young man." Edison hired Tesla to work for his ''Edison Machine Works''. Tesla's work for Edison began with simple electrical engineering and quickly progressed to solving the company's most difficult problems. Tesla was offered the task of a complete redesign of the Edison company's ] ].<ref>{{cite news |first= |last= |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=Tesla Says Edison was an Empiricist. Electrical Technician Declares Persistent Trials Attested Inventor's Vigor. 'His Method Inefficient' A Little Theory Would Have Saved Him 90% of Labor, Ex-Aide Asserts. Praises His Great Genius. |url= |quote=Nikola Tesla, one of the world's outstanding electrical technicians, who came to America in 1884 to work with Thomas A. Edison, specifically in the designing of motors and generators, recounted yesterday some of ... |publisher=] |date=19 October 1931 |accessdate= }}</ref> | |||
| Tesla claims he was offered ]50,000 (~ US$1.1 million in 2007, adjusted for inflation)<ref>http://www.westegg.com/inflation/ Adjusting the reported given amount of money for inflation, the US$50,000 in 1885 would equal US$1,140,112.60 in 2007</ref> if he redesigned Edison's inefficient motor and generators, an improvement in both service and economy.<ref name="cheney-79" />{{rp|54-57}} Tesla said he worked night and day to redesign them and gave the ] in the process. During 1885, when Tesla inquired about the payment on the work, Edison replied to him, "Tesla, you don't understand our American humor" and reneged on his promise.<ref> Clifford A. Pickover, ''Strange Brains and Genius: The Secret Lives of Eccentric Scientists and Madmen''. HarperCollins, 1999. 352 pages. P. 14. ISBN</ref><ref>"My Inventions" by Nikola Tesla, printed in Electrical Experimenter Feb-June, 1919. Reprinted, edited by Ben Johnson, New York: Barnes & Noble, 1982. ISBN</ref> | |||
| With Tesla's salary of US$18 per week, Tesla would have had to work for 53 years to earn the same amount. The offer was equal to the initial capital of the company. Tesla resigned when he was refused a raise to US$25 per week.<ref>Jonnes,"Empire of light" p. 110</ref> | |||
| Tesla eventually found himself digging ditches for a short period of time – coincidentally for the Edison company. Edison had also never wanted to hear about Tesla's AC polyphase designs, believing that DC electricity was the future. Tesla focused intently on his AC polyphase system, even while digging ditches.<ref name="cheney-79" /> | |||
| {| class="toccolours" style="float:right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; width:246px; text-align:left; clear:right;" | |||
| |'''Electromechanical devices and principles developed by Nikola Tesla''': | |||
| ---- | |||
| * Various devices that use ]s (1882) | |||
| * The ], rotary transformers, and "high" frequency ]s | |||
| * The '']'',<ref name="WJJohnstondictionary" /> his ], and other means for increasing the intensity of electrical ]s (including condenser discharge transformations and the ''Tesla oscillators''<ref>Routledge, R., & Pepper, J. H. (1876). Discoveries and inventions of the nineteenth century. London: G. Routledge and sons. .</ref><ref>Archie Frederick Collins, ''Wireless Telegraphy: Its History, Theory and Practice''. McGraw publishing company, 1905. </ref>) | |||
| * ] ]<ref>Tesla, Nikola, "A New System of Alternating Current Motors and Transformers". American Institute of Electrical Engineers, May 1888.</ref> (1888) and other methods and devices for ] | |||
| * ]s for ] ] (] for the ]) and radio frequency ]<ref> | |||
| Robert Routledge, ''Discoveries and Inventions of the Nineteenth Century''. G. Routledge and Sons, 1903. . | |||
| </ref> | |||
| * ]ics and the "AND" ]<ref>"''''". Twenty First Century Books, Breckenridge, CO. (''ed''., this pertains to the {{US patent|723,188}} and {{US patent|725,605}})</ref> | |||
| * ] ''Tesla currents''<ref>Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, "''The IEEE standard dictionary of electrical and electronics terms''". 6th ed. New York, N.Y., Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, c1997. IEEE Std . ISBN </ref><ref>Dugan, William James, "Hand-book of electro-therapeutics". F.A.Davis Company, 1910. Page 123. " speak of "Tesla currents" when we really mean the high frequency currents."</ref><ref>Snow, William Benham, "Currents of high potential of high and other frequencies". Scientific authors' publishing Co., 1918. Page 121.</ref> | |||
| * ] and the ''Tesla effect''<ref>Norrie, H. S., "Induction Coils: How to make, use, and repair them".Norman H. Schneider, 1907, New York. 4th edition.</ref><ref>Electrical experimenter, January 1919. Page 615</ref> | |||
| * ''Tesla impedance phenonomena''<ref>The Electrical engineer. (1884). London: Biggs & Co. </ref> | |||
| * ''Tesla ] field'' | |||
| * '']'' | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ''Tesla insulation'' | |||
| * ''Tesla impulses''<ref>Bengt Anders Benson, ''Perseption apparatus for the Blind'', {{US patent|}}</ref> | |||
| * ''Tesla frequencies''<ref name="WJJohnstondictionary">. New York: W.J. Johnston. .</ref> | |||
| * ''Tesla discharge''<ref name="WJJohnstondictionary" /> | |||
| * Forms of ] and methods of regulating third brushes | |||
| * '']s'' (eg., bladeless turbines) for water, steam and gas and the ''Tesla pumps'' | |||
| * ''Tesla igniter'' | |||
| * ''Corona discharge ozone generator'' | |||
| * ''Tesla compressor'' | |||
| * ]s Tubes using the ] process | |||
| * Devices for ]ized ]es and "''Hot Saint Elmo's Fire''".<ref>. New York: W.J. Johnston. .</ref> | |||
| * Devices for ] | |||
| * Devices for ]s | |||
| * Phantom streaming devices<ref>. New York: W.J. Johnston. .</ref> | |||
| * ] systems | |||
| * Methods for providing extremely low level of resistance to the passage of electrical current (predecessor to ]) | |||
| * ] multiplication ] | |||
| * Devices for high ] discharges | |||
| * Devices for ] protection | |||
| * ] aircraft | |||
| * Dynamic theory of gravity | |||
| * Concepts for ] | |||
| * ]s | |||
| |- | |||
| |} | |||
| ===Middle years=== | |||
| In 1886, Tesla formed his own company, '']''. The initial financial ]s disagreed with Tesla on his plan for an alternating current motor and eventually relieved him of his duties at the company. Tesla worked in ] as a common laborer from 1886 to 1887 to feed himself and raise capital for his next project. In 1887, he constructed the initial ] alternating current ], which he demonstrated to the ''American Institute of Electrical Engineers'' (now ]) in 1888. In the same year, he developed the principles of his ] and began working with ] at ] ] labs. Westinghouse listened to his ideas for polyphase systems which would allow transmission of alternating current electricity over long distances. | |||
| In April 1887, Tesla began investigating what would later be called ]s using his own single node ]s (similar to his patent {{US patent||#514,170}}). This device differed from other early X-ray tubes in that they had no target electrode. The modern term for the phenomenon produced by this device is '']'' (or ''braking radiation''). We now know that this device operated by emitting ]s from the single electrode through a combination of ] and ]. Once liberated, electrons are strongly repelled by the high ] near the electrode during negative voltage peaks from the oscillating HV output of the Tesla Coil, generating X-rays as they collide with the glass envelope. He also used ]s. By 1892, Tesla became aware of what ] later identified as effects of X-rays. | |||
| In the early research, Tesla devised several experimental setups to produce X-rays. Tesla held that, with his circuits, the "instrument will generate Roentgen rays of much greater power than obtainable with ordinary apparatus".<ref>N. Tesla, "High frequency oscillators for electro-therapeutic and other purposes". '''', American Electro-Therapeutic Association. Page 25.</ref> | |||
| He also commented on the hazards of working with his circuit and single node X-ray producing devices. Of his many notes in the early investigation of this phenomenon, he attributed the skin damage to various causes. One of the options for the cause, which is not in conformity with conventional X-ray production, was that the ] generated rather than the radiation was responsible. He believed early on that damage to the skin was not due to the Roentgen rays, but the ozone generated in contact with the skin, and to a lesser extent, ]. Tesla held that these were in fact ]s, such as those produced in ]. In a plasma or a confined space, there can exist waves which are either longitudinal or transverse, or a mixture of both. There are known examples of this and these plasma waves can occur in the situation of ]s.<ref>Griffiths, David J. ''Introduction to Electrodynamics'' and Jackson, John D. ''Classical Electrodynamics''</ref><ref>N. Tesla, "High frequency oscillators for electro-therapeutic and other purposes". '''', American Electro-Therapeutic Association. Page 16.</ref> His hypotheses and experiments were confirmed by others.<ref> George Frederick Shrady, Thomas Lathrop Stedman, ''Medical Record'', 1897. .</ref> | |||
| Tesla continued research in the field and, later, observed an assistant severely "burnt" by X-rays in his lab. He performed several experiments prior to ] discovery (including ]ing the bones of his hand; later, he sent these images to Roentgen) but didn't make his findings widely known; much of his research was lost in the 5th Avenue lab fire of March 1895. | |||
| A "world system" for "the transmission of electrical energy without wires" that depends upon the electrical conductivity was proposed in which transmission in various natural media with current that passes between the two point are used to power devices. In a practical wireless energy transmission system using this principle, a high-power ultraviolet beam might be used to form a vertical ionized channel in the air directly above the transmitter-receiver stations. The same concept is used in virtual ]s, the ] ],<ref> - Barnes, Arnold A., Jr. ; Berthel, Robert O.</ref> | |||
| and has been proposed for disabling vehicles.<ref> - HSV Technologies</ref><ref> by Peter A. Schlesinger, President, HSV Technologies, Inc. - 20-22 Mar 2000</ref> | |||
| Tesla demonstrated "the transmission of electrical energy without wires" that depends upon electrical conductivity as early as 1891. The '']'' (named in honor of Tesla) is the archaic term for an application of this type of electrical conduction (that is, the movement of energy through space and matter; not just the production of voltage across a conductor).<ref>Norrie, H. S., "Induction Coils: How to make, use, and repair them". Norman H. Schneider, 1907, New York. 4th edition.</ref><ref name="cheney-79" />{{rp|174}} | |||
| ] demonstration during his high frequency and potential lecture of 1891.]] | |||
| On 30 July 1891, he became a ] of the United States at the age of 35. Tesla established his 35 South ] laboratory in New York during this same year. Later, Tesla would establish his Houston Street laboratory in New York at 46 E. ]. There, at one point while conducting ] experiments with electro-mechanical oscillators he generated a resonance of several surrounding buildings but, due to the frequencies involved, not his own building, causing complaints to the police. As the speed grew he hit the ] of his own building and belatedly realizing the danger he was forced to apply a ] to terminate the experiment, just as the astonished police arrived.<ref>O'Neill, "Prodigal Genius" pp 162-164</ref> | |||
| He also lit vacuum tubes wirelessly at both of the New York locations, providing evidence for the potential of ].<ref>Krumme, Katherine, ''''. 4 December 2000 (])</ref> | |||
| Some of Tesla's closest friends were artists. He befriended '']'' editor ], who adapted several Serbian poems of ] (which Tesla translated). Also during this time, Tesla was influenced by the ] teachings of the ].<ref>Grotz, Toby, "''''".</ref> | |||
| When Tesla was 36 years old, the first patents concerning the polyphase power system were granted. He continued research of the system and rotating magnetic field principles. Tesla served, from 1892 to 1894, as the vice president of the ], the forerunner (along with the ]) of the modern-day ]. From 1893 to 1895, he investigated ] alternating currents. He generated AC of one million ]s using a conical Tesla coil and investigated the '']'' in ], designed tuned circuits, invented a machine for inducing sleep, cordless ] lamps, and transmitted ] without wires, building the first ]. In ], ], Tesla made a demonstration related to ] communication in 1893. Addressing the ] in ], ] and the ], he described and demonstrated in detail its principles. Tesla's demonstrations were written about widely through various media outlets. Tesla also investigated harvesting ]. He believed that it was just merely a question of time when men will succeed in attaching their machinery to the very wheelwork of nature, stating: | |||
| {{cquote|Ere many generations pass, our machinery will be driven by a power obtainable at any point of the universe.|30px|30px|"Experiments With Alternate Currents Of High Potential And High Frequency" (February 1892)}} | |||
| At the 1893 ], the ] in ], an international exposition was held which for the first time devoted a building to electrical exhibits. It was a historic event as Tesla and ] introduced visitors to ] by using it to illuminate the Exposition. On display were Tesla's ]s and single node bulbs. An observer noted: | |||
| {{quote|Within the room was suspended two hard-rubber plates covered with tin foil. These were about fifteen feet apart, and served as terminals of the wires leading from the transformers. When the current was turned on, the vacuum bulbs or tubes, which had no wires connected to them, but lay on a table between the suspended plates, or which might be held in the hand in almost any part of the room, were made luminous. These were the same experiments and the same apparatus shown by Mr. Tesla in London about two years ago, where they produced so much wonder and astonishment.<ref>John Patrick Barrett, ''Electricity at the Columbian Exposition''. R.R. Donnelley 1894 (World's Columbian Exposition, 1893, Chicago, Ill.) Page 168-169</ref>}} | |||
| ] used to generate AC which is used to transport ] across great distances. It is contained in {{US patent||US}}.]] | |||
| Tesla also explained the principles of the rotating magnetic field and ] by demonstrating how to make an egg made of ] stand on end in his demonstration of the device he constructed known as the "'']''". | |||
| Also in the late 1880s, Tesla and Edison became adversaries in part due to Edison's promotion of direct current (DC) for ] distribution over the more efficient alternating current advocated by Tesla and Westinghouse. Until Tesla invented the induction motor, AC's advantages for long distance ] transmission were counterbalanced by the inability to operate motors on AC. As a result of the "]," Edison and Westinghouse went nearly bankrupt, so in 1897, Tesla released Westinghouse from contract, providing Westinghouse a break from Tesla's patent royalties. Also in 1897, Tesla researched ] which led to setting up the basic formulation of ]s.<ref>Waser, André, "''Nikola Tesla’s Radiations and the Cosmic Rays''".</ref> | |||
| When Tesla was forty-one years old, he filed the first basic radio patent ({{US patent|645,576}}). A year later, he demonstrated a ] boat to the US military, believing that the military would want things such as radio-controlled ]es. Tesla had developed the "''Art of ]''", a form of ], as well as the technology of remote control.<ref>Tesla, Nikola, "''''", Electrical Experimenter magazine, Feb, June, and Oct, 1919. ISBN (teslaplay.comversion; )</ref> In 1898, a radio-controlled boat was demonstrated to the public during an electrical exhibition at ]. These devices had an innovative ] and a series of ]s. Tesla called his boat a "teleautomaton" and said of it, "You see there the first of a race of robots, mechanical men which will do the laborious work of the human race."<ref>Jonnes, Jill. ''Empires of Light'' ISBN . Page 355, referencing O'Neill, John J., ''Prodigal Genius: The Life of Nikola Tesla'' (New York: David McKay, 1944), p. 167.</ref> Radio remote control remained a novelty until the 1960s. In the same year, Tesla devised an "electric igniter" or ] for ] gasoline engines. He gained {{US patent|609,250}}, "Electrical Igniter for Gas Engines", on this ]. Tesla lived in the former Gerlach Hotel, renamed The Radio Wave building, at 49 W 27th St. (between Broadway and Sixth Avenue), ], before the end of the century where he conducted the radio wave experiments. A ] was placed on the building in 1977 to honor his work. | |||
| ====Colorado Springs==== | |||
| {{main|Magnifying transmitter}} | |||
| ]" generating millions of volts. The arcs are about 7 meters (23 ft) long. (Tesla's notes identify this as a ] photograph.)]] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| In 1899, Tesla decided to move and began research in ], where he would have room for his high-voltage, high-frequency experiments. Upon his arrival he told reporters that he was conducting ] experiments transmitting signals from ] to Paris. Tesla's diary contains explanations of his experiments concerning the ] and the ground's ]s via ]s and ]s.<ref>Tesla, Nikola, "The True Wireless". ''Electrical Experimenter'', May 1919. ()</ref> | |||
| At his lab, Tesla proved that the earth was a ], and he produced artificial ] (with discharges consisting of millions of volts, and up to 135 feet long).<ref>Gillispie, Charles Coulston, "''Dictionary of Scientific Biography''"; ''Tesla, Nikola''. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York. ISBN</ref> | |||
| Tesla also investigated ], observing lightning signals via his receivers. Reproductions of Tesla's receivers and coherer circuits show an unpredicted level of complexity (e.g., ] ] ] ], ] ], crude ] effects, and ]).<ref>Corum, K. L., J. F. Corum, and A. H. Aidinejad, "''Atmospheric Fields, Tesla's Receivers and Regenerative Detectors''". 1994.</ref> | |||
| Tesla stated that he observed ]s during this time.<ref>Corum, K. L., J. F. Corum, "''Nikola Tesla, Lightning Observations, and Stationary Waves''". 1994.</ref> | |||
| Tesla researched ways to ] over long distances (via transverse waves, to a lesser extent, and, more readily, longitudinal waves). He transmitted extremely low frequencies through the ground as well as between the earth's surface and the ]. He received patents on wireless transceivers that developed standing waves by this method. In his experiments, he made mathematical calculations and computations based on his experiments and discovered that the resonant frequency of the Earth was approximately 8 Hertz (Hz). In the 1950s, researchers confirmed that the resonant frequency of the Earth's ionospheric cavity was in this range (later named the ]). | |||
| In Colorado, Tesla carried out various long distance power transmission experiments. ''Tesla effect'' is the application of a type of electrical conduction (that is, the movement of energy through space and matter; not just the production of voltage across a conductor). Through ]s, Tesla transferred energy to receiving devices. He sent electrostatic forces through natural media across a conductor situated in the changing magnetic flux and transferred power to a conducting receiving device (such as Tesla's wireless bulbs). | |||
| In the Colorado Springs lab, Tesla observed unusual signals that he later thought may have been evidence of ] radio communications coming from ] or ].<ref>Tesla, Nikola, "''''". Collier's Weekly, 19 February 1901. (EarlyRadioHistory.us)</ref> | |||
| He noticed repetitive signals from his receiver which were substantially different from the signals he had noted from storms and earth noise. Specifically, he later recalled that the signals appeared in groups of one, two, three, and four clicks together. Tesla had mentioned before this event and many times after that he thought his inventions could be used to ]. There have even been claims that he invented a "'']''" for just such a purpose. It is debatable what type of signals Tesla received or whether he picked up anything at all. Research has suggested that Tesla may have had a misunderstanding of the new technology he was working with,<ref>{{cite book| last =Spencer| first =John| title =The UFO Encyclopedia| publisher =]| date =1991| location =New York| isbn = | oclc = }}</ref> | |||
| or that the signals Tesla observed may have simply been an observation of a non-terrestrial natural radio source such as the ] ] signals.<ref>{{cite book| last =Corum| first =Kenneth L.| coauthors =James F. Corum| title =Nikola Tesla and the electrical signals of planetary origin| date =1996| pages =14|oclc = }}</ref> | |||
| Tesla left ] on 7 January 1900. The lab was torn down and its contents sold to pay debts. The Colorado experiments prepared Tesla for his next project, the establishment of a ] facility that would be known as Wardenclyffe. Tesla was granted {{US patent|685,012}} for the means of increasing the intensity of electrical oscillations. The ] classification system currently assigns this patent to the primary Class 178/43 ("telegraphy/space induction"), although the other applicable classes include 505/825 ("low temperature superconductivity-related apparatus"). | |||
| ===Later years=== | |||
| In 1900, with US$150,000 (51 % from ]), Tesla began planning the '']'' facility. In June 1902, Tesla's lab operations were moved to Wardenclyffe from Houston Street. The tower was finally dismantled for scrap during ]. Newspapers of the time labeled Wardenclyffe "Tesla's million-dollar folly". In 1904, the US ] reversed its decision and awarded ] the patent for radio, and Tesla began his fight to re-acquire the radio patent. On his 50th birthday in 1906, Tesla demonstrated his 200 ] (150 kW) 16,000 rpm ]. During 1910–1911 at the ''Waterside Power Station'' in New York, several of his bladeless turbine engines were tested at 100–5000 hp. | |||
| Since the ] was awarded to ] for radio in 1909, ] and Tesla were mentioned as potential laureates to share the ] in a press dispatch, leading to one of several ]. Some sources have claimed that due to their animosity toward each other neither was given the award, despite their enormous scientific contributions, and that each sought to minimize the other one's achievements and right to win the award, that both refused to ever accept the award if the other received it first, and that both rejected any possibility of sharing it.<ref> O'Neill, "Prodigal Genius" pp 228-229</ref> | |||
| ]'' facility.]] | |||
| In the following events after the rumors, neither Tesla nor Edison won the prize (although Edison did receive one of 38 possible bids in 1915, and Tesla did receive one bid out of 38 in 1937).<ref>Seifer, "Wizard" pp 378-380</ref> | |||
| Earlier, Tesla alone was rumored to have been nominated for the ]. The rumored nomination was primarily for his experiments with tuned circuits using high-voltage high-frequency resonant transformers. | |||
| In 1915, Tesla filed a lawsuit against Marconi attempting, unsuccessfully, to obtain a court injunction against Marconi's claims. After Wardenclyffe, Tesla built the ] Wireless Station in Sayville, Long Island. Some of what he wanted to achieve at Wardenclyffe was accomplished with the Telefunken Wireless. In 1917, the facility was seized and torn down by the ], because it was suspected that it could be used by German spies. | |||
| Before ], Tesla looked overseas for investors to fund his research. When the war started, Tesla lost the funding he was receiving from his patents in European countries. After the war ended, Tesla made predictions regarding the relevant issues of the post-World War I environment, in a printed article (20 December 1914). Tesla believed that the ] was not a remedy for the times and issues. Tesla started to exhibit pronounced symptoms of ] in the years following. He became obsessed with the number three; he often felt compelled to walk around a block three times before entering a building, demanded a stack of three folded cloth napkins beside his plate at every meal, etc. The nature of OCD was little understood at the time and no treatments were available, so his symptoms were considered by some to be evidence of partial insanity, and this undoubtedly hurt what was left of his reputation. | |||
| At this time, he was staying at the ], renting in an arrangement for deferred payments. Eventually, the Wardenclyffe deed was turned over to ], proprietor of the Waldorf-Astoria, to pay a US$20,000 debt. In 1917, around the time that the Wardenclyffe Tower was demolished by Boldt to make the land a more viable real estate asset, Tesla received ] highest honor, the ]. | |||
| Tesla, in August 1917, first established principles regarding frequency and power level for the first primitive ] units.<ref>Page, R.M., "''The Early History of RADAR''", Proceedings of the IRE, Volume 50, Number 5, May, 1962, (special 50th Anniversary Issue).</ref> | |||
| In 1934, ], working with the first French RADAR systems, stated he was building RADAR systems "conceived according to the principles stated by Tesla". By the 1920s, Tesla was reportedly negotiating with the United Kingdom government about a ray system. Tesla had also stated that efforts had been made to steal the so called "death ray". It is suggested that the removal of the ] government ended negotiations. | |||
| On Tesla's seventy-fifth birthday in 1931, ] put him on its cover. The cover caption noted his contribution to ]. Tesla received his last patent in 1928 for an apparatus for ] which was the first instance of ] ]. By the end of 1931, Tesla released "''On Future Motive Power''" which covered an ] system. In 1934, Tesla wrote to consul Janković of his homeland. The letter contained a message of gratitude to ] who had initiated a donation scheme by which American companies could support Tesla. Tesla refused the assistance, choosing instead to live on a modest pension received from Yugoslavia, and to continue his research. | |||
| In 1936, Tesla wrote in a telegram to ]: "I'm equally proud of my Serbian origin and my Croatian homeland. Long live all Yugoslavs."<ref>http://www.teslasociety.com/teslavillage.htm ''Tesla'' telegram to Vladko Maček</ref> | |||
| ====Field theories==== | |||
| When he was eighty-one, Tesla stated he had completed a "dynamic theory of gravity". He stated that it was "worked out in all details" and that he hoped to soon give it to the world.<ref> downloadable from www.tesla.hu</ref> | |||
| The theory was never published. | |||
| The bulk of the theory was developed between 1892 and 1894, during the period that he was conducting experiments with ] and high ] electromagnetism and patenting devices for their utilization. Reminiscent of ], Tesla stated in 1925 that: | |||
| ]'s book ''Theoria Philosophiae Naturalis'', sits in front of the spiral coil of his high-frequency transformer at East Houston Street, New York.]] | |||
| {{cquote|There is no thing endowed with life—from man, who is enslaving the elements, to the nimblest creature—in all this world that does not sway in its turn. Whenever action is born from force, though it be infinitesimal, the cosmic balance is upset and the universal motion results.}} | |||
| Tesla was critical of Einstein's relativity work, calling it: | |||
| {{cquote|... magnificent mathematical garb which fascinates, dazzles and makes people blind to the underlying errors. The theory is like a beggar clothed in purple whom ignorant people take for a king ... its exponents are brilliant men but they are metaphysicists rather than scientists ...<ref>New York Times, 11 July 1935, p 23, c.8</ref>}} | |||
| Tesla also argued: | |||
| {{cquote|I hold that space cannot be curved, for the simple reason that it can have no properties. It might as well be said that God has properties. He has not, but only attributes and these are of our own making. Of properties we can only speak when dealing with matter filling the space. To say that in the presence of large bodies space becomes curved is equivalent to stating that something can act upon nothing. I, for one, refuse to subscribe to such a view.<ref>], 11 September 1932</ref>}} | |||
| Tesla also believed that much of ]'s ] had already been proposed by ], stating in an unpublished interview: {{cquote|...the relativity theory, by the way, is much older than its present proponents. It was advanced over 200 years ago by my illustrious countryman Ruđer Bošković, the great philosopher, who, not withstanding other and multifold obligations, wrote a thousand volumes of excellent literature on a vast variety of subjects. Bošković dealt with relativity, including the so-called time-space continuum ...'.<ref>1936 unpublished interview, quoted in Anderson, L, ed. Nikola Tesla: Lecture Before the New York Academy of Sciences: The Streams of Lenard and Roentgen and Novel Apparatus for Their Production, 6 April 1897, reconstructed 1994</ref>}} | |||
| ====Directed-energy weapon==== | |||
| Later in life, Tesla made remarkable claims concerning a "]" weapon.<ref>"Tesla's Ray". Time, 23 July 1934.</ref> The press called it a "peace ray" or ].<ref>"Tesla, at 78, Bares New 'Death-Beam"', New York Times, 11 July 1934.</ref><ref> "Tesla Invents Peace Ray". New York Sun, 10 July 1934.</ref> | |||
| In total, the components and methods included:<ref>"Death-Ray Machine Described", New York Sun, 11 July 1934.</ref><ref> "A Machine to End War". Feb. 1935.</ref> | |||
| *An apparatus for producing manifestations of energy in free air instead of in a ] as in the past. This, according to Tesla in 1934, was accomplished. | |||
| *A mechanism for generating tremendous electrical force. This, according to Tesla, was also accomplished. | |||
| *A means of intensifying and amplifying the force developed by the second mechanism. | |||
| *A new method for producing a tremendous electrical repelling force. This would be the projector, or gun, of the invention. | |||
| Tesla worked on plans for a ] from the early 1900s until his death. In 1937, Tesla composed a treatise entitled "''The Art of Projecting Concentrated Non-dispersive Energy through the Natural Media''" concerning ]s.<ref>Seifer, Marc J., "Wizard, the Life and Times of Nikola Tesla". ISBN (HC) p. 454</ref> | |||
| Tesla published the document in an attempt to expound on the technical description of a "] that would put an end to all war". This treatise of the ] is currently in the ] archive in ]. It described an open ended vacuum tube with a gas jet seal that allowed particles to exit, a method of charging particles to millions of volts, and a method of creating and directing nondispersive particle streams (through ] repulsion).<ref>Seifer, "Wizard" p. 454</ref> | |||
| His records indicate that it was based on a narrow stream of ] of liquid ] or ] accelerated via high voltage (by means akin to his ]). Tesla gave the following description concerning the '']'''s operation: | |||
| {{cquote| send concentrated beams of particles through the free air, of such tremendous energy that they will bring down a fleet of 10,000 enemy airplanes at a distance of 200 miles from a defending nation's border and will cause armies to drop dead in their tracks.<ref>"Beam to Kill Army at 200 Miles, Tesla's Claim on 78th Birthday". New York Times, 11 July 1934.</ref>}} The weapon could be used against ground based infantry or for antiaircraft purposes.<ref>"'Death Ray' for Planes". New York Times, 22 September 1940.</ref> | |||
| Tesla tried to interest the ] in the device.<ref>"Aerial Defense 'Death-Beam' Offered to U. S. By Tesla" 12 July 1940</ref> | |||
| He also offered this invention to European countries.<ref>O'Neill, John J., "". (unpublished Chapter 34 of Prodigal Genius) (PBS)</ref> | |||
| None of the governments purchased a contract to build the device. He was unable to act on his plans.<ref> Velox, . everything2.com</ref> | |||
| ===Personal life=== | |||
| Tesla was fluent in many languages. Along with ], he spoke seven other languages: ], ], ], ], ], ], and ]. | |||
| Tesla may have suffered from ],<ref></ref> | |||
| and had many unusual quirks and phobias. He did things in threes, and was adamant about staying in a hotel room with a number divisible by three. Tesla was also noted to be physically revolted by jewelry, notably pearl earrings. He was fastidious about cleanliness and hygiene, and was by all accounts ]. He greatly disliked touching ] other than his own as well as round objects. | |||
| Tesla was obsessed with pigeons, ordering special seeds for the pigeons he fed in ] and even bringing some into his hotel room with him. Tesla was an animal-lover, often reflecting contentedly about a childhood cat, "The Magnificent Macak". Tesla never married. He was ] and claimed that his chastity was very helpful to his scientific abilities.<ref name="cheney-79" /> Nonetheless there have been numerous accounts of women vying for Tesla's affection, even some madly in love with him. Tesla, though polite, behaved rather ambivalently to these women in the romantic sense. | |||
| Tesla was prone to alienating himself and was generally soft-spoken. However, when he did engage in a social life, many people spoke very positively and admiringly of him. Robert Underwood Johnson described him as attaining a "distinguished sweetness, sincerity, modesty, refinement, generosity, and force". His loyal secretary, Dorothy Skerrit, wrote: "his genial smile and nobility of bearing always denoted the gentlemanly characteristics that were so ingrained in his soul". Tesla's friend Hawthorne wrote that "seldom did one meet a scientist or engineer who was also a poet, a philosopher, an appreciator of fine music, a linguist, and a connoisseur of food and drink". | |||
| Nevertheless, Tesla displayed the occasional cruel streak; he openly expressed his disgust for overweight people, once firing a secretary because of her weight.<ref name="cheney-79" />{{rp|110}} He was quick to criticize others' clothing as well, demanding a subordinate to go home and change her dress on several occasions.<ref name="cheney-79" /> | |||
| Tesla was widely known for his great showmanship, presenting his innovations and demonstrations to the public as an artform, almost like a magician. This seems to conflict with his observed reclusiveness; Tesla was a complicated figure. He refused to hold conventions without his ] blasting electricity throughout the room, despite the audience often being terrified, though he assured them everything was perfectly safe. | |||
| ] in Tesla's lab, spring 1894]] | |||
| In middle age, Tesla became very close friends with ]. They spent a lot of time together in his lab and elsewhere. | |||
| Tesla remained bitter in the aftermath of his incident with Edison. The day after Edison died the '']'' contained extensive coverage of Edison's life, with the only negative opinion coming from Tesla, who was quoted as saying: {{quote|He had no hobby, cared for no sort of amusement of any kind and lived in utter disregard of the most elementary rules of hygiene ... His method was inefficient in the extreme, for an immense ground had to be covered to get anything at all unless blind chance intervened and, at first, I was almost a sorry witness of his doings, knowing that just a little theory and calculation would have saved him 90 per cent of the labor. But he had a veritable contempt for book learning and mathematical knowledge, trusting himself entirely to his inventor's instinct and practical American sense.}} Shortly before he died, Edison said that his biggest mistake had been in trying to develop directed current, rather than the vastly superior alternating current system that Tesla had put within his grasp.<ref name="cheney-uth-glenn-99" />{{rp|19}} | |||
| Tesla was good friends with ]. He had amicable relations with ], ], Fritz Lowenstein, George Scherff, and Kenneth Swezey. Tesla made his first million at the age of forty, but gave away nearly all his royalties on future innovations. Tesla was rather financially inept, but he was almost entirely unconcerned with ]. He ripped up a ] contract that would have made him the world's first billionaire, in part because of the implications it would have on his future vision of free power, and in part because it would run Westinghouse out of business, and Tesla had no desire to deal with the creditors. | |||
| Tesla lived the last ten years of his life in a two-room suite on the 33rd floor of the ], room 3327. There, near the end of his life, Tesla showed signs of encroaching ], claiming to be visited by a specific white pigeon daily. Several biographers note that Tesla viewed the death of the pigeon as a "final blow" to himself and his work. | |||
| Tesla believed that ] could not be avoided until the cause for its recurrence was removed, but was opposed to wars in general.<ref>Secor, H. Winfield, "''''", Electrical Experimenter, Volume 5, Number 4, August, 1917.</ref> | |||
| He sought to reduce distance, such as in communication for better understanding, transportation, and transmission of energy, as a means to ensure friendly ].<ref>"''''" Albany Telegram, 25 February 1923 (doc).</ref> | |||
| Like many of his era, Tesla, a life-long bachelor, became a proponent of a self-imposed selective breeding version of ]. In a 1937 interview, he stated: | |||
| {{quote|... man's new sense of pity began to interfere with the ruthless workings of nature. The only method compatible with our notions of civilization and the race is to prevent the breeding of the unfit by sterilization and the deliberate guidance of the mating instinct .... The trend of opinion among eugenists is that we must make marriage more difficult. Certainly no one who is not a desirable parent should be permitted to produce progeny. A century from now it will no more occur to a normal person to mate with a person eugenically unfit than to marry a habitual criminal.<ref>Viereck, George Sylvester, and Nikola Tesla, "'' - A Famous Inventor, Picturing Life 100 Years from Now, Reveals an Astounding Scientific Venture Which He Believes Will Change the Course of History''". Liberty, February 1937.</ref>}} | |||
| In 1926, Tesla commented on the ills of the social subservience of women and the struggle of women toward ], indicated that humanity's future would be run by "Queen Bees". He believed that women would become the dominant sex in the future.<ref>Kennedy, John B., "'', An interview with Nikola Tesla''". ], 30 January 1926.</ref> | |||
| In his later years Tesla became a ]. In an article for '']'' he wrote: "It is certainly preferable to raise vegetables, and I think, therefore, that ] is a commendable departure from the established barbarous habit." Tesla argued that it is wrong to eat uneconomic meat when large numbers of people are starving; he also believed that plant food was "superior to it in regard to both mechanical and mental performance". He also argued that animal slaughter was "wanton and cruel".<ref>Nikola Tesla, "''''". ], June 1900.</ref> | |||
| In his final years he suffered from extreme sensitivity to light, sound and other influences.<ref>O'Neill, "Prodigal Genius" (extract at )</ref> | |||
| ====Death==== | |||
| ], 1952, in ], ]]] | |||
| Tesla died of ] alone in room 3327 of the ], some time between the evening of 5 January and the morning of 8 January 1943, at the age of 86.<ref>{{cite news |first= |last= |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=Nikola Tesla Dies. Prolific Inventor. Alternating Power Current's Developer Found Dead in Hotel Suite Here. Claimed a 'Death Beam'. He Insisted the Invention Could Annihilate an Army of 1,000,000 at Once. |url= |quote= |publisher=] |date=8 January 1943, Friday |accessdate= }}</ref> Despite having sold his AC electricity patents, Tesla was destitute and died with significant debts. Later that year the ] upheld Tesla's patent number,<ref>{{US patent|645,576}}</ref> in effect recognizing him as the inventor of radio. | |||
| Immediately after Tesla's death became known, the government's ] office took possession of his papers and property, despite his ]. His safe at the hotel was also opened. At the time of his death, Tesla had been continuing his work on the ] weapon, or death ray, that he had unsuccessfully marketed to the US War Department. It appears that his proposed death ray was related to his research into ] and ], and was imagined as a ]. The US government did not find a prototype of the device in the safe. After the FBI was contacted by the War Department, his papers were declared to be ]. The so-called "peace ray" constitutes a part of some conspiracy theories as a means of destruction. The personal effects were seized on the advice of presidential advisers; ] declared the case most secret, because of the nature of Tesla's inventions and patents.<ref>Hoover, John Edgar, et al., , 1943.</ref> | |||
| One document states that " is reported to have some 80 trunks in different places containing transcripts and plans having to do with his experiments ". ] reported that there were several "missing" papers and property. | |||
| Tesla's family and the Yugoslav embassy struggled with the American authorities to gain these items after his death due to the potential significance of some of his research. Eventually, his nephew, Sava Kosanoviċ, won possession of some of his personal effects, which are now housed in the ] in ], ].<ref></ref> | |||
| Tesla's funeral took place on 12 January 1943, at the ] in ], ]. His body was cremated and his ashes taken to ], ] in 1957. The urn was placed in the Nikola Tesla Museum, where it resides to this day. | |||
| == Tesla's pigeon == | |||
| According to John J. O'Neill, author of ''Prodigal Genius, the Life of Nikola Tesla'', Tesla told him this story in the presence of William L. Laurence, the New York Times science writer. | |||
| Tesla had been feeding pigeons for years. Among them, there was a very beautiful female white pigeon with light gray tips on its wings that seemed to follow him everywhere. A great deal of rapport developed between them. As Tesla confessed, he loved that pigeon: "Yes, I loved that pigeon, I loved her as a man loves a woman, and she loved me." If the pigeon became ill, he would nurse her back to health and as long as she needed him and he could have her, nothing else mattered and there was purpose in his life. | |||
| One night as he was lying in bed, she flew in through the window and he knew right away that she had something important to tell him: she was dying. "And then, as I got her message, there came a light from her eyes - powerful beams of light". "...Yes," "...it was a real light, a powerful, dazzling, blinding light, a light more intense than I had ever produced by the most powerful lamps in my laboratory." | |||
| Tesla admitted to O'Neill that when that particular pigeon died, something went out of his life. Before that time, he could complete the most ambitious programs he could ever dream of but after the pigeon flew into the beyond, he knew his life's work was done for good.<ref>John J. O'Neill ''Prodigal Genius - the Life of Nikola Tesla'', pp. 316-7, Ives Washburn Inc., 1964 ASIN: B000KIDNP6; 1st ed. 1944 </ref> | |||
| ==Legacy and honors== | |||
| ] on ].]] He did not like posing for portraits, doing so only once for princess ].<ref> The portrait survived in the collection of Ludwig Nissen, Brooklyn, see: Klaus Lengsfeld: Sammlung Ludwig Nissen : Husum 1855 - 1924 New York; Dokumentation d. Kunstsammlung Ludwig Nissens anlässl. d. Ausstellung zu seinem 125. Geburtstag im Nissenhaus zu Husum, 1980, 169 Pages. (= Schriften des Nordfriesischen Museums Ludwig-Nissen-Haus, Nr. 16)</ref> His wish was to have a sculpture made by his close friend ], who was at that time in United States, but he died before getting a chance to see it. Meštrović made a bronze bust (1952) that is held in the Nikola Tesla Museum in ] and a statue (1955/56) placed at the ] Institute in ]. This statue was moved to Nikola Tesla Street in Zagreb's city centre on the 150th anniversary of Tesla's birth, with the ] to receive a duplicate. | |||
| In 1976, a bronze statue of Tesla was placed at ]. A similar statue was also erected in his hometown of Gospić in 1986. | |||
| The ] unit ] (T) for measuring ] or magnetic induction (commonly known as the ] '''B''') was named in Tesla’s honour at the ''Conférence Générale des Poids et Mesures'', ] in 1960. The ] (IEEE) of which Tesla had been vice president also created an award in recognition of Tesla. Called the IEEE Nikola Tesla Award, it is given to individuals or a team that has made outstanding contributions to the generation or utilization of electric power, and is considered the most prestigious award in the area of electric power.<ref>IEEE, "''''. 1 April 2005.</ref> | |||
| The ] on the far side of the Moon and the ] ] are also named after him. | |||
| ] | |||
| Tesla was featured on several ] and ] notes and coinage. The largest ] complex in Serbia, the ] is named in his honour. On 10 July 2006 the biggest airport in Serbia (]) was renamed ] in honor of Tesla’s 150th birthday. | |||
| The company, ] was a large, state-owned electrotechnical conglomerate in the former Czechoslovakia. It was renamed in Tesla's honour from the previous Electra on 7 March 1946. Some of its subsidiaries still trade in the Czech Republic. | |||
| An ] company, ], named their company in tribute to Tesla. Their website states: ''The namesake of our ] is the genius Nikola Tesla'' ''We‘re confident that if he were alive today, Nikola Tesla would look over our car and nod his head with both understanding and approval.''<ref>, ], Inc., 2006</ref> | |||
| The Croatian subsidiary of ] is also named '] d.d'. ('Nikola Tesla' was a phone hardware company in ] before Ericsson bought it in the 1990s) in honour of Tesla's pioneering work in wireless communication. | |||
| The year 2006 was celebrated by ] as the ''150th anniversary of the birth of Nikola Tesla, scientist )'', as well as being proclaimed by the governments of ] and ] to be the ''Year of Tesla''. On this anniversary, 10 July 2006, the renovated village of Smiljan (which had been demolished during the wars of the 1990s) was opened to the public along with Tesla's house (as a memorial museum) and a new multimedia center dedicated to the life and work of Tesla. The ] of St. Peter and Paul, where Tesla's father had held services, was renovated as well. The museum and multimedia center are filled with replicas of Tesla's work. The museum has collected almost all of the papers ever published by, and about, Tesla; most of these provided by Ljubo Vujovic from the Tesla Memorial Society. | |||
| in New York. Alongside Tesla's house, a monument created by sculptor ] has been erected. In the nearby city of Gospić, on the same date as the reopening of the renovated village and museums, a ] school named Nikola Tesla was opened, and a replica of the statue of Tesla made by ] (the original is in ]) was presented. | |||
| The song "Tesla's Hotel Room" by the ], on their 2006 album ''Last Days of Wonder'', is a fictionalised account of Tesla's later years at the New Yorker hotel. | |||
| In the years since his death, many of his innovations, theories and claims have been used, at times unsuitably and controversially, to support various fringe theories that are regarded as unscientific. Most of Tesla's own work conformed with the principles and methods accepted by science, but his extravagant personality and sometimes unrealistic claims, combined with his unquestionable genius, have made him a popular figure among fringe theorists and believers in conspiracies about "]". Some conspiracy theorists even in his time believed that he was actually an angelic being from Venus sent to Earth to reveal scientific knowledge to humanity.<ref name="cheney-79" /> This belief is maintained in present times by followers of ]. | |||
| ===Monuments=== | |||
| A monument to Tesla was established at Niagara Falls, New York, USA. This monument is a copy of a monument standing in front of the Belgrade University Faculty of Electrical Engineering. Another monument to Tesla, featuring him standing on a portion of an alternator, was established at ] in Niagara Falls, ].<ref></ref> The monument was officially unveiled on Sunday, 9 July 2006 on the 150th anniversary of Tesla's birth. The monument was sponsored by St. George Serbian Church, ], and designed by Les Drysdale of ]. Mr. Drysdale's design was the winning design from an international competition. Tesla's most famous statue is the one erected on 23 May 1879 at Sycamore Peak showing him and Dr. Brian S. Whitecross. Belgrade International Airport is called "Belgrade Nikola Tesla Airport".<ref>, Belgrade Nikola Tesla Airport</ref> | |||
| <gallery caption="Tesla honored on Dinar notes" widths="125" perrow="5"> | |||
| Image:Serbian 500din Tesla 1978-a king.jpg|500 ]s (1978). HF transformer coil in the background | |||
| Image:Serbia 1000din Tesla 1992-a king.jpg|1,000 Yugoslav dinars (1992) | |||
| Image:Serbia 10mlrd Tesla 1993-a king.jpg|10,000,000,000 Yugoslav dinars (1993) | |||
| Image:Serbia 5din Tesla 1994-a king.jpg|5 new Yugoslav dinars (1994) | |||
| Image:Tesla.jpg|100 ]s (2007) | |||
| </gallery> | |||
| ==See also== | |||
| {{portalpar|Electronics|Nuvola_apps_ksim.png}} | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| ==Further reading== | |||
| ] | |||
| === Publications === | |||
| *'']'', American Institute of Electrical Engineers, May 1888. | |||
| * '''', Written by Tesla and others,. | |||
| * '''', The Manufacturer and Builder, January 1892, Vol. 24 | |||
| * Biography - '''', The Century Magazine, November 1893, Vol. 47 | |||
| * '''', The Century Magazine, November 1894, Vol. 49 | |||
| * '''', The Century Magazine, November 1897, Vol. 55 | |||
| ===Books=== | |||
| * ], "'']''", 2d enl. ed., Minneapolis, Tesla Society. 1956.<ref>''Dr. Nikola Tesla (1856-1943)'' (OCLC 1284808 : LCCN 56047430 /L), by Leland I. Anderson</ref> | |||
| * ], "'']''", 1989. Tells Tesla's story - among other's - within the history of the United States. | |||
| * Cheney, Margaret, "'']''", 1981. ISBN . | |||
| * Childress, David H., "'']''," 1993. ISBN | |||
| * Glenn, Jim, "''],''" 1994. ISBN | |||
| * Jonnes, Jill "'']''". New York: Random House, 2003. ISBN | |||
| * ], "''],''" 1894 . ISBN-X | |||
| * ],"'']''," 1944. Paperback reprint 1994, ISBN . (''ed''. is available online) | |||
| * ],"''],''" 1999. ISBN | |||
| * Ratzlaff, John and Lee Anderson, "'']"'', Ragusan Press, Palo Alto, California, 1979, 237 pages. Extensive listing of articles about and by Nikola Tesla. | |||
| * Seifer, Marc J., "'']''," 1998. ISBN (HC), ISBN (SC) | |||
| * Tesla, Nikola, ''"]"'', ISBN-X | |||
| * Tesla, Nikola, "]" Parts I through V published in the Electrical Experimenter monthly magazine from February through June, 1919. Part VI published October, 1919. Reprint edition with introductory notes by Ben Johnson, New York: Barnes and Noble,1982, ISBN; also online at ''""'', 1919. ISBN | |||
| * Trinkaus, George "''TESLA: The Lost Inventions''", High Voltage Press, 2002. ISBN 09-7096-182-0 | |||
| * Valone, Thomas, "'']''," 2002. ISBN | |||
| ===Journals=== | |||
| * Carlson, W. Bernard, "''Inventor of dreams''". ], March 2005 Vol. 292 Issue 3 p. 78(7). | |||
| * Jatras, Stella L., "''The genius of Nikola Tesla''". ], 28 July 2003 Vol. 19 Issue 15 p. 9(1) | |||
| * Rybak, James P., "''Nikola Tesla: Scientific Savant''". ], 1042170X, November 1999, Vol. 16, Issue 11. | |||
| * Lawren, B., "''Rediscovering Tesla''". ], March 1988, Vol. 10 Issue 6. | |||
| ===Filmography=== | |||
| {{seealso|Nikola Tesla in popular culture}} | |||
| * There are at least two films describing Tesla's life. In the first, filmed in 1977, arranged for TV, Tesla was portrayed by ]. In 1980, ] produced a ] film named '''' (The Secret of Nikola Tesla), in which Welles himself played the part of Tesla's patron, ]. Film was directed by ], and Nikola Tesla was portrayed by ]. | |||
| * "''''". 1999. ISBN (Book) ISBN (PBS Video) | |||
| * (at Google Video) - Phenomenon: the Lost Archives documentary about Tesla's designs for free energy and defensive weapons systems. | |||
| * ] portrayed Tesla in the 2006 film "]". Tesla's time in Colorado Springs was the focus of several scenes in the film, which featured speculations on the explosive power of Tesla's electrical experiments. | |||
| * In ], the character Carter Chambers, played by ], tells his co-worker about how Tesla invented radio years before ]. | |||
| * , produced by Robert Uth for New Voyage Communications in 2003, tapped ] to supply the voice of Tesla. | |||
| ==Notes== | |||
| {{reflist|2}} | |||
| ==References== | |||
| {{refbegin|2}} | |||
| * Margaret Cheney, Robert Uth, and Jim Glenn, "''Tesla, Master of Lightning''", published by Barnes & Noble, 1999. ISBN . | |||
| * Germano, Frank, "''''". Frank. Germano.com. | |||
| * Lomas, Robert, "''''". Lecture to South Western Branch of Instititute of Physics. | |||
| * Martin, Thomas Commerford, "''The Inventions, Researches, and Writings of Nikola Tesla''", New York: The Electrical Engineer, 1894 (3rd Ed.); reprinted by Barnes & Noble, 1995 ISBN-X | |||
| * O'Neill, John J., "''''", 1944. ISBN (Tesla reportedly said of this biographer "You understand me better than any man alive"; also with other items at uncletaz's site) | |||
| * Penner, John R.H. '''', corrupted version of My Inventions. | |||
| * Pratt, H., "''Nikola Tesla 1856–1943''", Proceedings of the IRE, Vol. 44, September, 1956. | |||
| * "''''". IEEE History Center, 2005. | |||
| * Seifer, Marc J. "''Wizard: The Life and Times of Nikola Tesla; Biography of a Genius''", Secaucus, NJ: Carol Publishing Group, 1996. ISBN | |||
| * Weisstein, Eric W., "''''". Eric Weisstein's World of Science. | |||
| * "''Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature''", . USGS, Astrogeology Research Program. | |||
| * Dimitrijevic, Milan S., "''Belgrade Astronomical Observatory Historical Review''". Publ. Astron. Obs. Belgrade,), 162–170. Also, "''Srpski asteroidi, ''". Astronomski magazine. | |||
| * Hoover, John Edgar, et al., , 1943. | |||
| * Pratt, H., "''Nikola Tesla 1856–1943''", Proceedings of the IRE, Vol. 44, September, 1956. | |||
| * W.C. Wysock, J.F. Corum, J.M. Hardesty and K.L. Corum, "''?'' (A Look At His Professional Credentials)". Antenna Measurement Techniques Association, posterpaper, 22 October–25, 2001 (PDF) | |||
| * Roguin, Ariel, "''Historical Note: Nikola Tesla: The man behind the magnetic field unit''". J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2004;19:369–374. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc. | |||
| * Sellon, J. L., "''The impact of Nikola Tesla on the cement industry''". Behrent Eng. Co., Wheat Ridge, CO. Cement Industry Technical Conference. 1997. XXXIX Conference Record., 1997 IEEE/PC. Page(s) 125–133. ISBN | |||
| * Valentinuzzi, M.E., "''Nikola Tesla: why was he so much resisted and forgotten?''" Inst. de Bioingenieria, Univ. Nacional de Tucuman; Engineering in Medicine and Biology Magazine, IEEE. July/August 1998, 17:4, pp. 74–75. ISSN | |||
| * Waser, André, "''''". (PDF) | |||
| * Secor, H. Winfield, "''Tesla's views on Electricity and the War''", Electrical Experimenter, Volume 5, Number 4, August, 1917. | |||
| * Florey, Glen, "''Tesla and the Military''". Engineering 24, 5 December 2000. | |||
| * Corum, K. L., J. F. Corum, "''Nikola Tesla, Lightning Observations, and Stationary Waves''". 1994. | |||
| * Corum, K. L., J. F. Corum, and A. H. Aidinejad, "''Atmospheric Fields, Tesla's Receivers and Regenerative Detectors''". 1994. | |||
| * Meyl, Konstantin, H. Weidner, E. Zentgraf, T. Senkel, T. Junker, and P. Winkels, "''Experiments to proof the evidence of scalar waves Tests with a Tesla reproduction''". Institut für Gravitationsforschung (IGF), Am Heerbach 5, D-63857 Waldaschaff. | |||
| * Anderson, L. I., "''John Stone Stone on Nikola Tesla’s Priority in Radio and Continuous Wave Radiofrequency Apparatus''". The Antique Wireless Association Review, Vol. 1, 1986, pp. 18–41. | |||
| * Anderson, L. I., "''Priority in Invention of Radio, Tesla v. Marconi''". Antique Wireless Association monograph, March 1980. | |||
| * Marincic, A., and D. Budimir, "''Tesla's contribution to radiowave propagation''". Dept. of Electron. Eng., Belgrade Univ. (5th International Conference on Telecommunications in Modern Satellite, Cable and Broadcasting Service, 2001. TELSIKS 2001. pp. 327–331 vol.1) ISBN-X | |||
| * Page, R.M., "''The Early History of Radar''", Proceedings of the IRE, Volume 50, Number 5, May, 1962, (special 50th Anniversary Issue). | |||
| * C Mackechnie Jarvis "''Nikola Tesla and the induction motor''". 1970 Phys. Educ. 5 280–287. | |||
| * "''''" (DOC) | |||
| * Nichelson, Oliver, "''''", A description of Tesla's energy generator that "would not consume fuel." 26th IECEC Proceedings, 1991, Boston, MA (American Nuclear Society) Vol. 4, pp. 433-438. | |||
| * Nichelson, Oliver, "''''". A theory of the physics of Tesla's new energy generator. (American Chemical Society, 1993. 2722-5/93/) | |||
| * Toby Grotz, "''''". | |||
| {{refend}} | |||
| ==External links== | |||
| {{sisterlinks|Nikola Tesla}} | |||
| * {{findagrave|1623}} | |||
| * | |||
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| * , by Wolfram Research | |||
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| * . Shoreham, New York. Aims to reuse ] | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| * containing information about his 1894 Franklin Award for research in high-frequency phenomena | |||
| * , from Arcs 'N Sparks. | |||
| * Fred Walters' hand-scanned (PDFs) | |||
| * Jim Bieberich's | |||
| * | |||
| * Seifer, Marc J., and Michael Behar, , ], October 1998. | |||
| * {{gutenberg author| id=Nikola+Tesla | name=Nikola Tesla}} | |||
| * | |||
| * in pdf | |||
| * in pdf | |||
| * , 1891–1982, Archives Center, ], archival resources. | |||
| * - ] | |||
| {{IEEE Edison Medal Laureates 1909-1925}} | |||
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| There have already been discussions about Tesla's ethnicity on the talk page. Please do not change it, or first discuss it on the talk page. | |||
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| {{Persondata | |||
| |NAME = Tesla, Nikola | |||
| |SHORT DESCRIPTION = ]-American ], ], ] and ] | |||
| |DATE OF BIRTH = 10 July 1856 | |||
| |PLACE OF BIRTH = ], ] | |||
| |DATE OF DEATH = 7 January 1943 | |||
| |PLACE OF DEATH=] | |||
| }} | |||
| {{Lifetime|1856 |1943 |Tesla, Nikola}} | |||
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