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| {{Infobox Scientist | |||
| #REDIRECT ] | |||
| |box_width = 300x | |||
| |name = Stephen Hawking | |||
| |image = Stephen Hawking.StarChild.jpg | |||
| |image_size = 200px | |||
| |caption = NASA StarChild image of Stephen Hawking | |||
| |birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1942|01|8}} | |||
| |birth_place = ], England | |||
| |death_date = | |||
| |death_place = | |||
| |residence = England | |||
| |citizenship = | |||
| |nationality = British | |||
| |ethnicity = | |||
| |fields = ]</br>] | |||
| |workplaces = ]</br>] | |||
| |alma_mater = ]</br>] | |||
| |doctoral_advisor = ] | |||
| |academic_advisors = ] | |||
| |doctoral_students = ]</br>]</br>]</br>] </br>]</br>]<!--</br>]</br>]</br>]</br>]--> | |||
| |notable_students = | |||
| |known_for = ]</br>]</br>] | |||
| |author_abbrev_bot = | |||
| |author_abbrev_zoo = | |||
| |influences = ] | |||
| |influenced = | |||
| |awards = {{nowrap|] (1989)}}</br>] (2006) | |||
| |signature = hawkingsig.jpg | |||
| |footnotes = | |||
| }} | |||
| '''Stephen William Hawking''' ], ], ], ] (born ] ]) is a British ]. Hawking is the ] at the ] (intends to retire from this post in 2009),<ref>{{Citation |last= |first= |title=Stephen Hawking to retire from prestigious post |url=http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5iO1883BL8MCeJ4rZa-OJoHzQ169gD940SGB80 |publisher=Associated Press |date=2008-10-24 |accessdate=2008-10-25}}</ref> a ] of ], and the distinguished research chair at ]'s ].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20081127/steven_hawking_081127/20081127?hub=TopStories|title=Stephen Hawking accepts post at Ontario institute|accessdate=2008-11-27|publisher=]}}</ref> He is known for his contributions to the fields of ] and ], especially in the context of ], and his popular works in which he discusses his own theories and cosmology in general. These include the runaway popular science bestseller '']'', which stayed on the British '']'' bestseller list for a record-breaking 237 weeks.<ref name="book">{{cite book | author=Hawking, Stephen | title= ] | publisher=] | date=1988 | isbn=0-553-38016-8}}</ref> | |||
| His key scientific works to date have included providing, with ], ]s regarding ] in the framework of ], and the theoretical prediction that ]s should emit ], which is today known as ], or sometimes as ]-Hawking radiation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://projecteuclid.org/Dienst/UI/1.0/Summarize/euclid.cmp/1103899181|title=Particle creation by black holes|publisher=Project Euclid|accessdate=2008-05-19}}</ref> His scientific career spans over 40 years and his books and public appearances have made him an academic celebrity and world-renowned theoretical physicist. He is an Honorary ],<ref name="soafellow">{{Cite web|url=http://www.rsa.org.uk/acrobat/honorary_fellows.pdf|title=Honorary Fellows of the Royal Society of Arts|publisher=]|accessdate=2007-03-25}}</ref> and a lifetime member of the ].<ref>{{cite journal | last =Mason | first =Michael | authorlink =Michael Mason | title =Alliance, Many of the greatest minds of science meet regularly in Vatican City to counsel the pope on the hot topics of the day' | journal =Discover Magazine | volume = | issue =September 2008 | pages =43 | publisher =Discover Magazine | date = | url = | doi = | id = | accessdate =2008-08-19 }}</ref> Hawking has ] (ALS). The condition has progressed over the years and he is now almost completely paralysed. | |||
| ==Biography== | |||
| Stephen William Hawking was born to Dr. Frank Hawking, a ] ], and Isobel Hawking, a political activist. He had two younger sisters, Philippa and Mary and an adopted brother, Edward.<ref name="Current Biography 1984"> {{cite book | title = Current Biography, 1984 | publisher = ] | location = New York City | date = 1984}}</ref> Though Hawking’s parents were living in North London, they moved to ] while Isobel was pregnant with Stephen, desiring a safer location for the birth of their first child (London was ] at the time by the ]).<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2008-05-19|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Hawking.html|title=Stephen William Hawking|publisher= | |||
| ]}}</ref> According to one of Hawking's publications, a German | |||
| Wehrmacht ] missile struck only a few streets away.<ref>Dr. Hawking, Stephen W. 1994. ''Black Holes And Baby Universes and Other Essays.'' Bantam Books, London. ISBN 0553374117.</ref> | |||
| After Hawking was born, the family moved back to London, where his father headed the division of ] at the ].<ref name="Current Biography 1984"/> | |||
| In 1950, Hawking and his family moved to ] in ] where he attended ] from 1950 to 1953. (At that time, boys could attend the Girls school until the age of 10.<ref name="Stephen Hawking A Biography"> {{cite book | title = Stephen Hawking A Biography| publisher = ] | date = 1995}}</ref>) From the age of 11, he attended ], where he was a good, but not an exceptional, student.<ref name="Current Biography 1984"> {{cite book | title = Current Biography, 1984 | publisher = ] | location = New York City | date = 1984}}</ref> When asked later to name a teacher who had inspired him, Hawking named his Mathematics teacher, "]".<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2008-05-19|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/obituaries/story/0,,1983173,00.html|title=Dick Tahta|work=]}}</ref> He maintains his connection with the school, giving his name to one of the four houses and to an extracurricular science lecture series. He has visited to deliver one of the lectures and has also granted a lengthy interview to pupils working on the school magazine, ''The Albanian''. | |||
| Hawking was always interested in science.<ref name="Current Biography 1984"/> He enrolled at ] with the intent of studying ] although his father preferred he go into ]. Since mathematics was not offered at University College, Hawking instead chose ]. His interests during this time were in ], ], and ]. His physics tutor, Robert Berman, later said in the ''New York Times Magazine'': | |||
| <blockquote>It was only necessary for him to know that something could be done, and he could do it without looking to see how other people did it. ... He didn’t have very many books, and he didn’t take notes. Of course, his mind was completely different from all of his contemporaries.<ref name="Current Biography 1984"/></blockquote> | |||
| Hawking was passing with his fellow students, but his unimpressive study habits gave him a final examination score on the borderline between first and second class honours, making an "oral examination" necessary. Berman said of the oral examination: | |||
| <blockquote>And of course the examiners then were intelligent enough to realize they were talking to someone far more clever than most of themselves.<ref name="Current Biography 1984"/></blockquote> | |||
| After receiving his ] degree at ] in 1962, he stayed to study ]. He decided to leave when he found that studying ]s, which was all the observatory was equipped for, did not appeal to him and that he was more interested in ] than in ].<ref name="Current Biography 1984"/> He left Oxford for ], where he engaged in the study of theoretical astronomy and ]. | |||
| Almost as soon as he arrived at ], he started developing symptoms of ] (known colloquially in the USA as Lou Gehrig’s disease), a type of ] which would cost him almost all neuromuscular control. During his first two years at Cambridge, he did not distinguish himself, but, after the disease had stabilized and with the help of his doctoral tutor, ], he returned to working on his ]<ref name="Current Biography 1984"/> He revealed that he did not see much point in obtaining a ] if he were to die soon. Hawking later said that the real turning point was his 1965 marriage to Jane Wilde, a language student.<ref name="Current Biography 1984"/> After gaining his Ph.D., Stephen became first a Research Fellow, and later on a Professorial Fellow at ]. | |||
| Hawking was elected as one of the youngest Fellows of the ] in 1974, was created a Commander of the ] in 1982, and became a ] in 1989. Hawking is a member of the Board of Sponsors of ]. | |||
| Jane Hawking (] Wilde), Hawking’s first wife, cared for him until 1991 when the couple separated, reportedly due to the pressures of fame and his increasing disability. They had three children: Robert (b. 1967), ] (b. 1969), and Timothy (b. 1979). Hawking married his nurse, Elaine Mason (who was also the previous wife of David Mason, designer of the first version of Hawking’s talking computer), in 1995. In October 2006, Hawking filed for divorce from his second wife.<ref>{{cite news | title = Hawking and second wife agree to divorce | work = ] | date = 2007-01-09 | url = http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2006/10/20/nhawking20.xml | accessdate = 2007-03-18}}</ref> | |||
| In 1999, Jane Hawking published a memoir, ''Music to Move the Stars'', detailing her own long-term relationship with a family friend whom she later married. Hawking’s daughter, ], is a novelist. Their oldest son, Robert, emigrated to the United States, married, and has one child, George Edward Hawking. Reportedly, Hawking and his first family were reconciled in 2007.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article1751518.ece|title=Welcome back to the family, Stephen| work = ]| date = 2007-05-06|accessdate = 2007-05-06}}</ref> | |||
| At the celebration of his 65th birthday on 8 January 2007, Hawking announced his plans for a ] flight in 2007 to prepare for a ] in 2009 on ]’s space service. Billionaire ] pledged to pay all expenses for the latter, costing an estimated £100,000.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/01/08/nhawking08.xml|title=Stephen Hawking plans to see space| work = ]| date = 2007-01-09|accessdate = 2007-03-18}}</ref> Stephen Hawking’s zero-gravity flight in a "'']''" of ], during which he experienced weightlessness eight times, took place on 26 April 2007.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/6594821.stm|title=Hawking takes zero-gravity flight| work = ]| date = 2007-04-26|accessdate = 2007-04-26}}</ref> | |||
| He became the first ] to float free in a weightless state. This was the first time in 40 years that he moved freely, without his wheelchair. The fee is normally US$3,750 for 10-15 ], but Hawking was not required to pay the fee. A bit of a ],<ref>{{cite news | title = Move To New Planet, says Hawking | publisher = ] | date = 2006-11-06 | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/6158855.stm | accessdate = 2008-02-21}}</ref> Hawking was quoted before the flight saying: | |||
| :Many people have asked me why I am taking this flight. I am doing it for many reasons. First of all, I believe that life on Earth is at an ever increasing risk of being wiped out by a disaster such as sudden nuclear war, a genetically engineered virus, or other dangers. I think the human race has no future if it doesn’t go into space. I therefore want to encourage public interest in space.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20070504171857/http://www.cnn.com/2007/TECH/space/04/26/hawking.flight.ap/index.html|title=Physicist Hawking experiences zero gravity| publisher = ]| date = 2007-04-26|accessdate = 2007-05-04}}</ref> | |||
| == Research fields == | |||
| Hawking’s principal fields of research are ] and ]. | |||
| In the late 1960s, he and his Cambridge friend and colleague, ], applied a new, complex mathematical model they had created from ]’s ].<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2008-05-19|url=http://www.berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2007/03/16_hawking_text.shtml/|title= Origins of the universe: Stephen Hawking's J. Robert Oppenheimer Lecture |publisher=]}}</ref> This led, in 1970, to Hawking proving the first of many ]; such theorems provide a set of sufficient conditions for the existence of a ] in ]. This work showed that, far from being mathematical curiosities which appear only in special cases, singularities are a fairly generic feature of ].<ref>{{cite journal|last = Hawking|first = SW|title = The Singularities of Gravitational Collapse and Cosmology|publisher=]|journal=Mathematical and Physical Sciences|volume = 314|issue = 1519|date = 1970-01-27|pages = 529–548|doi = 10.1098/rspa.1970.0021}}</ref> | |||
| He supplied a ], along with ], ] and D. Robinson, of ]’s “]” – namely, that any black hole is fully described by the three properties of ], ], and ]. | |||
| Hawking also suggested that, upon analysis of ] emissions, after the ], ] or mini ]s were formed. With Bardeen and Carter, he proposed the four laws of black hole mechanics, drawing an analogy with ]. In 1974, he calculated that black holes should thermally create and emit ], known today as ], until they exhaust their energy and evaporate.<ref>{{cite journal|last = Hawking|first = SW|title = Black Hole Explosions|journal = ]|volume = 248|issue = 1|pages = 30–31|date = 1974|url = http://www.nature.com/physics/looking-back/hawking/|accessdate = 2007-03-23|doi = 10.1038/248030a0}}</ref> | |||
| In collaboration with ], Hawking developed a model in which the Universe had no boundary in space-time, replacing the initial singularity of the classical ] models with a region akin to the North pole: One cannot travel North of the North pole, as there is no boundary there. While originally the no-boundary proposal predicted a ], discussions with ] led to the realisation that the no-boundary proposal is also consistent with a Universe which is not closed. | |||
| Among Hawking’s many other scientific investigations, included are the study of: ], ], ] production in ] ] ]s, large N cosmology, the ] of the universe, ] and structure of the universe, baby universes, ] ]s and the ], ], ] and ], the nature of ] and ], including the ], ], ], ], ] quantum gravity, the ]al ], ] and ] theories of ], ], and ]s. | |||
| At a ] lecture in honour of ]'s 50th anniversary, Prof. Hawking theorised on the existence of extraterrestrial life: "Primitive life is very common and intelligent life is fairly rare."<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2008-05-19|url=http://ukpress.google.com/article/ALeqM5hCeV4oH8O1BAn1Zw73cKAEAoirug|title=Primitive life 'likely elsewhere'|publisher=]|date=2008-04-21}}</ref> | |||
| == Losing an old bet == | |||
| {{main|Thorne-Hawking-Preskill bet}} | |||
| Hawking was in the news in July 2004 for presenting a new theory about ]s which goes against his own long-held belief about their behavior, thus losing a ] he made with ] and ] of ]. Classically, it can be shown that information crossing the ] of a black hole is lost to our universe, and that thus all black holes are identical beyond their mass, ] and ] (the “]”). The problem with this theorem is that it implies the black hole will emit the same ] regardless of what goes into it, and as a consequence that if a pure quantum state is thrown into a black hole, an “ordinary” mixed state will be returned. This runs counter to the rules of quantum mechanics and is known as the ]. | |||
| Hawking had earlier speculated that the ] at the centre of a black hole could form a bridge to a “baby universe” into which the lost information could pass; such theories have been very popular in ]. But according to Hawking’s new idea, presented at the 17th International Conference on ] and ], on 21 July 2004 in ], ], black holes eventually transmit, in a garbled form, information about all matter they swallow: | |||
| {{cquote|The ] ] over all ] trivial ] can be done by time slicing and so is ] when ] to the ]. On the other hand, the path integral over all topologically non-trivial metrics is ] independent of the initial state. Thus the total path ] is unitary and information is not lost in the formation and ] of black holes. The way the information gets out seems to be that a true ] never forms, just an apparent horizon.<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2008-05-19|url=http://www.dcu.ie/~nolanb/gr17.htm|title=17th International Conference|publisher=GR17}}</ref>}} | |||
| Having concluded that information is conserved, Hawking conceded his bet in Preskill’s favour, awarding him ''Total Baseball, The Ultimate Baseball Encyclopedia''. Thorne, however, remained unconvinced of Hawking’s proof and declined to contribute to the award.<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2008-05-19|url=http://www.theory.caltech.edu/~preskill/jp_24jul04.html|title=On Hawking’s Concession|publisher=]|date=2004-07-24|author=Preskill, John}}</ref> Another older bet – about the existence of black holes – was described by Hawking as an “insurance policy” of sorts. To quote from his book, ''A Brief History of Time'': | |||
| {{cquote|This was a form of insurance policy for me. I have done a lot of work on black holes, and it would all be wasted if it turned out that black holes do not exist. But in that case, I would have the consolation of winning my bet, which would win me four years of the magazine '']''. If black holes do exist, Kip will get one year of '']''. When we made the bet in 1975, we were 80% certain that ] was a black hole. By now, I would say that we are about 95% certain, but the bet has yet to be settled.|20px|20px|Stephen Hawking|''A Brief History of Time (1988)''<ref name="book">{{cite book | author=Hawking, Stephen | title= A Brief History of Time | publisher=] | year=1988 | isbn=0-553-38016-8}}</ref>}} | |||
| According to the updated 10th anniversary's edition of ''A Brief History of Time'', Hawking has conceded the bet “to the outrage of Kip’s liberated wife” due to subsequent observational data in favour of black holes. | |||
| ==Illness== | |||
| ] to inaugurate the Laboratory of Astronomy and Particles in Paris and the French release of his work '']''.]] | |||
| Hawking is severely disabled by ], or ALS (a type of ]); this condition is commonly known in the United States as ]. | |||
| When he was young, he enjoyed riding horses and playing with other children. At Oxford, he ] a rowing team, which, he stated, helped relieve his immense boredom at the university. Symptoms of the disorder first appeared while he was enrolled at ]; he lost his balance and fell down a flight of stairs, hitting his head. Worried that he would lose his genius, he took the ] test to verify that his intellectual abilities were intact {{Fact|date=November 2008}}. The diagnosis of motor neurone disease came when Hawking was 21, shortly before his first marriage, and doctors said he would not survive more than two or three years. Hawking gradually lost the use of his arms, legs, and voice, and is now almost completely paralysed. During a visit to the research centre ] in ] in 1985, Hawking contracted ], which in his condition was life-threatening as it further restricted his already limited respiratory capacity. He had an emergency ], and as a result lost what remained of his ability to speak. He has since used an electronic ] to communicate. The ] DTC01 voice synthesizer he uses, which has an American accent, is no longer being produced. Asked why he has still kept it after so many years, Hawking mentioned that he has not heard a voice he likes better and that he identifies with it. Hawking is said to be looking for a replacement since, aside from being obsolete, the synthesizer is both large and fragile by modern standards. However, as of present, finding a workable software alternative has been difficult. In Hawking's many media appearances he appears to speak fluently through his synthesizer but, in reality, creating the text is a tedious drawn-out process. Hawking's setup uses a ] entry system, which only requires the first few characters in order to auto-complete the word, but as he is only able to use his cheek for data entry, constructing complete sentences takes time. His speeches are prepared in advance, but having a live conversation with him provides insight as to the complexity and work involved in his responses. During a ] talk, a posed question took 7 minutes to answer.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ted.com/talks/view/id/242|title=Stephen Hawking: Asking big questions about the universe (Video time index 8:25)|publisher=TED Conferences, LLC|accessdate=2008-05-28}}</ref> | |||
| He describes himself as “lucky" despite his disease. Its slow progression has allowed him time to make influential discoveries and it has not hindered him from having, in his own words, "a very attractive family".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hawking.org.uk/disable/dindex.html|title=My experience with ALS|publisher=Hawking, Stephen|accessdate=2008-05-19}}</ref> When Jane was asked why she decided to marry a man with a 3-year life expectancy, she responded: “Those were the days of atomic gloom and doom, so we all had a rather short life expectancy." | |||
| == Acclaim == | |||
| === Statues === | |||
| * On 19 December 2007, a unique statue of Professor Stephen Hawking by renowned late artist ] was unveiled at Centre for Theoretical Cosmology, ].<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2008-05-19|url=http://www.admin.cam.ac.uk/news/dp/2007122111|title=Vice-Chancellor unveils Hawking statue|publisher=]|date=2007-12-21}}</ref> | |||
| * In May 2008 the statue of Hawking was unveiled at the ] in ]. | |||
| === Museums === | |||
| * The ] in ], El Salvador is named in honor of Stephen Hawking, citing his scientific distinction and perseverance in dealing with adversity. <ref>{{cite journal|accessdate=2008-09-28|last=Komar|first=Oliver|coauthors=Linda Buechner|title=The Stephen W. Hawking Science Museum in San Salvador Central America Honors the Fortitude of a Great Living Scientist|journal=Journal of College Science Teaching|volume=XXX|issue=2|date=October 2000|url=http://www.geocities.com/CapeCanaveral/Hall/5046/article.html}}</ref> | |||
| === Buildings === | |||
| * Stephen Hawking Building in Cambridge, opened at 17th April 2007. The building belongs to Gonville and Caius College and is used as an undergraduate accommodation and conference facility.{{Fact|date=November 2008}} | |||
| *There is also a Stephen Hawking building in Winchester, at the westgate school.{{Fact|date=November 2008}} | |||
| == Distinctions == | |||
| Hawking’s belief that the lay person should have access to his work led him to write a series of popular science books in addition to his ] work. The first of these, '']'', was published on 1 April 1988 by Hawking, his family and friends, and some leading physicists. It surprisingly became a best-seller and was followed by '']'' (2001). Both books have remained highly popular all over the world. A collection of essays titled '']'' (1993) was also popular. His most recent book, '']'' (2005), co-written by ], aims to update his earlier works and make them accessible to an even wider audience. He and his daughter, Lucy Hawking, have recently published a children’s book focusing on science that has been described to be “like '']'', but without the magic.” This book is called '']'' and includes information on ]. | |||
| Hawking is also known for his ]; he is famous for his oft-made statement, “When I hear of ], I reach for my pistol.” This was a deliberately ] paraphrase of “Whenever I hear the word culture... I release the safety-catch of my ]”, from the play ''Schlageter'' (Act 1, Scene 1) by German playwright and ] Poet Laureate, ]. His wit has both entertained the non-specialist public and helped them to understand complex questions. Asked in October 2005 on the British daytime chat show ], to explain his assertion that the question “What came before the ]?” was meaningless, he compared it to asking “What lies north of the North Pole?” | |||
| Hawking has generally avoided talking about politics at length, but he has appeared on a political broadcast for the United Kingdom’s ]. He supports the children’s charity ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.soschildrensvillages.org.uk/sos-children-charity/our-friends.htm|publisher=SOS Children’s Villages|title=Our Friends|accessdate=2006-05-06}}</ref> | |||
| ==Selected publications== | |||
| ===Technical=== | |||
| * ''Singularities in Collapsing Stars and Expanding Universes'' with ], 1969 Comments on Astrophysics and Space Physics Vol 1 #1 | |||
| * ''The Nature of Space and Time'' with ], foreword by ], New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1996, ISBN 0-691-05084-8 | |||
| * '']'' with ], 1973 ISBN 0521099064 | |||
| * ''The Large, the Small, and the Human Mind'', (with Abner Shimony, Nancy Cartwright, and Roger Penrose), Cambridge University Press, 1997, ISBN 0-521-56330-5 (hardback), ISBN 0-521-65538-2 (paperback), Canto edition: ISBN 0-521-78572-3 | |||
| * '''', Cambridge University Press, 2005 | |||
| * ], Running Press, 2005 ISBN 0762419229 | |||
| ===Popular=== | |||
| * '']'', (Bantam Press 1988) ISBN 055305340X | |||
| * '']'', (Bantam Books 1993) ISBN 0553374117 | |||
| * '']'', (Bantam Press 2001) ISBN 055380202X | |||
| * ''On The Shoulders of Giants. The Great Works of Physics and Astronomy'', (Running Press 2002) ISBN 076241698X | |||
| * '']'', (Bantam Books 2005) ISBN 0553804367 | |||
| Footnote: On , he denounces the unauthorised publication of '']'' and asks consumers to be aware that he was not involved in its creation. | |||
| ===Children's Fiction=== | |||
| * '']'', (Random House, 2007) ISBN 9780385612708 | |||
| * George and the Cosmic Treasure Hunt, (Random House, 2008) | |||
| ===Films and series=== | |||
| * ] | |||
| * '']'' | |||
| * '']: The Hawking Paradox''<ref>{{Citation | |||
| |url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0819995/ | |||
| |title=The Hawking Paradox | |||
| |year=2005 | |||
| |publisher=Internet Movie Database | |||
| |accessdate=2008-08-29}}</ref> | |||
| * '']'' | |||
| * | |||
| A list of Hawking’s publications through the year 2002 is available on his . | |||
| ==Awards and honours== | |||
| * 1975 ] | |||
| * 1976 ] of the ] | |||
| * 1979 ] | |||
| * 1982 ] (Commander) | |||
| * 1985 ] | |||
| * 1986 Member of the ] | |||
| * 1988 ] ] | |||
| * 1989 ] in Concord | |||
| * 1989 ] | |||
| * 1999 ] Prize of the ]<ref>{{Citation | |||
| |url=http://www.aps.org/programs/honors/prizes/lilienfeld.cfm | |||
| |title=Julius Edgar Lilienfeld Prize | |||
| |publisher=American Physical Society | |||
| |accessdate=2008-08-29}}</ref> | |||
| * 2003 Michelson Morley Award of ] | |||
| * 2006 ] of the ]<ref>{{Citation | |||
| |url=http://www.royalsoc.ac.uk/news.asp?year=&id=5066 | |||
| |title=Oldest, space-travelled, science prize awarded to Hawking | |||
| |date=24 August 2006 | |||
| |publisher=The Royal Society | |||
| |accessdate=2008-08-29}}</ref> | |||
| ==Media appearances== | |||
| {{main|Stephen Hawking in popular culture}} | |||
| Hawking has appeared as himself on many television shows. For example, he has played himself on a '']'' anniversary special, played a hologram of himself on the episode "]" of '']'', appeared in a skit on '']'', and appeared on the ] special ''Alien Planet''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0370071/|title=Stephen Hawking|publisher=]|accessdate=2008-05-19}}</ref> | |||
| He has also played himself in several episodes of '']'' and '']''. When he was portrayed on episodes of '']'', the voice was actually done by a speech synthesizer on a ] computer, according to DVD Commentary. He has also appeared in an episode of the '']'' cartoon. His name is mentioned in the song "]" by ]. His actual synthesiser voice was used on parts of the ] song "]" from the 1994 album '']'', as well as on ]’s "Intro: The Party Zone" on their 2005 album '']'', ]’s "Kein Zurück (Oliver Pinelli Mix)". As well as being fictionalised as ] artist ], he was impersonated in duet with ] on a cover of "]". | |||
| In 2008, Hawking was the subject of and featured in the documentary series ''Stephen Hawking, Master of the Universe'' for ]. He was also portrayed in the movie "]" by Robert Joy and in Dark Angel TV Series as Logan's geek colleague. | |||
| In September 2008, Hawking presided over the unveiling of the 'Chronophage' ] (time eating) clock at Corpus Christi College Cambridge.<ref>http://www.cambridgenetwork.co.uk/news/article/default.aspx?objid=51566</ref> | |||
| In 2008, Hawking was featured in a commercial for Discovery Channel. | |||
| He has also appeared in a Fairly Odd Parents Episode when he proved Mr. Crocker wrong. | |||
| ==See also== | |||
| *] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| ==References== | |||
| {{reflist|2}} | |||
| ==Further reading== | |||
| *{{cite book | author = Boslough, John | title=Stephen Hawking’s Universe | location=New York | publisher=Avon Books | year=1985 | id=ISBN 0-380-70763-2}} A layman’s guide to Stephen Hawking. | |||
| *Ferguson, Kitty (1991). ''Stephen Hawking: Quest For A Theory of Everything''. Franklin Watts. ISBN 0-553-29895-X. | |||
| * {{cite visual | director=Morris, Errol | date=1991 | url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0103882/ | title= A Brief History of Time | medium=Documentary | location=|distributor=Triton Pictures}} | |||
| * {{cite book | author = Hawking, S. W. & Ellis, G. F. R. | title=The Large Scale Structure of Space-time | location=Cambridge | publisher=Cambridge University Press | year=1973 | id=ISBN 0-521-09906-4}}. Highly influential in the field. | |||
| * {{cite book | author = Hawking, S. W. & ] | title=General relativity: an Einstein centenary survey | location=New York | publisher=] | year=1979 | id=ISBN 0-521-22285-0}}. A much cited centennial survey. | |||
| * {{cite book | author = Misner, Charles; Thorne, Kip S. & Wheeler, John Archibald | title=Gravitation | location=San Francisco | publisher=W. H. Freeman | year=1973 | id=ISBN 0-7167im gay| title=Stephen Hawking A Biography | publisher= Greenwood Press | year=1995 | id=ISBN 978-0313323928}} | |||
| *], ''Archimedes to Hawking: Laws of Science and the Great Minds Behind Them'', Oxford University Press, 2008, ISBN 978-0195336115 | |||
| ==External links== | |||
| {{Wikiquote}} | |||
| * | |||
| ** | |||
| ** | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| * {{MathGenealogy |id=78459}} | |||
| * {{MacTutor Biography|id=Hawking}} | |||
| * . | |||
| * , 7 January 2002, ] | |||
| * | |||
| * {{hour25|Stephen Hawking|http://www.hour25online.com/Hour25_Previous_Shows_2002-03.html#brian-marsden_2002-03-24}} | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| * , Interview about “A Brief History of Time”, 27 September 2005, ]. | |||
| * , interview in '']'' by Gregory Benford | |||
| * msnbc. com 15 June 2006 | |||
| ** | |||
| * | |||
| * Video | |||
| * , 14 December 2006 | |||
| *, including debate with ] | |||
| {{Lucasian Professors of Mathematics}} | |||
| {{Wolf Prize in Physics}} | |||
| {{Persondata | |||
| |NAME=Hawking, Stephen | |||
| |ALTERNATIVE NAMES= Hawking, Stephen William | |||
| |SHORT DESCRIPTION=Theoretical physicist | |||
| |DATE OF BIRTH=8 January 1942 | |||
| |PLACE OF BIRTH=], England | |||
| |DATE OF DEATH= | |||
| |PLACE OF DEATH= | |||
| }} | |||
| {{Lifetime|1942||Hawking, Stephen}} | |||
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Revision as of 09:33, 5 December 2008
--193.195.3.40 (talk) 09:33, 5 December 2008 (UTC)ha ha ha ha ha ha!
- REDIRECT yabba dabba doo!