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| '''Union of Poles in Germany''' ({{lang-pl|Związek Polaków w Niemczech}}, {{lang-de|Bund der Polen in Deutschland e.V.}}) is an organisation of the ] minority in ], founded in ]. The union initiated collaboration between other minorities, including ], ], ] and ]. | '''Union of Poles in Germany''' ({{lang-pl|Związek Polaków w Niemczech}}, {{lang-de|Bund der Polen in Deutschland e.V.}}) is an organisation of the ] minority in ], founded in ]. The union initiated collaboration between other minorities, including ], ], ] and ]. From ] until ] the Union was outlawed in ]. After ] it had lost some of its influence; in ] the Union of Poles in Germany split into two organizations: the ''Union of Poles in Germany'' ({{lang-de|Bund der Polen in Deutschland e.V.}}), which refused to recognize the ] of the ], and the ''Union of Poles "Zgoda" (Unity)'' ({{lang-de|Bund der Polen "Zgoda" (Eintracht)}}), which did recognize the new Communist government in ] and had contacts with it. | ||
| ==Early history== | ==Early history== | ||
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| ==Structure== | ==Structure== | ||
| Originally, the Union, with headquarters in ] (until the outbreak of ] |
Originally, the Union, with headquarters in ] (until the outbreak of ]), was divided into four districts: | ||
| * District I (]), which covered German part of ], | * District I (]), which covered German part of ], | ||
| * District II (Berlin), which covered ], ], ], ] and ], | * District II (Berlin), which covered ], ] (incl. ]), ], ] and ], | ||
| * District III (]), which covered ], ], ] and ], | * District III (]), which covered ], ], ] and ], | ||
| * District IV (]), which covered the ] | * District IV (]), which covered the ] | ||
| In October of ] the District V was created, with capital in ]. It covered the area of Posen-West Prussia. Also, ] was in ] added to District I. | In October of ] the District V was created, with capital in ] ({{lang-de|Flatow}}). It covered the area of ]. Also, the ] was in ] added to District I. | ||
| ==World War II and after== | ==World War II and after== | ||
| Even before the German invasion of Poland, members of the Polish minority were deported to ]; some were executed at the ] |
Even before the ], leading anti-Nazi members of the Polish minority were deported to ]; some were executed at the ] murder site. The Union was outlawed by the Nazi government in August, ]. | ||
| Members of the minority were subject |
Members of the Polish minority who held German citizenship were subject to obligatory military service in the German ]; those who did not, were obliged to ] or emigration into the ] of ]. In ], most of areas populated by the Polish minorities were located inside the new post-War Polish border, the ]. | ||
| After the war, many members found it difficult to be recognised as ethnic Poles by the new Communist authorities, as some - like the ] (grandfather of ] is an example) - had served as ''"Germans"'' in the German ]. Moreover, along with most Poles, they were unsympathetic to the Communist ideology of the new government. Unlike most of Polish society, the native Poles in former German territory sometimes had no experience of a Polish state concept, other than under Communism. Some of them emigrated into ] subsequently, during the Communist regime. | |||
| ==Timeline== | ==Timeline== | ||
| * ] ]: founded in Berlin | * ] ]: founded in Berlin | ||
| * ]: adopted ] as symbol to challenge ]. | * ]: adopted ] as symbol to challenge ]. | ||
| * ] ]: The first congress in ]. Adopted '''5 rules for Poles''' | * ] ]: The first congress in ]. Adopted '''5 rules for Poles inside Germany.''' | ||
| * ] ]: the union was made illegal by the Nazis and 1200 activists sent to ]s. | * ] ]: the union was made illegal by the Nazis and 1200 activists sent to ]s or ]s. | ||
| * ]: reactivated. | * ]: reactivated. | ||
| Line 50: | Line 52: | ||
| ==Presidents== | ==Presidents== | ||
| *1922-1931: Stanisław Sierakowski | *1922-1931: Stanisław Sierakowski | ||
| *1931- April 1939: ] | *1931- April 1939: Rev. Fr. ] | ||
| *April 1939 - September 1939: S. Szczepaniak | *April 1939 - September 1939: S. Szczepaniak | ||
| *1950-1964: S. Szczepaniak | *1950-1964: S. Szczepaniak | ||
Revision as of 12:25, 5 December 2008
Union of Poles in Germany (Template:Lang-pl, Template:Lang-de) is an organisation of the Polish minority in Germany, founded in 1922. The union initiated collaboration between other minorities, including Sorbs, Danes, Frisians and Lithuanians. From 1939 until 1945 the Union was outlawed in Nazi Germany. After 1945 it had lost some of its influence; in 1950 the Union of Poles in Germany split into two organizations: the Union of Poles in Germany (Template:Lang-de), which refused to recognize the communist Polish government of the Polish United Workers' Party, and the Union of Poles "Zgoda" (Unity) (Template:Lang-de), which did recognize the new Communist government in Warsaw and had contacts with it.
Early history
The union was intended to express the views of the Polish minority in Germany, This partly comprised the Polish-native population of the former East German provinces which remained with Germany under the conditions of the Treaty of Versailles (Upper Silesia, East Brandenburg, Pomerania, Warmia or areas where Poles settled in Middle Ages (East Prussia) — mostly farmers and workers — and partly the Polish immigrants in Ruhr area. This constituency of the Union was calculated to number approximately 1,500,000 people. However, the Polish minority was only legally recognised as such in Upper Silesia, where they possessed international status due to Treaty of Versailles. In other areas Poles were subject of assimilationist policies that did not recognize their distinct ethnicity.
In Nazi Germany Poles faced increased problems as the Nazis attempted to force cultural unity on the country. Poles outside of the Upper Silesia were forced to declare German nationality; activists of the union were subject of persecutions. However, the union was kept legal in the hope to avoid escalations of ethnic conflict that would create problems for the German minority in Poland.
The leaders of the Union found it necessary to invent new symbols for the Union to avoid the possibility that Poles would adhere to the new “national” symbols, such as the Nazi salute and the swastika.
This led to invention of the symbol of the Union, the Rodło, a stylized representation of the Vistula river. The reason for its adoption was that the Polish national symbol, the White Eagle, was not allowed by Prussian law. The Nazi swastika provided an inspiration for the Poles's own alternative symbol that was designed to be a challenge for Nazi Germany.
It was created by the graphic designer Janina Kłopocka, who made a rough sketch of "the emblem of the Vistula river, cradle of the Polish people, and royal Kraków — the cradle of Polish culture". The white emblem was placed on a red background to emphasize the solidarity with the Polish nation and its soul.
Structure
Originally, the Union, with headquarters in Berlin (until the outbreak of World War II), was divided into four districts:
- District I (Opole), which covered German part of Upper Silesia,
- District II (Berlin), which covered Saxony, Brandenburg (incl. Neumark), Hamburg, Posen-West Prussia and Province of Pomerania,
- District III (Bochum), which covered Westfalia, Rhineland, Baden and Pfalz,
- District IV (Olsztyn), which covered the Province of East Prussia
In October of 1923 the District V was created, with capital in Zlotow (Template:Lang-de). It covered the area of Grenzmark Posen-West Prussia. Also, the province of Lower Silesia was in 1928 added to District I.
World War II and after
Even before the German invasion of Poland, leading anti-Nazi members of the Polish minority were deported to concentration camps; some were executed at the Piaśnica murder site. The Union was outlawed by the Nazi government in August, 1939.
Members of the Polish minority who held German citizenship were subject to obligatory military service in the German regular Armed Forced; those who did not, were obliged to forced labor or emigration into the Government General of occupied Poland. In 1945, most of areas populated by the Polish minorities were located inside the new post-War Polish border, the Oder-Neisse line.
After the war, many members found it difficult to be recognised as ethnic Poles by the new Communist authorities, as some - like the Kashubians (grandfather of Donald Tusk is an example) - had served as "Germans" in the German Wehrmacht. Moreover, along with most Poles, they were unsympathetic to the Communist ideology of the new government. Unlike most of Polish society, the native Poles in former German territory sometimes had no experience of a Polish state concept, other than under Communism. Some of them emigrated into West Germany subsequently, during the Communist regime.
Timeline
- August 27 1922: founded in Berlin
- 1933: adopted Rodlo as symbol to challenge Nazis.
- March 6 1938: The first congress in Berlin. Adopted 5 rules for Poles inside Germany.
- September 1 1939: the union was made illegal by the Nazis and 1200 activists sent to concentration camps or prisons.
- 1945: reactivated.
Five rules for Poles
Original Polish version "1. Jesteśmy Polakami, 2. Wiara ojców naszych jest wiarą naszych dzieci, 3. Polak Polakowi Bratem, 4. Co dzień Polak narodowi służy, 5. Polska jest Matką naszą - nie wolno mówić o Matce źle."
1. We are Poles 2. The faith of our Fathers is the faith of our children 3. All Poles are brothers 4. We serve our nation every day 5. Poland is our mother - you shall not speak ill of her.
Presidents
- 1922-1931: Stanisław Sierakowski
- 1931- April 1939: Rev. Fr. Bolesław Domański
- April 1939 - September 1939: S. Szczepaniak
- 1950-1964: S. Szczepaniak
- 1964-1969: J. Styp-Rekowski
- 1970-1988: E. Forycki
- 1988-1991: T. Wesołowski
- 1991-1993: S. Jabłoński
- 1993-1997: T. Hyb
- 1997- : J. Młynarczyk
Press
- "Dziennik Berliński", "Polak w Niemczech", "Mały Polak w Niemczech", "Gazeta Olsztyńska", "Mazur", "Głos Pogranicza", "Kaszub", "Dziennik Raciborski", "Ogniwio" and other.
External links
 | This article relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Find sources: "Union of Poles in Germany" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2007) (Learn how and when to remove this message) |