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:''For the opera by Olivier Messiaen see ].''
{{Infobox Saint
|name='''Saint Francis of Assisi'''
|birth_date=1181/1182
|death_date=October 3, 1226
|feast_day=September 17<br>October 4
|venerated_in=]
|image=San Francesco Cimabue2.jpg
|imagesize=150px
|caption=''Saint Francis'' by ] <br /> <small> Lower Church, San Francesco, Assisi. </small>
|birth_place=], ]
|death_place=Assisi, Italy
|titles=Confessor
|beatified_date=
|beatified_place=
|beatified_by=
|canonized_date=July 16, 1228
|canonized_place=Assisi
|canonized_by=]
|attributes=], ], ], ], ]
|patronage=], ], ], ], ], ], ], ]s<ref name="chest126"/>
|major_shrine=]
|suppressed_date=
|issues=
|prayer='''Prayer for Animals'''
] Our Heavenly Father, You created the world to serve humanity's needs and to lead them to You. By our own fault we have lost the beautiful relationship which we once had with all your creation. Help us to see that by restoring our relationship with You we will also restore it with all Your creation. Give us the grace to see all animals as gifts from You and to treat them with respect for they are Your creation. We pray for all animals who are suffering as a result of our neglect. May the order You originally established be once again restored to the whole world through the intercession of the Glorious Virgin Mary, the prayers of Saint Francis and the merits of Your Son, Our Lord Jesus Christ Who lives and reigns with You now and forever. Amen.
|prayer_attrib=Saint Francis of Assisi
}}

'''Francis of Assisi''' (Giovanni Francesco Bernardone; born 1181/1182 &ndash; October 3, 1226)<ref name="cefa">{{CathEncy|author=Paschal Robinson|wstitle=St. Francis of Assisi}}</ref> was a ] and the founder of the ], more commonly known as the ]s.

He is known as the ] of animals, the environment and ], and it is customary for Catholic churches to hold ceremonies honouring animals around his ] of 4 October.<ref name="dukemag">{{cite web |url= http://www.dukemagazine.duke.edu/dukemag/issues/111206/depobs.html|title= Blessing All Creatures, Great and Small|accessdate=2007-07-30 |publisher= ''Duke Magazine''|date= 2006-11}}</ref>

<!--]-->
==Childhood and early adulthood==
Francis was one of seven children born to Pietro di Bernardone, a rich cloth merchant, and his wife Pica Bourlemont, about whom little is known except that she was originally from ]<ref name="Lives"/>. Pietro was in France on business when Francis was born, and Pica had him ] as Giovanni di Bernardone<ref name="dukemag"/> in honor of Saint ], in the hope he would grow to be a great religious leader. When his father returned to Assisi, he was furious about this, as he did not want his son to be a man of the Church and decided to call him Francesco, in honor of his commercial success and enthusiasm for all things French.<ref name="Chesterton">{{Citation
| last = Chesterton
| first = Gilbert Keith
| author-link = G. K. Chesterton
| title = St. Francis of Assisi
| place = ]
| publisher = Image Books
| year = 1924
| edition = 14
| pages = 158
}}
</ref>

As a youth, Francesco&mdash;or Francis in English&mdash;became a ] and yearned to become a writer of French poetry.<ref name="cefa"/><ref name="Chesterton">
{{Citation
| last = Chesterton
| first = Gilbert Keith
| author-link = G. K. Chesterton
| title = St. Francis of Assisi
| place = ]
| publisher = Image Books
| year = 1924
| edition = 14
| pages = 158
}}
</ref> And although many biographers remark about his bright clothing, rich friends, street brawls, and love of pleasure,<ref name="Lives"/> his displays of disillusionment toward the world that surrounded him came fairly early in his life, as is shown in the "story of the beggar." In this account, he was selling cloth and velvet in the marketplace on behalf of his father when a beggar came to him and asked for ]. At the conclusion of his business deal, Francis abandoned his wares and ran after the beggar. When he found him, Francis gave the man everything he had in his pockets. His friends quickly chided and mocked him for his act of ]. When he got home, his father scolded him in rage.<ref name="chest41">Chesterton (1924), pp.&nbsp;40&ndash;41</ref>

In 1201, he joined a military expedition against ], he was taken as a prisoner at Collestrada, and spent a year as a captive.<ref name="Bonaventure">
{{Citation
| author1 = Bonaventure
| author2 = Cardinal Manning
| author-link = Bonaventure
| title = The Life of St. Francis of Assisi (from the Legenda Sancti Francisci)
| place = ]
| publisher = TAN Books & Publishers
| isbn = 978-0895553430
| year = 1867
| edition = 1988
| pages = 190
}}</ref> It is probable that his conversion to more serious thoughts was a gradual process relating to this experience. Upon his return to Assisi in 1203, Francis returned to his carefree life and in 1204, a serious illness led to a spiritual crisis. In 1205 Francis left for ] to enlist in the army of the ]. In ], a strange vision made him return to Assisi, deepening his ecclesiastical awakening <ref name="cefa"/>.
]]]

It is said that thereafter he began to avoid the ]s and the feasts of his former companions; in response, they asked him laughingly whether he was thinking of marrying, to which he answered "yes, a fairer bride than any of you have ever seen", meaning his "lady ]". He spent much time in lonely places, asking God for enlightenment. By degrees he took to nursing lepers, the most repulsive victims in the ]s near ]. After a ]age to ], where he begged at the church doors for the poor, he said he had had a mystical ] in the Church of ] just outside of Assisi, in which the ] came alive and said to him three times, "Francis, Francis, go and repair My house which, as you can see, is falling into ruins". He thought this to mean the ruined church in which he was presently praying, and so sold his horse and some cloth from his father's store, to assist the priest there for this purpose.<ref name = "cefa"/><ref name="chest54">Chesterton(1924), pp.&nbsp;54&ndash;56</ref>

His father Pietro, highly indignant, attempted to change his mind, first with threats and then with corporal chastisement. After a final interview in the presence of the ], Francis renounced his father and his patrimony, laying aside even the garments he had received from him. For the next couple of months he lived as a beggar in the region of Assisi. Returning to the town for two years this time, he restored several ruined churches, among them the ], little ] of ], just outside the town, which later became his favorite abode.<ref name="chest54"/>

==Founding of the Order of Friars Minor==
]

At the end of this period (according to ], on 24 February 1209), Francis heard a ] that changed his life. The sermon was about ] 10:9, in which Christ tells his followers that they should go forth and proclaim that the ] was upon them, that they should take no money with them, nor even a walking stick or shoes for the road.<ref name="cefa"/> Francis was inspired to devote himself to a life of poverty.<ref name="cefa"/>

Clad in a rough garment, barefoot, and, after the Evangelical precept, without staff or ], he began to preach repentance.<ref name="cefa"/> He was soon joined by his first follower, a prominent fellow townsman, the ] ], who contributed all that he had to the work. Within a year Francis had eleven followers. Francis chose never to be ordained a priest and the community lived as "lesser brothers," ''fratres minores'' in Latin.<ref name="cefa"/>

The brothers lived a ] in the deserted ] house of Rivo Torto near Assisi; but they spent much of their time wandering through the mountainous districts of ], always cheerful and full of songs, yet making a deep impression on their hearers by their earnest exhortations.<ref name="cefa"/>

In 1209 Francis led his first eleven followers to Rome to seek permission from ] to found a new religious order.<ref name="chest107">Chesterton(1924), pp.&nbsp;107&ndash;108</ref> Upon entry to Rome, the brothers encountered Bishop Guido of Assisi, who had in his company ], the ]. The Cardinal, who was the confessor of Pope Innocent III, was immediately sympathetic to Francis and agreed to represent Francis to the pope. Reluctantly, Pope Innocent agreed to meet with Francis and the brothers the next day. After several days, the pope agreed to informally admit the group, adding that when God increased the group in grace and number, they could return for an official admittance. The group was ]d and Francis was ordained as a deacon, allowing him to read Gospels in the church.<ref name="Francie of Assis and His World">Galli(2002), pp.&nbsp;74&ndash;80</ref>

==Later life==
From then on, his new order grew quickly with new vocations.<ref name="chest110">Chesterton(1924), pp.&nbsp;110&ndash;111</ref> When hearing Francis preaching in the church of ] in Assisi in 1209, Clare of Assisi became deeply touched by his message and she realized her calling.<ref name="chest110"/> Her brother Rufino also joined the new order.

]

On ], 28 March 1211 Francis received Clare at the Porziuncola and hereby established the Order of Poor Dames, later called ].<ref name="chest110"/> In the same year, Francis left for Jerusalem, but he was shipwrecked by a storm on the ]n coast, forcing him to return to Italy.

On 8 May 1213 he received the mountain of ] (Alverna) as a gift from the count Orlando di Chiusi who described it as “eminently suitable for whoever wishes to do penance in a place remote from mankind.”<ref>Fioretti quoted in: St. Francis, The Little Flowers, Legends, and Lauds, trans. N. Wydenbruck, ed. Otto Karrer (London: Sheed and Ward, 1979) 244.</ref><ref name="chest130">Chesterton(1924), p.130</ref> The mountain would become one of his favorite retreats for prayer.<ref name="chest130">Chesterton(1924), p.130</ref> In the same year, Francis sailed for ], but this time an illness forced him to break off his journey in ]. Back in Assisi, several noblemen (among them ], who would later write the biography of St. Francis) and some well-educated men joined his order.

In 1215 Francis went again to Rome for the ]. During this time, he probably met ].<ref name="chest126">Chesterton(1924), p.126</ref>

In 1216 Francis received from the new pope ] the confirmation of the indulgence of the Porziuncola, now better known as the ''Pardon of Assisi'', which the Pope decreed to be a complete remission of their sins for all those who prayed in the Porziuncola.

In 1217 the growing congregation of friars was divided in provinces and groups were sent to ], ], ], ] and to the ].

])]]

In 1219 Francis left, together with a few companions, on a pilgrimage of non-violence to ]. Crossing the lines between the sultan and the ]s in ], he was received by the sultan ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.christusrex.org/www1/ofm/sbf/escurs/wwc/f.html|title=Francis of Assisi in the Holy land}}</ref><ref name="chest126"/> Francis challenged the Muslim scholars to a test of true religion by fire; but they retreated.<ref name="chest126"/> When Francis proposed to enter the ] first, under the condition that if he left the fire unharmed, the sultan would have to recognize Christ as the true God, the sultan was so impressed that he allowed Francis to preach to his subjects.<ref name="chest126"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/18787/18787-8.txt|title= Life of St. Francis of Assisi by Paul Sabatier}}</ref> Though Francis did not succeed in converting the sultan, the last words of the sultan to Francis of Assisi were, according to ], ], in his book "Historia occidentalis, De Ordine et praedicatione Fratrum Minorum (1221)" : “Pray for me that God may deign to reveal to me that law and faith which is most pleasing to him.”.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.london.anglican.org/SermonShow_5071|title=St. Francis lecture}}</ref>

].15thCentury.]]
At ], the capital of what remained of the ], he rejoined the brothers Elia and Pietro Cattini. Francis then most probably visited the holy places in ] in 1220.

Although nativity drawings and paintings existed earlier, St Francis of Assisi celebrated Christmas by setting up the first known three-dimensional ''presepio'' or ''crèche'' (]) in the town of Greccio near Assisi, around 1220.<ref name="b178">Bonaventure (1867), p.&nbsp;178</ref> He used real animals to create a living scene so that the worshipers could contemplate the birth of the child Jesus in a direct way, making use of the senses, especially sight.<ref name="b178"/> Thomas of Celano, a biographer of Francis and ] both tell how he only used a straw-filled manger (feeding trough) set between a real ] and ].<ref name="b178"/> According to Thomas, it was beautiful in its simplicity with the manger acting as the altar for the Christmas Mass.

When receiving a report of the martyrdom of five brothers in ], Francis returned to Italy via ].<ref name="b162">Bonaventure (1867), p.&nbsp;162</ref> Cardinal ] was then nominated by the Pope as the protector of the order. When problems arose in the order, a detailed rule became necessary. On September 29, 1220 Francis handed over the governance of the order to brother Pietro Cattini at the Porziuncola. However, Brother Cattini died on March 10, 1221. He was buried in the Porziuncola. When numerous miracles were attributed to the late Pietro Cattini, people started to flock to the Porziuncola, disturbing the daily life of the Franciscans. Francis then prayed, asking Pietro to stop the miracles and obey in ] as he had obeyed during his life. The report of miracles ceased. Brother Pietro was succeeded by brother Elia as vicar of Francis.

During 1221 and 1222 Francis crossed Italy, first as far south as ] in Sicily and afterwards as far north as ].

On November 29, 1223 the final rule of the order (in twelve chapters) was approved by Pope Honorius III.

])]]

While he was praying on the mountain of Verna, during a forty day fast in preparation for ] (September 29), Francis is said to have had a vision on or about September 14, 1224, the Feast of the ], as a result of which he received the ].<ref name="chest131"/> Brother Leo, who had been with Francis at the time, left a clear and simple account of the event, the first definite account of the phenomenon of stigmata.<ref name="cefa"/><ref name="chest131"/> ''"Suddenly he saw a vision of a seraph, a six-winged angel on a cross. This angel gave him the gift of the five wounds of Christ."''<ref name="chest131">Chesterton(1924), p.131</ref>

Suffering from these Stigmata and from an eye disease, he received care in several cities (], ], ]) to no avail. In the end he was brought back to the Porziuncola. He was brought to the ''"transito,"'' the hut for infirm friars, next to the Porziuncola. Here, in the place where it all began, feeling the end approaching, he spent the last days of his life dictating his spiritual testament. He died on the evening of October 3, 1226 singing ] 141.

On July 16, 1228 he was pronounced a saint by the next pope ], the former cardinal Ugolino di Conti, friend and protector of St Francis. The next day, the pope laid the foundation stone for the ] in Assisi.

He was buried on May 25, 1230 under the Lower Basilica. His burial place remained inaccessible until it was rediscovered in 1818. Pasquale Belli then constructed for his remains a crypt in neo-classical style under the Lower Basilica. It was refashioned between 1927 and 1930 into its present form by Ugo Tarchi, stripping the wall of its marble decorations. In 1978 the remains of St. Francis were identified by a commission of scholars, appointed by ] and put in a glass urn in the ancient stone tomb.

Saint Francis is considered the first Italian poet by literary critics. He believed commoners should be able to pray to God in their own language, and he wrote always in the dialect of Umbria instead of Latin. His writings are considered to have great literary value, as well as religious.<ref name="Francis">{{cite book | title=St. Francis| url=http://www.catholic-forum.com/saints/stf01010.htm| last=Chesterton| first=G.K.| date=1987| pages=160 p.| publisher=Image| isbn=0385029004}}</ref>

==Feast day==
Saint Francis' ] is observed on October 4. In addition to this feast, a secondary feast is still observed amongst ] and Franciscans world-wide in honor of the ] received by St Francis celebrated on September 17 called ''"The Impression of the Stigmata of St Francis, Confessor"'' (see the ], the ], and the ]).

==Saint Francis, nature, and the environment==
]

Many of the stories that surround the life of St Francis deal with his love for animals.<ref name="b78">Bonaventure (1867), pp.&nbsp;78&ndash;85</ref> Perhaps the most famous incident that illustrates the Saint’s humility towards nature is recounted in the 'Fioretti' (The "Little Flowers"), a collection of ]s and folk-lore that sprang up after the Saint’s death. It is said that one day while Francis was traveling with some companions they happened upon a place in the road where birds filled the trees on either side. Francis told his companions to "wait for me while I go to preach to my sisters the birds".<ref name="b78"/> The birds surrounded him, drawn by the power of his voice, and not one of them flew away. Francis spoke to them:

<blockquote>My sister birds, you owe much to God, and you must always and in everyplace give praise to Him; for He has given you freedom to wing through the sky and He has clothed you…you neither sow nor reap, and God feeds you and gives you rivers and fountains for your thirst, and mountains and valleys for shelter, and tall trees for your nests. And although you neither know how to spin or weave, God dresses you and your children, for the Creator loves you greatly and He blesses you abundantly. Therefore… always seek to praise God.</blockquote>

{{main|Wolf of Gubbio}}

Another legend from the '']'' tells that in the city of ], where Francis lived for some time, was a ] “terrifying and ferocious, who devoured men as well as animals”. Francis had compassion upon the townsfolk, and went up into the hills to find the wolf. Soon, fear of the animal had caused all his companions to flee, though the saint pressed on. When he found the wolf, he made the sign of the cross and commanded the wolf to come to him and hurt no one. Miraculously the wolf closed his jaws and lay down at the feet of St. Francis. “Brother Wolf, you do much harm in these parts and you have done great evil…” said Francis. “All these people accuse you and curse you…But brother wolf, I would like to make peace between you and the people.” Then Francis led the wolf into the town, and surrounded by startled citizens made a pact between them and the wolf. Because the wolf had “done evil out of hunger”, the townsfolk were to feed the wolf regularly, and in return, the wolf would no longer prey upon them or their flocks. In this manner Gubbio was freed from the menace of the predator. Francis, ever the lover of animals, even made a pact on behalf of the town dogs, that they would not bother the wolf again. It is also said that Francis, to show the townspeople that they would not be harmed baptised the wolf.

These legends exemplify the Franciscan mode of charity and poverty as well as the saint's love of the natural world.<ref name="b67">Bonaventure (1867), pp.&nbsp;67&ndash;68</ref> Part of his appreciation of the environment is expressed in his '']'', a poem written in Umbrian Italian in perhaps 1224 which expresses a love and appreciation of Brother Sun, Sister Moon, Mother Earth, Brother Fire, etc. and all of God's creations personified in their fundamental forms. In "Canticle of the Creatures," he wrote: "All praise to you, Oh Lord, for all these brother and sister creatures."<ref name="dukemag"/>

Francis's attitude towards the natural world, while poetically expressed, was conventionally Christian.<ref name="Lives">
{{cite book
| last = Englebert
| first = Omer
| title = The Lives of the Saints
| place = ]
| publisher = Barnes & Noble
| isbn = 978-1566195164
| year = 1951
| pages = 529
}}
</ref> He believed that the world was created good and beautiful by God but suffers a need for redemption because of the primordial sin of man. He preached to man and beast the universal ability and duty of all creatures to praise God (a common theme in the Psalms) and the duty of men to protect and enjoy nature as both the stewards of God's creation and as creatures ourselves.<ref name="b78"/>

Legend has it that St. Francis on his deathbed thanked his ] for carrying and helping him throughout his life, and his donkey wept.

==Saint Francis in other media==
*]'s film ]
*]'s opera ]
*''Francesco'' (1990), a film by ], somewhat slow moving film which follows Francis of Assisi's evolution from rich man's son to religious humanitarian and eventually to full-fledged self-tortured saint. This movie was inspired by ]'s novel '']''. St. Francis is played by ], and the woman who later became Saint Clare, is played by ]
*''Reluctant Saint: The Life of Francis of Assisi'' a book by ] (2002)
*''Flowers for St Francis'' (2005), a book by Raj Arumugam
*''Saint Francis et His Four Ladies'' (1970) a book by Joan Mowat Erikson
*''Brother, Sister'' (2006), third full-length album by indie rock band ], featuring the song "The Sun and Moon"
*''Sant Francesc'' (Saint Francis, 1895), a book of forty-three Saint Francis poems by Catalan poet-priest ], three of which are included in English translation in ''Selected Poems of Jacint Verdaguer: A Bilingual Edition'', edited and translated by Ronald Puppo, with an introduction by Ramon Pinyol i Torrents (University of Chicago, 2007). The three poems are "The Turtledoves", "Preaching to Birds" and "The Pilgrim".
*]'s ] ] contains some references to St. Francis.
* In Fyodor Dostoevsky's 'The Brothers Karamazov,' Ivan Karamazov invokes the name of 'Pater Seraphicus,' an epithet applied to St. Francis, to describe Alyshosha's spiritual guide Zosima. The reference is also found in Goethe's "Faust," Part 2, Act 5, lines 11918&ndash;25.
* The song "Fifty Gallon Drum" from the album ] by ] contains the lyric "I've got a Francis of Assisi keychain, and a wallet made of ] leather."

==Main writings by St. Francis==
*''Canticum Fratris Solis'' or ''Laudes Creaturarum'', ].
*Prayer before the Crucifix, 1205 (extant in the original Umbrian dialect as well as in a contemporary Latin translation).
*''Regula non bullata'', the Earlier Rule, 1221.
*''Regula bullata'', the Later Rule, 1223.
*Testament, 1226.
*Admonitions.

For a complete list, see .

==Primary sources for the life of Saint Francis==
]
*Friar Elias, ''Epistola Encyclica de Transitu Sancti Francisci'', 1226.
*Pope Gregory IX, Bulla "Mira circa nos" for the canonization of St. Francis, 19 July 1228.
*Friar ]: ''Vita Prima Sancti Francisci'', 1228; ''Vita Secunda Sancti Francisci'', 1246 &ndash; 1247; ''Tractatus de Miraculis Sancti Francisci'', 1252 &ndash; 1253.
*Friar ], ''Vita Sancti Francisci'', 1232 &ndash; 1239.
*St. Bonaventure of Bagnoregio, ''Legenda Maior Sancti Francisci'', 1260 &ndash; 1263.
*Ugolino da Montegiorgio, ''Actus Beati Francisci et sociorum eius'', 1327 &ndash; 1342.
*''Fioretti di San Francesco'', the "]", end of the 14th&nbsp;century: an anonymous Italian version of the ''Actus''; the most popular of the sources, but very late and therefore not the best authority by any means.
*''The Little Flowers of Saint Francis (Translated by Raphael Brown)'', ], 1998. ISBN 978-0-385-07544-2

For an exhaustive list of sources, see .

==See also==
*]

*], one of Francis' original followers.
*]
*], a school founded in the Franciscan tradition inspired by St. Francis of Assisi.
*], a school run by Franciscan TOR's in Southeastern Ohio.
*], a school founded in the tradition of St. Francis of Assisi.
*] (Pennsylvania)
*]
*]
*], an opera by ]
*]
*'']'' (1950), a film by ]
*]
*]
*] (places called for Francis of Assisi in French-speaking countries)
*]
*], a major city named for this saint

== References ==
<div class="references-small" >
<references/>
</div>

==External links==
{{wikisource author}}
{{wikiquote}}
{{commonscat|Francis of Assisi}}
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*{{gutenberg|no=18787|name=Life of St. Francis of Assisi by Paul Sabatier}}
* Writings of St. Francis, in Latin
*
*{{worldcat id|id=lccn-n78-95603}}
*

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{{persondata
|NAME=St. Francis of Assisi
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES=Bernardone, Giovanni di
|SHORT DESCRIPTION=Catholic saint and founder of the Franciscan order
|DATE OF BIRTH=1182
|PLACE OF BIRTH=Assisi, Italy
|DATE OF DEATH=3 October 1226
|PLACE OF DEATH=Assisi, Italy
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Francis}}
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Revision as of 02:21, 12 December 2008