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| The Wazzani's and the Haqzbieh's combined discharge averages 138 million m³ per year.<ref></ref>. About 20% of the Hasbani flow<ref>Lebanon (]Water Resources section)<Blockquote> Lebanon being at a higher elevation than its neighbours has practically no incoming surface water flow…. Surface water flow to Israel is estimated at 160 million m³/year, of which about 138 million m³ through the Hasbani river including a contribution of 30 million m³ from its tributary, the Wazzani spring.<Blockquote></ref> emerges from the Wazzani Spring at ], close to the Lebanese Israeli border, about 3 kilometers west of the base of ]. The contribution of the spring is very important, because it is the only continuous year-round flow in the river in either Lebanon or Israel.<ref> ] Heightened Israeli-Lebanese Tensions Over Jordan's Headwaters | The Wazzani's and the Haqzbieh's combined discharge averages 138 million m³ per year.<ref></ref>. About 20% of the Hasbani flow<ref>Lebanon (]Water Resources section)<Blockquote> Lebanon being at a higher elevation than its neighbours has practically no incoming surface water flow…. Surface water flow to Israel is estimated at 160 million m³/year, of which about 138 million m³ through the Hasbani river including a contribution of 30 million m³ from its tributary, the Wazzani spring.<Blockquote></ref> emerges from the Wazzani Spring at ], close to the Lebanese Israeli border, about 3 kilometers west of the base of ]. The contribution of the spring is very important, because it is the only continuous year-round flow in the river in either Lebanon or Israel.<ref> ] Heightened Israeli-Lebanese Tensions Over Jordan's Headwaters | ||
| <Blockquote>In the hot summer months, the Wazzani springs are the only source of flowing water in the Hasbani. Upstream from the Wazzani, the river is dry. <Blockquote> |
<Blockquote>In the hot summer months, the Wazzani springs are the only source of flowing water in the Hasbani. Upstream from the Wazzani, the river is dry. <Blockquote></ref> Utilization of Hasbani water has been disputed since 1964 and suspected of being one of the major reasons behind the 1967 six day war.<ref> ] Heightened Israeli-Lebanese Tensions Over Jordan's Headwaters | ||
| </ref><ref>Harik, Judith Palmer (2005) ''Hezbollah: The Changing Face of Terrorism'' I.B.Tauris, ISBN 1845110242 p 159</ref> After the 2nd Arab summit conference in Cairo of January 1964 (with the backing of all 13 ] members), Syria in a joint project with Lebanon and Jordan, started the development of the water resources of Banias for a canal along the slopes of the Golan toward the ]. While Lebanon was to construct a canal form the Hasbani River to Banias and complete the scheme<ref name="AS229"> Shlaim, Avi (200) ibid pp 229-230 In January 1964 an Arab League summit meeting convened in Cairo. The main item on the agenda was the threat posed by israel's diversion of water from the north to irrigate the south and the expected reduction in the water supplies available to Syria and Jordan. The reaction of the summit to this threat was deadly serious. The preamble to its decision stated, | </ref><ref>Harik, Judith Palmer (2005) ''Hezbollah: The Changing Face of Terrorism'' I.B.Tauris, ISBN 1845110242 p 159</ref> After the 2nd Arab summit conference in Cairo of January 1964 (with the backing of all 13 ] members), Syria in a joint project with Lebanon and Jordan, started the development of the water resources of Banias for a canal along the slopes of the Golan toward the ]. While Lebanon was to construct a canal form the Hasbani River to Banias and complete the scheme<ref name="AS229"> Shlaim, Avi (200) ibid pp 229-230 In January 1964 an Arab League summit meeting convened in Cairo. The main item on the agenda was the threat posed by israel's diversion of water from the north to irrigate the south and the expected reduction in the water supplies available to Syria and Jordan. The reaction of the summit to this threat was deadly serious. The preamble to its decision stated, | ||
| :'''The establishment of Israel is the basic threat that the Arab nation in its entirety has agreed to forestall. And Since the existence of Israel is a danger that threatens the Arab nation, the diversion of the Jordan waters by it multiplies the dangers to Arab existence. Accordingly, the Arab states have to prepare the plans necessary for dealing with the political, economic and social aspects, so that if necessary results are not achieved, collective Arab military preparations, when they are not completed, will constitute the ultimate practical means for the final liquidation of Israel.'''</ref> The project was to divert 20 to 30 million cubic metres of water from the river Jordan tributaries to Syria and Jordan for the development of Syria and Jordan.<ref>Political Thought and Political History: Studies in Memory of Elie Kedourie By Elie Kedourie, M. Gammer, Joseph Kostiner, Moshe Shemesh, Routledge, (2003) ISBN 0714652962 p 165</ref><ref name="AS229"/> This led to military intervention from Israel, first with tank fire and then, as the Syrians shifted the works further eastward, with airstrikes. | :'''The establishment of Israel is the basic threat that the Arab nation in its entirety has agreed to forestall. And Since the existence of Israel is a danger that threatens the Arab nation, the diversion of the Jordan waters by it multiplies the dangers to Arab existence. Accordingly, the Arab states have to prepare the plans necessary for dealing with the political, economic and social aspects, so that if necessary results are not achieved, collective Arab military preparations, when they are not completed, will constitute the ultimate practical means for the final liquidation of Israel.'''</ref> The project was to divert 20 to 30 million cubic metres of water from the river Jordan tributaries to Syria and Jordan for the development of Syria and Jordan.<ref>Political Thought and Political History: Studies in Memory of Elie Kedourie By Elie Kedourie, M. Gammer, Joseph Kostiner, Moshe Shemesh, Routledge, (2003) ISBN 0714652962 p 165</ref><ref name="AS229"/> This led to military intervention from Israel, first with tank fire and then, as the Syrians shifted the works further eastward, with airstrikes. | ||
Revision as of 17:25, 14 December 2008
The Hasbani River (Template:Lang-ar, al-Hasbani; Template:Lang-he, Nahal Snir), also known as Snir Stream within Israel, is a tributary of the Jordan river. The Hasbani River derives most of its discharge from two springs in Lebanon, the Wazzani and the Haqzbieh, the latter being a group of springs on the uppermost Hasbani. The Hasbani runs for 25 miles in Lebanon before crossing the border and joining with the Banias and Dan Rivers at a point in northern Israel, to form the River Jordan. For about four kilometers downstream of Ghajar, the Hasbani forms the border between Lebanon and northern Israel.
The Wazzani's and the Haqzbieh's combined discharge averages 138 million m³ per year.. About 20% of the Hasbani flow emerges from the Wazzani Spring at Ghajar, close to the Lebanese Israeli border, about 3 kilometers west of the base of Mount Hermon. The contribution of the spring is very important, because it is the only continuous year-round flow in the river in either Lebanon or Israel. Utilization of Hasbani water has been disputed since 1964 and suspected of being one of the major reasons behind the 1967 six day war. After the 2nd Arab summit conference in Cairo of January 1964 (with the backing of all 13 Arab League members), Syria in a joint project with Lebanon and Jordan, started the development of the water resources of Banias for a canal along the slopes of the Golan toward the Yarmouk River. While Lebanon was to construct a canal form the Hasbani River to Banias and complete the scheme The project was to divert 20 to 30 million cubic metres of water from the river Jordan tributaries to Syria and Jordan for the development of Syria and Jordan. This led to military intervention from Israel, first with tank fire and then, as the Syrians shifted the works further eastward, with airstrikes.
In 2001 the Lebanese government installed a small pumping station with a 10cm bore to extract water to supply Ghajar village. In March 2002 Lebanon also diverted part of the Hasbani to supply Wazzani village. An action that Ariel Sharon said was a "causus belli" and could lead to war.
References
- FAO (Water Resources section)
Overall, there are about 40 major streams in Lebanon and, based on the hydrographic system, the country can be divided into five regions: … the Hasbani river basin in the south-east.
- UNU The Jordan River
The Dan spring, the largest of the sources of the upper Jordan, lies wholly within Israel close to the border with Syria. The spring sources of the Hasbani River lie entirely within Lebanon. The spring source of the Banias River is in Syria. These three small streams unite 6 km inside Israel at about 70 m above sea level to form the upper Jordan River.
- UNU The Jordan River
- MERIP Heightened Israeli-Lebanese Tensions Over Jordan's Headwaters
- Managing water for peace in the Middle East
- Lebanon (FAOWater Resources section)
Lebanon being at a higher elevation than its neighbours has practically no incoming surface water flow…. Surface water flow to Israel is estimated at 160 million m³/year, of which about 138 million m³ through the Hasbani river including a contribution of 30 million m³ from its tributary, the Wazzani spring.
- MERIP Heightened Israeli-Lebanese Tensions Over Jordan's Headwaters
In the hot summer months, the Wazzani springs are the only source of flowing water in the Hasbani. Upstream from the Wazzani, the river is dry.
- MERIP Heightened Israeli-Lebanese Tensions Over Jordan's Headwaters
- Harik, Judith Palmer (2005) Hezbollah: The Changing Face of Terrorism I.B.Tauris, ISBN 1845110242 p 159
- ^ Shlaim, Avi (200) ibid pp 229-230 In January 1964 an Arab League summit meeting convened in Cairo. The main item on the agenda was the threat posed by israel's diversion of water from the north to irrigate the south and the expected reduction in the water supplies available to Syria and Jordan. The reaction of the summit to this threat was deadly serious. The preamble to its decision stated,
- The establishment of Israel is the basic threat that the Arab nation in its entirety has agreed to forestall. And Since the existence of Israel is a danger that threatens the Arab nation, the diversion of the Jordan waters by it multiplies the dangers to Arab existence. Accordingly, the Arab states have to prepare the plans necessary for dealing with the political, economic and social aspects, so that if necessary results are not achieved, collective Arab military preparations, when they are not completed, will constitute the ultimate practical means for the final liquidation of Israel.
- Political Thought and Political History: Studies in Memory of Elie Kedourie By Elie Kedourie, M. Gammer, Joseph Kostiner, Moshe Shemesh, Routledge, (2003) ISBN 0714652962 p 165
- LA Times Over Israeli Objections, Lebanon Opens Pumping Station on River March 29, 2001
- BBC 28 March 2002. Lebanon hails 'liberation of water'
- BBC 10 September 2002 Israel warns of war over water
- BBC 16 September 2002. US wades into Mid-East water dispute
- BBC 17 September 2002. Israel hardens stance on water.
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