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| '''Quantum indeterminacy''' is the apparent ''necessary'' incompleteness in the description of a physical system, that has become one the of characteristics of ]. Prior to quantum physics, it was thought that a physical system had a determinate ] which (a) uniquely determined all the values of its measurable properties and conversely (b) the values of its measurable properties uniquely determined the state. ] may have been the first person to carefully point out the radical effect the new quantum physics would have on our notion of physical state. | |||
| '''Quantum Mechanical indeterminacy''', or often just "quantum indeterminacy" refers to the same fundamental physics phenomenon as does the more frequently used ] ]. | |||
| Quantum indeterminacy can be quantitatively characterized by a ] on the set of outcomes of ] of an ]. For pairs of ] observables, the ]s of the corresponding distributions are related by the ]. | |||
| ⚫ | Quantum uncertainty |
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| ⚫ | The units involved in quantum uncertainty are on the order of ] (found experimentally to be 6.6 x 10<sup>-34</sup> J·s). | ||
| Indeterminacy in measurement was not an innovation of quantum mechanics, since it had established early on by experimentalists that errors in measurement may lead to indeterminate outcomes. However, by the latter half of the ], measurement errors were well understood and it was known that they could either reduced by better equipment or accounted for by statistical error models. In quantum mechanics, however indeterminacy is of a much more fundamental nature, having nothing to do with errors or disturbance. | |||
| Quantum indeterminacy is usually mentioned when one is concerned with the predictability of events. For example, predictability explicitly arises in the context of the type of determinism that has been called ]. Some philosophers have tried to identify the basic types of indeterminacy that underly the inability of humans to predict the future. Four types of indeterminacy are: | |||
| *quantum indeterminacy | |||
| *indeterminacy due to chaos as described in ] | |||
| *indeterminacy caused by limited powers of ] | |||
| *limitations due to the nature of human ] and thought processes | |||
| ==Incompleteness== | |||
| Within most ], it is fundamentally unavoidable. The existence of quantum indeterminacy was deeply troubling to ] who proposed ] to address what he considered to be a defect. These theories have since proven problematic. | |||
| Albert Einstein argued that if quantum mechanics is correct, then we necessarily have incomplete information about the physical world. This was one of the conclusions of the ] thought experiment, which using the formal apparatus of quantum theory, showed that some parts of the classical view of how observation affects nature had to be changed. | |||
| ⚫ | ==See also== | ||
| * ] | |||
| == Single particle indeterminacy == | |||
| ⚫ | Quantum uncertainty can be illustrated in terms of a particle with a definitely measured momentum for which there must be a fundamental limit to how precisely its location can be specified. This quantum uncertainty principle can be expressed in terms of other variables, for example, a particle with a definitely measured energy has a fundamental limit to how precisely one can specify how long it will have that energy. | ||
| ⚫ | The units involved in quantum uncertainty are on the order of ] (found experimentally to be 6.6 x 10<sup>-34</sup> J·s). | ||
| ⚫ | == See also == | ||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | * ] | ||
| * just about any of the ] articles | |||
| ] | ] | ||
| ] | |||
Revision as of 05:58, 18 October 2005
Quantum indeterminacy is the apparent necessary incompleteness in the description of a physical system, that has become one the of characteristics of quantum physics. Prior to quantum physics, it was thought that a physical system had a determinate state which (a) uniquely determined all the values of its measurable properties and conversely (b) the values of its measurable properties uniquely determined the state. Albert Einstein may have been the first person to carefully point out the radical effect the new quantum physics would have on our notion of physical state.
Quantum indeterminacy can be quantitatively characterized by a probability distribution on the set of outcomes of measurements of an observable. For pairs of complementary observables, the dispersions of the corresponding distributions are related by the Heisenberg uncertainty principle.
Indeterminacy in measurement was not an innovation of quantum mechanics, since it had established early on by experimentalists that errors in measurement may lead to indeterminate outcomes. However, by the latter half of the eighteenth century, measurement errors were well understood and it was known that they could either reduced by better equipment or accounted for by statistical error models. In quantum mechanics, however indeterminacy is of a much more fundamental nature, having nothing to do with errors or disturbance.
Incompleteness
Albert Einstein argued that if quantum mechanics is correct, then we necessarily have incomplete information about the physical world. This was one of the conclusions of the EPR thought experiment, which using the formal apparatus of quantum theory, showed that some parts of the classical view of how observation affects nature had to be changed.
Single particle indeterminacy
Quantum uncertainty can be illustrated in terms of a particle with a definitely measured momentum for which there must be a fundamental limit to how precisely its location can be specified. This quantum uncertainty principle can be expressed in terms of other variables, for example, a particle with a definitely measured energy has a fundamental limit to how precisely one can specify how long it will have that energy. The units involved in quantum uncertainty are on the order of Planck's constant (found experimentally to be 6.6 x 10 J·s).
See also
- Quantum indeterminacy in computation
- Quantum mind
- just about any of the quantum mechanics articles