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| censorship is BAD!!!!!!!!!!!!!! | |||
| {{Refimprove|date=July 2008}} | |||
| {{Otheruses3|Censor}} | |||
| {{Censorship}} | |||
| '''Censorship''' is the suppression of ] or deletion of communicative material which may be considered objectionable, harmful or sensitive, as determined by a censor. The rationale for censorship is different for various types of information censored: | |||
| *'''Moral censorship,''' is the removal of materials that censor deems to be ] or otherwise morally questionable. ], for example, is often censored under this rationale, especially child pornography, which is censored in most jurisdictions in the world. In another example, graphic violence resulted in the censorship of the "]" movie entitled '']'', originally completed in ]. | |||
| *'''Military censorship''' is the process of keeping ] and ] confidential and away from the enemy. This is used to counter ], which is the process of gleaning military information. Very often, militaries will also attempt to suppress politically inconvenient information even if that information has no actual intelligence value. | |||
| *''']''' occurs when governments hold back secret information from their citizens. The logic is to prevent the free expression needed to ]. Any dissent against the government is thought to be a "weakness" for the enemy to exploit.{{Fact|date=September 2007}} Campaign tactics are also often kept secret: see the ]. | |||
| *''']''' is the means by which any material objectionable to a certain faith is removed. This often involves a dominant religion forcing limitations on less prevalent ones. Alternatively, one religion may shun the works of another when they believe the content is not appropriate for their faith. | |||
| *''']''' is the process by which editors in corporate media outlets intervene to halt the publishing of information that portrays their business or business partners in a negative light. Privately owned corporations in the ''business'' of reporting the news also sometimes refuse to distribute information due to the potential loss of advertiser revenue or shareholder value which adverse publicity may bring. See ]. ] law may be used by corporations as a censorship device. For example, trade secret law may help keep company-sponsored research confidential, when revealing it would reveal negative health effects of the product researched. | |||
| ==Censorship of state secrets and prevention of attention== | |||
| ] ], the identification numbers have been cut out of the image.]] | |||
| ], ].]] | |||
| ], ], March 20-21-21, 1981, with censor intervention on | |||
| first and last pages --- under the headlines "Co zdarzyło się w Bydgoszczy?" (]) and "Pogotowie strajkowe w całym kraju" (Country-wide strike alert). The censor had removed a section regarding the strike alert; hence the workers in the printing house blanked out an official propaganda section. The right-hand page also includes a hand-written confirmation of that decision by the local ].]] | |||
| In wartime, explicit censorship is carried out with the intent of preventing the release of information that might be useful to an ]. Typically it involves keeping times or locations secret, or delaying the release of information (e.g., an operational objective) until it is of no possible use to enemy forces. The moral issues here are often seen as somewhat different, as release of tactical information usually presents a greater risk of casualties among one's own forces and could possibly lead to loss of the overall conflict. | |||
| During ] letters written by British soldiers would have to go through censorship. This consisted of officers going through letters with a black marker and crossing out anything which might compromise operational secrecy before the letter was sent. The ] catchphrase "]" was used as a common justification to exercise official wartime censorship and encourage individual restraint when sharing potentially sensitive information. | |||
| An example of "]" policies comes from the ] under ], where publicly used photographs were often altered to remove people whom Stalin had condemned to execution. Though past photographs may have been remembered or kept, this deliberate and systematic alteration to all of history in the public mind is seen as one of the central themes of ] and ]. | |||
| ==Censorship of educational sources== | |||
| ] censored by Iranian authorities. The offending cover was about the subject of ], and the picture hidden beneath the white sticker is of an embracing couple.<ref>{{cite web |last=Lundqvist |first=J. |title=More pictures of Iranian Censorship |url=http://jturn.qem.se/2006/more-pictures-of-iranian-censorship/ |accessdate=August 2007-01-21}}</ref> February 2006.]] | |||
| The content of school textbooks is often the issue of debate, since their target audience is young people, and the term "whitewashing" is the one commonly used to refer to selective removal of critical or damaging evidence or comment. The ] is extremely controversial, as in the case of the ], the ], ] (or ]), and the ] of the ]. The representation of every society's flaws or misconduct is typically downplayed in favor of a more nationalist, favorable or patriotic view.{{dubious|date=June 2008}} | |||
| Religious groups have at times attempted to block the teaching of ] in publicly-funded schools as it contradicts their ], or have argued that they are being censored if not allowed to teach ] as science in those schools, though their arguments have been rejected by United States courts in cases such as ] and ]. The teaching of ] in school and the inclusion of information about ] and ] in school textbooks is another area where suppression of information occurs. ] sometimes prohibits the open discussion of divergent views. | |||
| In the context of secondary-school education, the way facts and history are presented greatly influences the interpretation of contemporary thought, opinion and socialization. One argument for censoring the type of information disseminated is based on the inappropriate quality of such material for the young. The use of the "inappropriate" distinction is in itself controversial, as it changed heavily. A Ballantine Books version of the book ] which is the version used by most school classes<ref>Bradbury, Ray. ''Fahrenheit 451''. Del Rey Books. April 1991.</ref> contained approximately 75 separate edits, omissions, and changes from the original Bradbury manuscript. | |||
| ==Suppression/falsification of scientific research== | |||
| :''For more information, see the article on ].'' | |||
| Scientific studies may be suppressed or falsified because they undermine sponsors' commercial, political, religious or other interests or because they fail to support researchers' ideological goals. Examples include, failing to publish a study which shows that a new drug is harmful, or truthfully publishing the benefits of a treatment while failing to describe harmful side-effects. Scientific research may also be suppressed or altered to support a political or religious agenda. In the United States some government scientists, including NASA climatologist ], have reported governmental pressure to alter their statements regarding ].<ref>{{cite news | last = Dean | first = Cornelia | title = Scientists Criticize White House Stance on Climate Change Findings | publisher = New York Times | date = 2007-01-31 | url = http://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/31/washington/31interfere.html?ex=1327899600en=ad6ff0d1b4f2ee5aei=5088partner=rssnytemc=rss | accessdate = 2007-09-19}}</ref> nasa | |||
| ==Censorship in music and popular culture== | |||
| {{see also|Censorship of music}} | |||
| <!-- Image with inadequate rationale removed: ] CD]] --> | |||
| The original cover of nude ] and ]'s ] provoked an outrage, prompting distributors to sell the album in a plain brown wrapper.<ref> ]</ref> Copies of the album were impounded as obscene in several jurisdictions (including 30,000 copies in ]). | |||
| ], an official responsible for censoring plays, created a scandal in 1873 by banning '']'' for its portrayal of ] ] and two other ministers in his cabinet. In London News]] | |||
| American musicians such as ] have repeatedly protested against censorship in music and pushed for more freedom of expression. In 1986, Zappa appeared on ]'s ] to protest censorship of lyrics in rock music, denying that harm will be done or unrest caused if controversial information, lyrics, or other messages are promulgated. | |||
| In countries like Sudan, Afghanistan and China, violations of musician's rights to freedom of expression are commonplace. In Algeria, lobbying groups have succeeded in keeping popular music off the concert stage, and out of the media and retail. In ex-Yugoslavia, musicians are often pawns in political dramas, and the possibility of free expression has been adversely affected. | |||
| Music censorship has been implemented by states, religions, educational systems, families, retailers and lobbying groups – and in most cases they violate international conventions of human rights.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.freemuse.org/sw2338.asp |title=WHAT IS MUSIC CENSORSHIP? |publisher=Freemuse.org |date=01 January 2001 |accessdate=2008-10-25}}</ref> | |||
| Aside from the usual justifications of pornography, language and violence, some movies are censored due to changing racial attitudes or political correctness in order to avoid ] and/or ethnic offense despite its historical or artistic value. One example is the still withdrawn "]" series of animated cartoons, which may be innocent then but "incorrect" now. | |||
| A related example is dance censorship, which can be found across the globe, both today and historically. Dancing's associations with youth, sexuality, and expression have often made it a target for religious reformers and government control.{{Fact|date=April 2008}} | |||
| ==Copy, picture, and writer approval== | |||
| Copy approval is the right to read and amend an article, usually an interview, before publication. Many publications refuse to give copy approval but it is increasingly becoming common practice when dealing with publicity anxious celebrities.<ref>{{cite news |title=The readers' editor on requests that are always refused |author=Ian Mayes |date=2005-04-23 |publisher=The Guardian |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/comment/story/0,,1468351,00.html |accessdate=August 2007-01-21}}</ref> Picture approval is the right given to an individual to choose which photos will be published and which will not. ] is well known for insisting upon picture approval.<ref name="Observer-approval">{{cite news |title=Caution: big name ahead |date=2002-01-27 |publisher=The Observer |url=http://observer.guardian.co.uk/life/story/0,6903,639829,00.html |accessdate=August 2007-01-21}}</ref> Writer approval is when writers are chosen based on whether they will write flattering articles or not. Hollywood publicist ] is known for banning certain writers who wrote undesirably about one of her clients from interviewing any of her other clients.{{Fact|date=August 2008}} | |||
| ==Censorship of maps== | |||
| <!-- http://yro.slashdot.org/article.pl?sid=08/09/28/0033216 --> | |||
| {{main|Censorship of maps}} | |||
| ] censors places that may be of special security concern. The following is a selection of such concerns: | |||
| *The former ]n president APJ Abdul Kalam had expressed concern over the availability of ] pictures of sensitive locations in India. | |||
| *] says that Google Earth poses a security threat to India and seeks dialogue with ] officials. | |||
| *The ]n government has expressed concern that the software offers images of the presidential palace and various military installations that could possibly be used by ]. | |||
| *Operators of the ] in ], ] asked Google to censor high resolution pictures of the facility. However, they later withdrew the request. | |||
| *The government of ] also expressed concern over the availability of high-resolution pictures of sensitive locations in its territory, and applied pressure to have Israeli territory (and the ] held by Israeli forces) appear in less clear detail. | |||
| *The Vice President of the United State's residence (Naval Observatory) in Washington, DC has been ], as has the Federal Gold Depository at ]. | |||
| *In ], the partially government owned ] Internet access provider banned all its subscribers for over two years for using Google Earth, but early in 2008 the censorship was removed.{{Fact|date=May 2008}} | |||
| ==Meta censorship== | |||
| In this form of censorship, any information about existence of censorship and the legal basis of the censorship is censored. Rules of censoring were classified. Removed texts or phrases were not marked. | |||
| ==Creative censorship== | |||
| In this form of censorship, censors rewrite texts, giving these texts secret co-authors. | |||
| ==Censorship implementation== | |||
| Censorship is regarded among a majority of academics in the Western world as a typical feature of ]s and other ] political systems. Democratic nations are represented, especially among Western government, academic and media commentators, as having somewhat less institutionalized censorship, and as instead promoting the importance of ]. The former ] maintained a particularly extensive program of state-imposed censorship. The main organ for official censorship in the ] was the ''Chief Agency for Protection of Military and State Secrets'' generally known as the '']'', its Russian acronym. The ''Glavlit'' handled censorship matters arising from domestic writings of just about any kind — even beer and vodka labels. ''Glavlit'' censorship personnel were present in every large Soviet publishing house or newspaper; the agency employed some 70,000 censors to review information before it was disseminated by publishing houses, editorial offices, and broadcasting studios. No mass medium escaped ''Glavlit'''s control. All press agencies and radio and television stations had ''Glavlit'' representatives on their editorial staffs. | |||
| ] | |||
| Some thinkers understand censorship to include other attempts to suppress points of view or the exploitation of negative ], ], ], ] or "]s." These methods tend to work by disseminating preferred information, by relegating open discourse to marginal forums, and by preventing other ideas from obtaining a receptive audience. | |||
| Sometimes, a specific and ] information whose very existence is barely known to the public, is kept in a subtle, near-censorship situation, being regarded as "]" or "inconvenient". ]'s 1978 text "]" (later republished as "The Danger of Child Sexuality"), for instance - originally published as ''La loi de la pudeur'' [literally, "the law of decency"], defends the decriminalization of ] and the ], and as of July 2006, is almost totally invisible throughout the ], both in English and French, and does not appear even on Foucault-specialized websites. | |||
| ==Commercial censorship== | |||
| Suppression of access to the means of dissemination of ideas can function as a form of censorship. Such suppression has been alleged to arise from the policies of governmental bodies, such as the ] and ] in the ] of America, the ] in ], newspapers that refuse to run commentary the publisher disagrees with, lecture halls that refuse to rent themselves out to a particular speaker, and individuals who refuse to finance such a lecture. The omission of selected voices in the content of stories also serves to limit the spread of ideas, and is often called censorship. Such omission can result, for example, from persistent failure or refusal by media organizations to contact criminal defendants (relying solely on official sources for explanations of crime). Censorship has been alleged to occur in such media policies as blurring the boundaries between hard news and news commentary, and in the appointment of allegedly biased commentators, such as ], to serve as anchors of programs labeled as hard news but comprising primarily commentary. | |||
| The focusing of news stories to exclude questions that might be of interest to some audience segments, such as the avoidance of reporting cumulative casualty rates among citizens of a nation that is the target or site of a foreign war, or in the prevention, treatment, and curing of disease, is often described as a form of censorship. Favorable representation in news or information services of preferred products or services, such as reporting on leisure travel and comparative values of various machines instead of on leisure activities such as arts, crafts or gardening has been described by some as a means of censoring ideas about the latter in favor of the former. | |||
| '''Self-censorship''': Imposed on the media in a free market by market/cultural forces rather than a censoring authority. This occurs when it is more profitable for the media to give a biased view. | |||
| == Censorship in Spanish Misplaced Pages == | |||
| Blacklisting of political incorrect sites in Misplaced Pages. | |||
| <ref>http://www.rebelion.org/noticia.php?id=69124</ref> | |||
| <ref>http://www.rebelion.org/noticia.php?id=69058</ref> | |||
| <ref>http://es.wikipedia.org/Wikipedia:Comit%C3%A9_de_Resoluci%C3%B3n_de_Conflictos/Reclamaciones/2008/023</ref> | |||
| ==Censorship by country== | |||
| {{main|Censorship by country}} | |||
| ==See also== | |||
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| ==Citations and notes== | |||
| {{reflist|colspan=2}} | |||
| ==General information== | |||
| {{refbegin}} | |||
| *Abbott, Randy. "A Critical Analysis of the Library-Related Literature Concerning Censorship in Public Libraries and Public School Libraries in the United States During the 1980s." Project for degree of Education Specialist, University of South Florida, December 1987. ] | |||
| *Burress, Lee. ''Battle of the Books''. Metuchen, NJ: The Scarecrow Press, 1989. ] | |||
| *], "Excitable Speech: A Politics of the Performative" (1997) | |||
| *], edited by Lawrence D. Kritzman. ''Philosophy, Culture: interviews and other writings 1977–1984'' (New York/London: 1988, Routledge, ISBN 0-415-90082-4) (The text ''Sexual Morality and the Law'' is Chapter 16 of the book). | |||
| *O'Reilly, Robert C. and Larry Parker. "Censorship or Curriculum Modification?" Paper presented at a School Boards Association, 1982, 14 p. ] | |||
| *Hansen, Terry. ''The Missing Times: News media complicity in the UFO cover-up,'' 2000. ISBN 0-7388-3612-5 | |||
| *Hendrikson, Leslie. "Library Censorship: ERIC Digest No. 23." ERIC Clearinghouse for Social Studies/Social Science Education, Boulder, Colorado, November 1985. ] | |||
| *Hoffman, Frank. "Intellectual Freedom and Censorship." Metuchen, NJ: The Scarecrow Press, 1989. ] | |||
| *Marek, Kate. "Schoolbook Censorship USA." June 1987. ] | |||
| *National Coalition against Censorship (NCAC). "Books on Trial: A Survey of Recent Cases." January 1985. ] | |||
| *Ringmar, Erik (London: Anthem Press, 2007) | |||
| *Small, Robert C., Jr. "Preparing the New English Teacher to Deal with Censorship, or Will I Have to Face it Alone?" Annual Meeting of the National Council of Teachers of English, 1987, 16 p. | |||
| :(Arguing that an English teacher should get advice from school librarians in preparing to encounter three levels of censorship: | |||
| #Rejection of adolescent fiction and popular teen magazines as having low value, | |||
| #Experienced colleagues discouraging "difficult" lesson plans, | |||
| #Outside interest groups limiting students' exposure. ]) | |||
| *Terry, John David II. "Censorship: Post Pico." In "School Law Update, 1986," edited by Thomas N. Jones and Darel P. Semler. ] | |||
| * | |||
| *], volume 3 (C-Ch), pages 345, 346 | |||
| {{refend}} | |||
| ==External links== | |||
| {{wikibooks|Legal and Regulatory Issues in the Information Economy}} | |||
| {{Wiktionary}} | |||
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Revision as of 01:20, 28 January 2009
censorship is BAD!!!!!!!!!!!!!!