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It has been suggested that History of Apple#iPod and iTunes Store and Talk:History_of_Apple#Merger proposal be merged into this article. (Discuss) Proposed since January 2009.

iPod

The current iPod line. From left to right: iPod Shuffle, iPod Nano, iPod Classic, iPod Touch.
Manufacturer	Apple Inc.
Type	Portable Media Player (PMP)
Units sold	Over 173 million worldwide as of September 2008
CPU	Samsung ARM
Online services	iTunes Store App Store

iPod is a brand of portable media players designed and marketed by Apple Inc. and launched on October 23, 2001 (2001-10-23). The product line-up includes the hard drive-based iPod Classic, the touchscreen iPod Touch, the video-capable iPod Nano, and the compact iPod Shuffle. The iPhone can function as an iPod but is generally treated as a separate product. Former iPod models include the iPod Mini and the spin-off iPod Photo (since reintegrated into the main iPod Classic line). iPod Classic models store media on an internal hard drive, while all other models use flash memory to enable their smaller size (the discontinued Mini used a Microdrive miniature hard drive). As with many other digital music players, iPods, excluding the iPod Touch, can also serve as external data storage devices. Storage capacity varies by model.

Apple's iTunes software can be used to transfer music to the devices from computers using certain versions of Apple Macintosh and Microsoft Windows operating systems. For users who choose not to use Apple's software or whose computers cannot run iTunes software, several open source alternatives to iTunes are also available. iTunes and its alternatives may also transfer photos, videos, games, contact information, e-mail settings, Web bookmarks, and calendars to iPod models supporting those features. Apple focused its development on the iPod line's unique user interface and its ease of use, rather than on technical capability. As of September 2008, more than 173 million iPods had been sold worldwide, making it the best-selling digital audio player series in history.

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Hardware

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Audio performance

The third generation iPod had a weak bass response, as shown in audio tests. The combination of the undersized DC-blocking capacitors and the typical low-impedance of most consumer headphones form a high-pass filter, which attenuates the low-frequency bass output. Similar capacitors were used in the fourth generation iPods. The problem is reduced when using high-impedance headphones and is completely masked when driving high-impedance (line level) loads, such as an external headphone amplifier. The first generation iPod Shuffle uses a dual-transistor output stage, rather than a single capacitor-coupled output, and does not exhibit reduced bass response for any load.

From the 5th generation iPod on, Apple introduced a user-configurable volume limit in response to concerns about hearing loss. Users report that in the 6th generation iPod, the maximum volume output level is limited to 100dB in EU markets. Apple previously had to remove iPods from shelves in France.

Models

Model	Generation	Image	Capacity	Connection	Original release date	Minimum OS to sync	Rated battery life (hours)
Classic	first		5, 10 GB	FireWire	23 October 2001	Mac: 9, 10.1	audio: 10
			First model, with mechanical scroll wheel. 10 GB model released later.
	second		10, 20 GB	FireWire	17 July 2002	Mac: 10.1 Win: 2000	audio: 10
			Touch-sensitive wheel. FireWire port had a cover. Hold switch revised. Windows compatibility through Musicmatch.
	third		10, 15, 20, 30, 40 GB	FireWire (USB for syncing only)	28 April 2003	Mac: 10.1 Win: 2000	audio: 8
			First complete redesign with all-touch interface, dock connector, and slimmer case. Musicmatch support dropped with later release of iTunes 4.1 for Windows.
	fourth (Photo) (Color)		20, 40 GB	FireWire or USB	19 July 2004	Mac: 10.2 Win: 2000	audio: 12
			Adopted Click Wheel from iPod Mini, hold switch redesigned.
			photo: 30, 40, 60 GB	FireWire or USB	26 October 2004	Mac: 10.2 Win: 2000	audio: 15 slideshow: 5
			color: 20, 60 GB		28 June 2005
			Premium spin-off of 4G iPod with color screen and picture viewing. Later re-integrated into main iPod line.
	fifth		30, 60, 80 GB	USB (FireWire for charging only)	12 October 2005	Mac: 10.3 Win: 2000	30 GB audio: 14 video: 2 (later 3.5)	60/80 GB audio: 20 video: 3/6.5
			Second full redesign with a slimmer case, and larger screen with video playback. Offered in black or white. Hardware and firmware updated with 60 GB model replaced with 80 GB model on 12 September 2006.
	sixth	sixth generation iPod	80, 120, 160 GB	USB (FireWire for charging only)	5 September 2007	Mac: 10.4 Win: XP	80 GB audio: 30 video: 5	120 GB audio: 36 video: 6	160 GB audio: 40 video: 7
			Introduced the "Classic" suffix. New interface and anodized aluminum front plate. Silver replaces white. In September 2008 the hardware and firmware was updated with a 120 GB model replacing the 80 GB model. The 160 GB model was discontinued.
Mini	first		4 GB	USB or FireWire	6 January 2004	Mac: 10.1 Win: 2000	audio: 8
			New smaller model, available in 5 colors. Introduced the "Click Wheel".
	second		4, 6 GB	USB or FireWire	22 February 2005	Mac: 10.2 Win: 2000	audio: 18
			Brighter color variants with longer battery life. Click Wheel lettering matched body color. Gold color discontinued. Later replaced by iPod Nano.
Nano	first		1, 2, 4 GB	USB (FireWire for charging only)	7 September 2005	Mac: 10.3 Win: 2000	audio: 14 slideshow: 4
			Replaced Mini. Available in black or white and used flash memory. Color screen for picture viewing. 1 GB version released later.
	second		2, 4, 8 GB	USB (FireWire for charging only)	12 September 2006	Mac: 10.3 Win: 2000	audio: 24 slideshow: 5
			Anodized aluminum casing and 6 colors available.
	third		4, 8 GB	USB (FireWire for charging only)	5 September 2007	Mac: 10.4 Win: XP	audio: 24 video: 5
			2" QVGA screen, colors refreshed with chrome back, new interface, video capability, smaller Click Wheel.
	fourth		4, 8, 16 GB	USB	9 September 2008	Mac: 10.4 Win: XP	audio: 24 video: 4
			Revert to tall form and all-aluminum enclosure with 9 color choices, added accelerometer for shake and horizontal viewing. 4 GB model limited release in select markets.
Shuffle	first		512 MB, 1 GB	USB (no adaptor required)	11 January 2005	Mac: 10.2 Win: 2000	audio: 12
			New entry-level model. Uses flash memory and has no screen.
	second		1, 2 GB	USB	12 September 2006	Mac: 10.3 Win: 2000	audio: 12
			Smaller clip design with anodized aluminum casing. 4 color options added later. Colors were later refreshed twice.
Touch	first	iPod Touch	8, 16, 32 GB	USB (FireWire for charging only)	5 September 2007	Mac: 10.4 Win: XP	audio: 22 video: 5
			First iPod with Wi-Fi and a Multi-Touch interface. Features Safari browser and wireless access to the iTunes Store and YouTube. 32 GB model later added. iPhone OS 2.0 and App Store access requires an upgrade fee.
	second	iPod Touch	8, 16, 32 GB	USB	9 September 2008	Mac: 10.4 Win: XP	audio: 36 video: 6
			New tapered chrome back with Nike+ functionality, volume buttons, and built-in speaker added. iPhone OS 2.0 and App Store access standard.
Sources: Apple Inc. model database, Mactracker.

Timeline of iPod models v t e
Sources: Apple press release library, Mactracker Apple Inc. model database

Patent disputes

In 2005, Apple faced two lawsuits claiming patent infringement by the iPod line and its associated technologies: Advanced Audio Devices claimed the iPod line breached its patent on a "music jukebox", while a Hong Kong-based IP portfolio company called Pat-rights filed a suit claiming that Apple's FairPlay technology breached a patent issued to inventor Ho Keung Tse. The latter case also includes the online music stores of Sony, RealNetworks, Napster, and Musicmatch as defendants.

Apple's application to the United States Patent and Trademark Office for a patent on "rotational user inputs", as used on the iPod interface, received a third "non-final rejection" (NFR) in August 2005. Also in August 2005, Creative Technology, one of Apple's main rivals in the MP3 player market, announced that it held a patent on part of the music selection interface used by the iPod line, which Creative dubbed the "Zen Patent", granted on 9 August 2005. On 15 May 2006, Creative filed another suit against Apple with the United States District Court for the Northern District of California. Creative also asked the United States International Trade Commission to investigate whether Apple was breaching U.S. trade laws by importing iPods into the United States.

On 24 August 2006, Apple and Creative announced a broad settlement to end their legal disputes. Apple will pay Creative US$100 million for a paid-up license, to use Creative's awarded patent in all Apple products. As part of the agreement, Apple will recoup part of its payment, if Creative is successful in licensing the patent. Creative then announced its intention to produce iPod accessories by joining the Made for iPod program.

Sales

Since October 2004, the iPod line has dominated digital music player sales in the United States, with over 90% of the market for hard drive-based players and over 70% of the market for all types of players. During the year from January 2004 to January 2005, the high rate of sales caused its U.S. market share to increase from 31% to 65% and in July 2005, this market share was measured at 74%. In January 2007 the iPod market share reached 72.7% according to Bloomberg Online.

The release of the iPod Mini helped to ensure this success at a time when competing flash-based music players were once dominant. On 8 January 2004, Hewlett-Packard (HP) announced that they would sell HP-branded iPods under a license agreement from Apple. Several new retail channels were used—including Wal-Mart—and these iPods eventually made up 5% of all iPod sales. In July 2005, HP stopped selling iPods due to unfavorable terms and conditions imposed by Apple.

In January 2007, Apple reported record quarterly revenue of US$7.1 billion, of which 48% was made from iPod sales.

On 9 April 2007, it was announced that Apple had sold its one-hundred millionth iPod, making it the biggest selling digital music player of all time. In April 2007, Apple reported second quarter revenue of US$5.2 billion, of which 32% was made from iPod sales. Apple and several industry analysts suggest that iPod users are likely to purchase other Apple products such as Mac computers.

On 5 September 2007, during their "The Beat Goes On" event, Apple announced that the iPod line had surpassed 110 million units sold.

On 22 October 2007, Apple reported quarterly revenue of US$6.22 billion, of which 30.69% came from Apple notebook sales, 19.22% from desktop sales and 26% from iPod sales. Apple's 2007 year revenue increased to US$24.01 billion with US$3.5 billion in profits. Apple ended the fiscal year 2007 with US$15.4 billion in cash and no debt.

On 22 January 2008, Apple reported the best quarter revenue and earnings in Apple's history so far. Apple posted record revenue of US$9.6 billion and record net quarterly profit of US$1.58 billion. 42% of Apple's revenue for the First fiscal quarter of 2008 came from iPod sales, followed by 21% from notebook sales and 16% from desktop sales. Apple has sold over 163 million iPods to date (see chart).

On 21 October 2008, Apple reported that only 14.21% of total revenue for fiscal quarter 4 of year 2008 came from iPods.

Industry impact

iPods have won several awards ranging from engineering excellence, to most innovative audio product, to fourth best computer product of 2006. iPods often receive favorable reviews; scoring on looks, clean design, and ease of use. PC World says that iPod line has "altered the landscape for portable audio players". Several industries are modifying their products to work better with both the iPod line and the AAC audio format. Examples include CD copy-protection schemes, and mobile phones, such as phones from Sony Ericsson and Nokia, which play AAC files rather than WMA.

In addition to its reputation as a respected entertainment device, iPods have also become accepted as business devices. Government departments, major institutions and international organisations have turned to the iPod line as a delivery mechanism for business communication and training, such as the Royal and Western Infirmaries in Glasgow, Scotland where iPods are used to train new staff.

iPods have also gained popularity for use in education. Apple offers more information on educational uses for iPods on their website, including a collection of lesson plans. There has also been academic research done in this area in nursing education and more general K-16 education. Duke University provided iPods to all incoming freshmen in the fall of 2004, and the iPod program continues today with modifications.

Criticism

This article's "criticism" or "controversy" section may compromise the article's neutrality. Please help rewrite or integrate negative information to other sections through discussion on the talk page.

This article's factual accuracy is disputed. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are reliably sourced. (January 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

Battery issues

The advertised battery life on most models is different from the real-world achievable life. For example, the fifth generation 30 GB iPod is advertised as having up to 14 hours of music playback. An MP3.com report stated that this was virtually unachievable under real-life usage conditions, with a writer for MP3.com getting on average less than 8 hours from an iPod. In 2003, class action lawsuits were brought against Apple complaining that the battery charges lasted for shorter lengths of time than stated and that the battery degraded over time. The lawsuits were settled by offering individuals either US$50 store credit or a free battery replacement.

iPod batteries are not designed to be removed or replaced by the user, although some users have been able to open the case themselves, usually following instructions from third-party vendors of iPod replacement batteries. Compounding the problem, Apple initially would not replace worn-out batteries. The official policy was that the customer should buy a refurbished replacement iPod, at a cost almost equivalent to a brand new one. All lithium-ion batteries eventually lose capacity during their lifetime (guidelines are available for prolonging life-span) and this situation led to a market for third-party battery replacement kits.

Apple announced a battery replacement program on 14 November 2003, a week before a high publicity stunt and website by the Neistat Brothers. The initial cost was US$99, and it was lowered to US$59 in 2005. One week later, Apple offered an extended iPod warranty for US$59. For the iPod Nano, soldering tools are needed because the battery is soldered onto the main board. Fifth generation iPods have their battery attached to the backplate with adhesive.

Reliability and durability

iPods have been criticized for their short life-span and fragile hard drives. A 2005 survey conducted on the MacInTouch website found that the iPod line had an average failure rate of 13.7% (although they note that comments from respondants indicate that "the true iPod failure rate may be lower than it appears"). It concluded that some models were more durable than others. In particular, failure rates for iPods employing hard drives was usually above 20% while those with flash memory had a failure rate below 10%, indicating poor hard drive durability. In late 2005, many users complained that the surface of the first generation iPod Nano can become scratched easily, rendering the screen unusable. A class action lawsuit was also filed. Apple initially considered the issue a minor defect, but later began shipping these iPods with protective sleeves.

Allegations of worker exploitation

On 11 June 2006, the British newspaper Mail on Sunday reported that iPods are mainly manufactured by workers who earn no more than US$50 per month and work 15-hour shifts. Apple investigated the case with independent auditors and found that, while some of the plant's labour practices met Apple's Code of Conduct, others did not: Employees worked over 60 hours a week for 35% of the time, and worked more than six consecutive days for 25% of the time.

Foxconn, Apple's manufacturer, initially denied the abuses, but when an auditing team from Apple found that workers had been working longer hours than were allowed under Chinese law, they promised to prevent workers working more hours than the code allowed. Apple hired a workplace standards auditing company, Verité, and joined the Electronic Industry Code of Conduct Implementation Group to oversee the measures. On 31 December 2006, workers at the Longhua, Shenzhen factory (owned by Foxconn) formed a union. The union is affiliated with the world's largest and most powerful federation of trade unions, the All-China Federation of Trade Unions.

See also

• Comparison of portable media players
• Comparison of iPod managers

References

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2. Apple Inc. "iTunes system requirements. Apple iTunes software currently runs on Macintosh OS X 10.3.9 or OS X 10.4.9 or later and on Microsoft Windows XP (Service Pack 2) or Vista". Retrieved 2008-05-28.
3. Ross McKillop, simplehelp.net. "Alternatives to iTunes for managing your iPod". Retrieved 2008-05-28.
4. Ryan Block (5 September 2007). "Steve Jobs live -- Apple's "The beat goes on" special event". Engadget. Retrieved 2008-03-10.
5. Cassell, Jonathan. Apple Delivers More For Less With New iPod Nano, iSuppli Corporation, 2006-09-20. Retrieved on 2006-10-21.
6. Williams, Martyn. How Much Should an IPod Shuffle Cost?, PC World, 2005-02-24. Retrieved on 2006-08-14.
7. Macworld Wolfson loses Apple iPod business
8. ^ Machrone, Bill. iPod audio measurements, PC Magazine, 2005. Retrieved on 2007-02-17.
9. Heijligers, Marc. iPod audio measurements. Retrieved on 2007-02-17.
10. Heijligers, Marc. iPod circuit design engineering, May 2006. Retrieved on 2007-02-17.
11. Cohen, Peter. iPod update limits iPod volume setting, Macworld, 2006. Retrieved on 2008-11-07.
12. Fried, Ian. Apple pulls iPod in France. Retrieved on 2008-11-07.
13. Identifying iPod models, retrieved 31 October 2007.
14. Mactracker (mactracker.ca), Apple Inc. model database, version as of 26 July 2007.
15. Apple Inc., Apple press release library, Retrieved September 19, 2007.
16. Mactracker (mactracker.ca), Apple Inc. model database, version as of July 26, 2007.
17. Apple faces patent lawsuits over its iPod, ChannelRegister, 2005-03-10. Retrieved on 2007-02-17.
18. U.S. Patent 6,587,403 — Advanced Audio Devices' "music jukebox" patent.
19. U.S. Patent 6,665,797 — "Protection of software again against unauthorized use" (corrected to "Computer Apparatus/Software Access Control").
20. Apple, Sony among those named in new DRM lawsuit, AppleInsider, 2005-08-16. Retrieved on 2007-02-17.
21. U.S. patent application 20030095096 Apple Inc.'s application on "rotational user inputs".
22. U.S. Patent 6,928,433 Creative Technology's "Zen" patent.
23. Creative wins MP3 player patent, BBC News, 2005-08-30. Retrieved on 2007-02-17.
24. Creative sues Apple over patent, Macworld UK, 2006-05-16. Retrieved on 2007-03-20.
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26. Marsal, Katie. iPod: how big can it get?, AppleInsider, 2006-05-24. Retrieved on 2007-02-17.
27. jomy Apple Computer (presentation slides), 2005-10-18. Retrieved on 2006-05-25.
28. HP to stop selling Apple's iPods, AppleInsider, 2005-07-29. Retrieved on 2007-08-06.
29. Apple Reports First Quarter Results, Apple Inc., 2007-01-17. Retrieved on 2007-02-17.
30. Apple Reports Second Quarter Results, Apple Inc.. Retrieved on 2007-04-25.
31. Orlowski, Andrew. For Apple, Halo effect eclipses Osborne effect, The Register, 2005-10-11. Retrieved on 2006-07-13.
32. Apple Reports Fourth Quarter 2007 Results, Apple Inc., 2007-10-22. Retrieved on 2007-10-22.
33. Apple Inc. (22 January 2008). Apple Reports First Quarter Results. Press release. Retrieved on 2008-1-23
34. AppleInsider (27 October 2008). . Retrieved on 2008-10-27
35. iPod and Bluetooth lead to prizes, BBC News, 2005-06-03. Retrieved on 2007-03-20.
36. ^ "The 25 Most Innovative Products of the Year". PC World. 2007-08-03. Retrieved 2007-02-17. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
37. Apple wins 5 'World Class' awards, MacNN. Retrieved on 2007-02-17.
38. Apple, iPod, and CD Copy Protection, MacRumors. Retrieved on 2007-02-17.
39. Hospitals train staff with iPods, BBC News, 2006-03-29. Retrieved on 2007-06-16.
40. iTunes U and Mobile Learning
41. iPod in the Classroom
42. Maag, M.E.D. (2006). "Podcasting and MP3 Players: Emerging Education Technologies". CIN: Computers, Informatics, Nursing. 24 (1): 9–13. doi:10.1186/1742-5581-3-1. Retrieved 2008-02-08.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
43. Slykhuis, D. (2006). "Have an iPod? Then you need to know this about how to use it in your classroom". Retrieved 2008-02-08. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
44. Duke’s Ever-Evolving iPod Initiative
45. MP3 Insider: The truth about your battery life, mp3.com, 2006-03-13. Retrieved on 2006-07-10.
46. Apple investigates iPod batteries, BBC News, 2004-02-10. Retrieved on 2007-03-20.
47. Horwitz, Jeremy. Apple’s iPod Battery Settlement, Explained, iLounge, 2005-06-10. Retrieved on 2006-08-27.
48. The Curse of Lithium Ion Batteries, MP3 Newswire, 2006-01-06. Retrieved on 2006-11-30.
49. iPod Battery FAQ. Retrieved on 2006-11-26.
50. Neistat, Casey. A Message From the Neistat Brothers, 2003-11-20. Retrieved on 2007-02-17.
51. Apple offers iPod battery replacement service, MacMinute, 2003-11-14. Retrieved on 2006-11-26.
52. AppleCare for iPod now available, MacMinute, 2003-11-21. Retrieved on 2006-11-26.
53. Ecker, Clint. Vivisection of the Video iPod, Ars Technica, 2005-10-19. Retrieved on 2006-11-26.
54. Disassemble Guide for Video iPod. Retrieved on 2006-11-26.
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56. Apple responds to iPod nano screen concerns, Macworld, 2005-09-27. Retrieved on 2007-02-17.
57. Arthur, Charles. iPod Nano owners in screen scratch trauma, The Register, 2005-09-25. Retrieved on 2007-02-17.
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59. Inside Apple's iPod factories, Macworld UK, 2006-06-12. Retrieved on 2007-03-20.
60. Millard, Elizabeth. Is It Ethical To Own an iPod?. Retrieved on 2007-03-20.
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62. Bodeen, Chistopher. Official Union Forms at Taiwanese Plant, Forbes, 2007-01-17. Retrieved on 2007-02-17.

External links

• Apple iPod — Official website
• iPod troubleshooting basics and service FAQ — From the official website
• Apple's 21st century Walkman — Brent Schlender, Fortune, October 2001
• iPod Nation — Steven Levy, Newsweek, July 2004
• The Perfect Thing — Steven Levy, Wired, November 2006

v t e iOS and iOS-based products
History iOS iPadOS Issues Outline
Hardware	iPhone 1st 3G 3GS 4 4s 5 5c 5s 6 & 6 Plus 6s & 6s Plus 7 & 7 Plus 8 & 8 Plus X XR XS & XS Max 11 11 Pro & Pro Max 12 & 12 Mini 12 Pro & Pro Max 13 & 13 Mini 13 Pro & Pro Max 14 & 14 Plus 14 Pro & Pro Max 15 & 15 Plus 15 Pro & Pro Max 16 & 16 Plus 16 Pro & Pro Max SE 1st 2nd 3rd iPod Touch 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th iPad 1st 2 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th Mini 1st 2 3 4 5th 6th 7th Air 1st 2 3rd 4th 5th 6th Pro 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th Other Apple TV Apple Watch HomePod Mini
Software	OS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Derived from iOS watchOS tvOS iPadOS 13 14 15 16 17 18 Features AirDrop AirPlay AirPrint CarPlay Control Center Crash Detection iTunes Night Shift Notification Center Shazam Siri Spotlight SpringBoard VoiceOver SDK & API SDK Foundation UIKit Core Animation HomeKit Inter-App Audio WebKit GymKit HealthKit SwiftUI Bundled apps Books Calculator Calendar Clock Contacts FaceTime Freeform Files Find My Fitness Workouts Health Mindfulness Home Journal Mail Maps Measure Messages Music News Notes Passwords Photos Podcasts Reminders Safari Shortcuts Stocks Translate TV Voice Memos Wallet Weather Watch Discontinued Find My Friends Find My iPhone Newsstand Apple apps Classroom Clips GarageBand iMovie iWork Keynote Numbers Pages Discontinued Beats Music iPhoto Nike+iPod iTunes Remote
Services	Arcade Card App Store Music FaceTime Family Sharing Game Center iCloud iMessage iTunes Connect iTunes Store News + One Pay Push Notifications TestFlight TV+ Shows Wallet Discontinued iAd iLife iTunes Radio MobileMe
Other	Apple silicon Controversies 300-page bill Antennagate Batterygate Bendgate Jailbreaking FairPlay Free and open-source apps Games iFund iPhone history iPhone hardware Metal Swift WWDC
Category

• Articles to be merged from January 2009
• 2001 introductions
• Portable media players
• Industrial design examples
• IPod
• IPhone OS software
• ITunes
• 2000s fads