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{{Mergeto|Tang Dynasty|Talk:Tang Dynasty#Merger proposal|date=March 2009}} {{Mergeto|Tang Dynasty|Talk:Tang Dynasty#Merger proposal|date=March 2009}}
{{History of China}} {{History of China}}
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]
'''Inner Asia during the Tang Dynasty''' was characterized by serial wars of expansion against the Gokturk Empires and Xueyantuo. In the 7th to 8th centuries, the ] expanded across large areas of the steppes of Central Asia; and for more than a century, the Tang retained control of large parts of Central Asia. This Chinese hegemony was not unopposed at its periphery. ]'s military success was, in part, a consequence of changes he initiated in the Chinese army, including improved weaponry. The emperor placed a new emphasis on cavalry, which was very important because his non-Chinese opponents used the horse effectively in warfare.<ref>Latourette, Kenneth Scott. (1965). </ref> '''Inner Asia during the Tang Dynasty''' was characterized by serial wars of expansion against the Gokturk Empires and Xueyantuo. In the 7th to 8th centuries, the ] expanded across large areas of the steppes of Central Asia; and for more than a century, the Tang retained control of large parts of Central Asia. This Chinese hegemony was not unopposed at its periphery. ]'s military success was, in part, a consequence of changes he initiated in the Chinese army, including improved weaponry. The emperor placed a new emphasis on cavalry, which was very important because his non-Chinese opponents used the horse effectively in warfare.<ref>Latourette, Kenneth Scott. (1965). </ref>


⚫ ==Tang Conquest of the Eastern Gokturks==
In the 7th to 8th centuries, the ] Chinese expanded across large areas of the steppes of Central Asia; and for more than a century, the Tang retained control of Central Asia and eastern part of modern Mongolia and parts of Inner Asia.<ref>] (LOC):: </ref> This Chinese hegemony was not unopposed at its periphery. ]'s military success was, in part, a consequence of changes he initiated in the Chinese army, including improved weaponry. The emperor placed a new emphasis on cavalry, which was very important because his non-Chinese opponents used the horse effectively in warfare.<ref>Latourette, Kenneth Scott. (1965). </ref>


The Eastern Gokturks were the primary threat to the Tang dynasty.{{dubious}}
In serial wars of expansion, the Chinese confronted the ] and ].{{needs citation}}


From 604 to 626, the Eastern Gokturks made over eighty incursions into China.{{dubious}}
The Khitan in the eastern Mongolia and southern Manchuria made their submission to the Chinese in 630.<ref>Latourette, Kenneth Scott. (1934). </ref> In the recurrent process of sinicization, Khitan chieftains established themselves as emperors of northern China; their rule was known as the ] (916-1125)<ref>LOC: </ref> in eastern Mongolia, Manchuria, and northern China.<ref>LOC: </ref>


Following Liang Shidu's defeat and death, the Tang dynasty prepared to march against the Eastern Gokturks.{{dubious}}
The Khitan were a semi-nomadic mongol people.<ref>] (LOC):: </ref>


In 630, the Tang army marched against the Gokturks and defeated them in Southern Mongolia, sending them to flight.{{dubious}}
The ], a mongolian people, speake the ], which is classified as mongolian.<ref></ref> They are descendants of the Khitan people.<ref>http://china.org.cn/english/2001/Aug/16896.htm</ref>


However, the real victory came when Li Jin, regarded as one of China's best generals, surprised the Eastern Gokturk Khan with a fast force of 3,000 Cavalry at the battle of Ying shan, which also involved a rear guard of over 100,000 Tang troops.{{dubious}}
In the 7th to 8th centuries, the ] Chinese expanded across large areas of the steppes of Central Asia; and for more than a century, the Tang retained control of Central Asia and eastern part of modern Mongolia and parts of Inner Asia.<ref>] (LOC):: </ref> This Chinese hegemony was not unopposed at its periphery. ]'s military success was, in part, a consequence of changes he initiated in the Chinese army, including improved weaponry. The emperor placed a new emphasis on cavalry, which was very important because his non-Chinese opponents used the horse effectively in warfare.<ref>Latourette, Kenneth Scott. (1965). </ref>


⚫ This battle destroyed the Gokturk army and capturing the Khan and over 120,000 Gokturks<ref>Li Bo, Zheng Yin, "5000 years of Chinese history", Inner Mongolian People's publishing corp , ISBN 7-204-04420-7, 2001. </ref>.{{dubious}}
In serial wars of expansion, the Chinese confronted the ] and ].{{needs citation}}


Thus ended the Eastern Gokturk Empire.{{dubious}}
The Khitan in the eastern Mongolia and southern Manchuria made their submission to the Chinese in 630.<ref>Latourette, Kenneth Scott. (1934). </ref> In the recurrent process of sinicization, Khitan chieftains established themselves as emperors of northern China; their rule was known as the ] (916-1125)<ref>LOC: </ref> in eastern Mongolia, Manchuria, and northern China.<ref>LOC: </ref>

⚫ ==Tang Conquest of the Eastern Gokturks==

The Eastern Gokturks were the primary threat to the Tang dynasty.<ref>Li Bo, Zheng Yin, "5000 years of Chinese history", Inner Mongolian People's publishing corp , ISBN 7-204-04420-7, 2001, page 764-765. </ref>.Following Liang Shidu's defeat and death, the Tang dynasty prepared to march against the Eastern Gokturks.<ref>Li Bo, Zheng Yin, "5000 years of Chinese history", Inner Mongolian People's publishing corp , ISBN 7-204-04420-7, 2001, page 766. </ref>. In 630, the Tang army marched against the Gokturks and defeated them in Southern Mongolia, sending them to flight.<ref>Li Bo, Zheng Yin, "5000 years of Chinese history", Inner Mongolian People's publishing corp , ISBN 7-204-04420-7, 2001, page 765. </ref>. However, the real victory came when Li Jin, regarded as one of China's best generals, surprised the Eastern Gokturk Khan with a fast force of 3,000 Cavalry at the battle of Ying shan, which also involved a rear guard of over 100,000 Tang troops.<ref>Li Bo, Zheng Yin, "5000 years of Chinese history", Inner Mongolian People's publishing corp , ISBN 7-204-04420-7, 2001, page 765. </ref>. This battle destroyed the Gokturk army and capturing the Khan and over 120,000 Gokturks<ref>Li Bo, Zheng Yin, "5000 years of Chinese history", Inner Mongolian People's publishing corp , ISBN 7-204-04420-7, 2001, page 766. </ref>.Thus ended the Eastern Gokturk Empire.<ref>Li Bo, Zheng Yin, "5000 years of Chinese history", Inner Mongolian People's publishing corp , ISBN 7-204-04420-7, 2001, page 765. </ref>.


==Tang conquest of Xueyantuo== ==Tang conquest of Xueyantuo==


Xueyantuo had helped Tang armies defeat the Eastern Gokturks, but after the demise of the Eastern Gokturks, Xueyantuo-Tang relations turned hostile because Xueyantuo kept on making attacks on Gokturks who were now Tang subjects.<ref>Bo Yang, Outlines of the History of the Chinese (中國人史綱), vol. 2, p. 512. </ref> Xueyantuo had helped Tang armies defeat the Eastern Gokturks, but after the demise of the Eastern Gokturks, Xueyantuo-Tang relations turned hostile because Xueyantuo kept on making attacks on Gokturks who were now Tang subjects.{{dubious}}

In 642, Taizong sent an army to attack Xueyantuo and destroyed it<ref>Li Bo, Zheng Yin, "5000 years of Chinese history", Inner Mongolian People's publishing corp , page 766, ISBN 7-204-04420-7, 2001. </ref>.<ref>Bo Yang, Outlines of the History of the Chinese (中國人史綱), vol. 2, p. 512. </ref>

==Tang Conquest of the Western Gokturks==

⚫ The Western Gokturks were not an initial threat to the Tang, so initially relations were peaceful<ref>Li Bo, Zheng Yin, "5000 years of Chinese history", Inner Mongolian People's publishing corp , ISBN 7-204-04420-7, 2001, page 767. </ref>.

However, Civil war and dispute in the Western Gokturks gave the Tang the oppurtunity to expand into Central Asia.<ref>Li Bo, Zheng Yin, "5000 years of Chinese history", Inner Mongolian People's publishing corp , ISBN 7-204-04420-7, 2001, page 767. </ref>.From 642 to 645, the Tang army defeated the Western Gokturks and drove them out of Dzungaria.<ref>Li Bo, Zheng Yin, "5000 years of Chinese history", Inner Mongolian People's publishing corp , ISBN 7-204-04420-7, 2001, page 767. </ref>.


In 657, the Tang defeated the last Western Gokturk Khan and took over all Western Gokturk terroritory.<ref>Li Bo, Zheng Yin, "5000 years of Chinese history", Inner Mongolian People's publishing corp , ISBN 7-204-04420-7, 2001, page 767. </ref>.By this time, the Tang Empire extended from the caspian to the pacific<ref>Li Bo, Zheng Yin, "5000 years of Chinese history", Inner Mongolian People's publishing corp , ISBN 7-204-04420-7, 2001, page 767. </ref>. In 642, Taizong sent an army to attack Xueyantuo and destroyed it<ref>Li Bo, Zheng Yin, "5000 years of Chinese history", Inner Mongolian People's publishing corp , ISBN 7-204-04420-7, 2001. </ref>.{{dubious}}


==See also== ==See also==
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==References== ==References==
* ], John King, Herbert Franke and Denis Twitchett. (1994). Cambridge: ]. * ], John King, Herbert Franke and Denis Twitchett. (1994). Cambridge: ].
* ], Kenneth Scott. (1934). New York: ]. * ], Kenneth Scott. (1934). New York: ].
*Li Bo, Zheng Yin, "5000 years of Chinese history", Inner Mongolian People's publishing corp , ISBN 7-204-04420-7, 2001. *Li Bo, Zheng Yin, "5000 years of Chinese history", Inner Mongolian People's publishing corp , ISBN 7-204-04420-7, 2001.


Revision as of 19:25, 15 March 2009

It has been suggested that this article be merged into Tang Dynasty and Talk:Tang Dynasty#Merger proposal. (Discuss) Proposed since March 2009.
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Inner Asia during the Tang Dynasty was characterized by serial wars of expansion against the Gokturk Empires and Xueyantuo. In the 7th to 8th centuries, the Tang Dynasty expanded across large areas of the steppes of Central Asia; and for more than a century, the Tang retained control of large parts of Central Asia. This Chinese hegemony was not unopposed at its periphery. Emperor Taizong's military success was, in part, a consequence of changes he initiated in the Chinese army, including improved weaponry. The emperor placed a new emphasis on cavalry, which was very important because his non-Chinese opponents used the horse effectively in warfare.

Tang Conquest of the Eastern Gokturks

The Eastern Gokturks were the primary threat to the Tang dynasty.

From 604 to 626, the Eastern Gokturks made over eighty incursions into China.

Following Liang Shidu's defeat and death, the Tang dynasty prepared to march against the Eastern Gokturks.

In 630, the Tang army marched against the Gokturks and defeated them in Southern Mongolia, sending them to flight.

However, the real victory came when Li Jin, regarded as one of China's best generals, surprised the Eastern Gokturk Khan with a fast force of 3,000 Cavalry at the battle of Ying shan, which also involved a rear guard of over 100,000 Tang troops.

This battle destroyed the Gokturk army and capturing the Khan and over 120,000 Gokturks.

Thus ended the Eastern Gokturk Empire.

Tang conquest of Xueyantuo

Xueyantuo had helped Tang armies defeat the Eastern Gokturks, but after the demise of the Eastern Gokturks, Xueyantuo-Tang relations turned hostile because Xueyantuo kept on making attacks on Gokturks who were now Tang subjects.

In 642, Taizong sent an army to attack Xueyantuo and destroyed it.

See also

Notes

  1. Latourette, Kenneth Scott. (1965). The Chinese: Their History and Culture, p. 144.
  2. Li Bo, Zheng Yin, "5000 years of Chinese history", Inner Mongolian People's publishing corp , ISBN 7-204-04420-7, 2001.
  3. Li Bo, Zheng Yin, "5000 years of Chinese history", Inner Mongolian People's publishing corp , ISBN 7-204-04420-7, 2001.

References

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