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| '''Vajrayāna Buddhism''', also known as '''Tantric Buddhism''' and '''Esoteric Buddhism''', is often viewed as the third major school of ], alongside the ] and ] schools. This classification is useful when talking about schools by geographic areas. Others classify Vajrayana as a subset of Mahayana Buddhism, a |
'''Vajrayāna Buddhism''', also known as '''Tantric Buddhism''' and '''Esoteric Buddhism''', is often viewed as the third major school of ], alongside the ] and ] schools. This classification is useful when talking about schools by geographic areas. Others classify Vajrayana as a subset of Mahayana Buddhism, a useful scheme when studying the actual practices of the schools. Vajrayana Buddhists themselves often classify their school as the culmination of a the evolution of Buddhist theory which they enumerate as: ], Mahayana, Vajrayana (see ]). None of these classification schemes are particularly inconsistent with the others when the context is understood. | ||
| Vajrayana exists today in the form of two major sub-schools |
Vajrayana exists today in the form of two major sub-schools: | ||
| *], found in ], ], northern ], ], southwestern ], and ] | *], found in ], ], northern ], ], southwestern ], and ] | ||
| *], found in ] | *], found in ] | ||
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| == What is Vajrayana? A faster path to enlightenment == | == What is Vajrayana? A faster path to enlightenment == | ||
| The key advantage Vajrayana Buddhism claims to |
The key advantage Vajrayana Buddhism claims to provide is '''an accelerated path to ]'''. This is achieved through use of ], which are practical aids to spiritual development, and esoteric transmission (explained below). Whereas earlier schools might provide ways to achieve ] over the course of many lifetimes, Vajrayana techniques make this possible in a much shorter timeframe, perhaps as quickly as a single lifetime. Vajrayana Buddhists do not claim that Theravada or Mahayana practices are invalid or misdirected, only that they are slower paths to the goal. | ||
| === First speed-up technique: Tantra === | === First speed-up technique: Tantra === | ||
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| Vajrayana relies on various tantric techniques rooted in scriptures known as ]s, written in ]. Tantric techniques include: | Vajrayana relies on various tantric techniques rooted in scriptures known as ]s, written in ]. Tantric techniques include: | ||
| *repetition of special ritual phrases (]s), | *repetition of special ritual phrases (]s), | ||
| *use of various ] techniques including breath control (]) and the use of special hand positions (]s) | *use of various ] techniques, including breath control (]) and the use of special hand positions (]s) | ||
| * |
*use of an extensive vocabulary of visual aids, such as cosmic ] diagrams which teach and map pathways to spiritual enlightenment | ||
| *the use of sacred objects such as relics, ] scepters , sacred bells (]), and spirit daggers (]) | *the use of sacred objects such as relics, ] scepters , sacred bells (]), and spirit daggers (]) | ||
| *use of specialized rituals rooted in the Vajrayana belief system | *use of specialized rituals rooted in the Vajrayana belief system | ||
| As a side note, the sensational techniques of ] are not widely attested by outside observers of Vajrayana, nor reported by practitioners. Thus we must conclude they are not an element of Vajrayana. Sexual symbolism, however, is indeed common in Vajrayana ] where it often represents the marrying of ] and ]. | |||
| It is from the |
It is from the tantra that Vajrayana Buddhism gets the alternative names of '''Mantrayana''' and '''Tantrayana'''. The word "Vajrayana" itself comes from ''vajra'', a ] word which can mean "diamond" or "thunderbolt" and which also has the connotation of "reality". The vajra (or ''dorje'' in Tibetan) is an important ritual object held by a ] to sybolize the power of the ], or teaching. This gives rise to two more names for Vajrayana Buddhism: '''Diamond Vehicle''', and '''Adamantine Vehicle''' (''adamantine'' means "diamond-like"). | ||
| === Second speed-up technique: Esoteric Transmission === | === Second speed-up technique: Esoteric Transmission === | ||
| The other conspicuous aspect of Vajrayana Buddhism is that it is ]. In this context esoteric means that the '''transmission of certain accelerating factors only occurs directly from teacher to student''' and cannot be learned from a book. Many techniques are also commonly said to be secret, but |
The other conspicuous aspect of Vajrayana Buddhism is that it is ]. In this context esoteric means that the '''transmission of certain accelerating factors only occurs directly from teacher to student''' and cannot be learned from a book. Many techniques are also commonly said to be secret, but some Vajrayana teachers have responded that the secrecy itself is not important but only a side-effect of the practical fact that it senseless to attempt the techniques outside the context of a teacher-student lineage, so why discuss them? The esoteric aspects of Vajrayana Buddhism result in several more names for the school: '''Secret Buddhism''', '''Esoteric Mahayana''', and '''Esoteric Buddhism''' (the most common name in Japan). | ||
| The esoteric transmission framework can take varying forms. The ] school of ] uses a method called ]. Other Tibetan Buddhist schools and the ] school in Japan use an alternative method called ]. | The esoteric transmission framework can take varying forms. The ] school of ] uses a method called ]. Other Tibetan Buddhist schools and the ] school in Japan use an alternative method called ]. | ||
| == Vajrayana is part of Mahayana == | == Vajrayana is part of Mahayana == | ||
| While tantra and esoterism distinguish Vajrayana Buddhism, it is nonetheless primarily a form of ]. |
While tantra and esoterism distinguish Vajrayana Buddhism, it is nonetheless primarily a form of ]. ] important to Mahayana are generally important to Vajrayana, although Vajrayana adds some of their own (see ], ], ]). The importance of ]s and and a pantheon of deities in Mahayana carries over to Vajrayana, as well as the perspective that Buddhism is not just for monks but for laity too. Vajrayana amplifies certain apsects found only weakly in Mahayana, such as the use of the fearsome and macabre to frighten the uninitiated and convey important principles to the initiates. | ||
| == History of Vajrayana == | == History of Vajrayana == | ||
| === India === | === India === | ||
| Vajrayana/Tantric Buddhism began in southern ] in the early ], developing alongside Tantric ]. |
Vajrayana/Tantric Buddhism began in southern ] in the early ], developing alongside Tantric ]. ] in northern India became a center for development of Vajrayana theory, although it is likely that university followed, rather than lead, Indian folk practices that contributed to tantrism. India would continue as the source of leading-edge Vajrayana practices for several centuries. | ||
| Vajrayana Buddhism mostly died out in ] by the ], its practices merging with Tantric Hinduism, and both tantric religions experiencing pressure from the rising importance of ] |
Vajrayana Buddhism had mostly died out in ] by the ], its practices merging with Tantric Hinduism, and both tantric religions experiencing pressure from the rising importance of ]. | ||
| In the second half of the ] a sizeable number of Tibetan exiles fled the Communist Chinese to establish Tibetan Buddhist communities in northern India, particularly around ]. They remain the primary practitioners of Tantric Buddhism in India. | In the second half of the ] a sizeable number of Tibetan exiles fled the ] to establish Tibetan Buddhist communities in northern India, particularly around ]. They remain the primary practitioners of Tantric Buddhism in India. | ||
| === China === | === China === | ||
| Vajrayana followed the same route into northern ] as ] itself, arriving from India via the ] some time during the first half of the ]. |
Vajrayana followed the same route into northern ] as ] itself, arriving from India via the ] some time during the first half of the ]. It arrived just as Buddhism was reaching its zenith in China, receiving sanction from the emperors of the ]. The Tang capital at ] (modern-day ]) became an important center for Buddhist studies, and the latest Vajrayana ideas from India no doubt received great attention as monks returned to the capital after pilgrimmages to India (see ], '']''). | ||
| === Tibet and other Himalayan kingdoms === | === Tibet and other Himalayan kingdoms === | ||
| In ] the Indian saint ] traveled from ] to bring Vajrayana Buddhism to ] and ], at the request of |
In ] the Indian saint ] traveled from ] to bring Vajrayana Buddhism to ] and ], at the request of the king of Tibet. This was the original transmission which anchors the lineage of the ] school. During the ] and early ] a second important transmission occurred with the lineage of ], ], ], ], and ] giving rise to the other schools of ], namely ], ], ], and ] (the school of the ]). | ||
| === Japan === | === Japan === | ||
| In ], the ] sent the intrepid monk ] to the Tang capital at Chang'an to |
In ], the ] sent the intrepid monk ] to the Tang capital at Chang'an to retrieve the latest Buddhist knowledge. Kukai absorbed the Vajrayana thinking and synthesized a version which he took back with him to Japan, where he founded the important ] school of Buddhism, a school which continues to this day. | ||
| === Java === | === Java === | ||
| In the late ], Indian models of Vajrayana traveled directly to the ] island of ] where the huge temple complex at ] was soon built. Vajrayana Buddhism would survive in Indonesia and ] until eclipsed by ] in the ]. | |||
| === Mongolia === | === Mongolia === | ||
| ⚫ | In the ], long after the original wave of Vajrayana Buddhism had died out in China itself, the Tibetan lama ] visited ], the emperor of ] |
||
| ⚫ | In the ], long after the original wave of Vajrayana Buddhism had died out in China itself, the Tibetan lama ] visited ], the emperor of ] (who also hosted ] at the same time). In a competition between ], ], and Buddhists held before the royal court, the Khan found ] the to be the most satisfactory and adopted it as his personal religion, although not requiring it of his subjects. Since Kublai Khan had just conquered China (establishing the ]), with his adoption of the faith he led the way for the revival of Vajrayana Buddhism in China. | ||
| ⚫ | Vajrayana would decline in China and Mongolia with the fall of the Yuan Dynasty, replaced by ], ], and ] Buddhism. However, Mongolia would see another revivial of Vajrayana in the ], with the establishment of ties between the ] in Tibet and the remnants of the ]. This revived the historic pattern of the spiritual leaders of Tibet acting as priests to the rulers of the Mongol empire. | ||
| ⚫ | Vajrayana would decline in China and Mongolia with the fall of the Yuan Dynasty, replaced by ], ], and ] Buddhism. However, Mongolia would see yet another revivial of Vajrayana in the ], with the establishment of ties between the ] in Tibet and the remnants of the ]. This revived the historic pattern of the spiritual leaders of Tibet acting as priests to the rulers of the Mongol empire. Tibetan Buddhism is still practiced as a folk religion in Mongolia despite more than 80 years of state-sponsored communism. | ||
Revision as of 03:59, 23 March 2004
Vajrayāna Buddhism, also known as Tantric Buddhism and Esoteric Buddhism, is often viewed as the third major school of Buddhism, alongside the Theravada and Mahayana schools. This classification is useful when talking about schools by geographic areas. Others classify Vajrayana as a subset of Mahayana Buddhism, a useful scheme when studying the actual practices of the schools. Vajrayana Buddhists themselves often classify their school as the culmination of a the evolution of Buddhist theory which they enumerate as: Hinayana, Mahayana, Vajrayana (see dharma wheel). None of these classification schemes are particularly inconsistent with the others when the context is understood.
Vajrayana exists today in the form of two major sub-schools:
- Tibetan Buddhism, found in Tibet, Bhutan, northern India, Nepal, southwestern China, and Mongolia
- Shingon Buddhism, found in Japan
What is Vajrayana? A faster path to enlightenment
The key advantage Vajrayana Buddhism claims to provide is an accelerated path to enlightenment. This is achieved through use of tantra, which are practical aids to spiritual development, and esoteric transmission (explained below). Whereas earlier schools might provide ways to achieve nirvana over the course of many lifetimes, Vajrayana techniques make this possible in a much shorter timeframe, perhaps as quickly as a single lifetime. Vajrayana Buddhists do not claim that Theravada or Mahayana practices are invalid or misdirected, only that they are slower paths to the goal.
First speed-up technique: Tantra
Vajrayana relies on various tantric techniques rooted in scriptures known as tantras, written in India. Tantric techniques include:
- repetition of special ritual phrases (mantras),
- use of various yoga techniques, including breath control (yantra) and the use of special hand positions (mudras)
- use of an extensive vocabulary of visual aids, such as cosmic mandala diagrams which teach and map pathways to spiritual enlightenment
- the use of sacred objects such as relics, vajra scepters , sacred bells (drillhu), and spirit daggers (phurpa)
- use of specialized rituals rooted in the Vajrayana belief system
As a side note, the sensational techniques of tantric sex are not widely attested by outside observers of Vajrayana, nor reported by practitioners. Thus we must conclude they are not an element of Vajrayana. Sexual symbolism, however, is indeed common in Vajrayana iconography where it often represents the marrying of wisdom and compassion.
It is from the tantra that Vajrayana Buddhism gets the alternative names of Mantrayana and Tantrayana. The word "Vajrayana" itself comes from vajra, a Sanskrit word which can mean "diamond" or "thunderbolt" and which also has the connotation of "reality". The vajra (or dorje in Tibetan) is an important ritual object held by a lama to sybolize the power of the dharma, or teaching. This gives rise to two more names for Vajrayana Buddhism: Diamond Vehicle, and Adamantine Vehicle (adamantine means "diamond-like").
Second speed-up technique: Esoteric Transmission
The other conspicuous aspect of Vajrayana Buddhism is that it is esoteric. In this context esoteric means that the transmission of certain accelerating factors only occurs directly from teacher to student and cannot be learned from a book. Many techniques are also commonly said to be secret, but some Vajrayana teachers have responded that the secrecy itself is not important but only a side-effect of the practical fact that it senseless to attempt the techniques outside the context of a teacher-student lineage, so why discuss them? The esoteric aspects of Vajrayana Buddhism result in several more names for the school: Secret Buddhism, Esoteric Mahayana, and Esoteric Buddhism (the most common name in Japan).
The esoteric transmission framework can take varying forms. The Nyingma school of Tibetan Buddhism uses a method called dzogchen. Other Tibetan Buddhist schools and the Shingon school in Japan use an alternative method called mahamudra.
Vajrayana is part of Mahayana
While tantra and esoterism distinguish Vajrayana Buddhism, it is nonetheless primarily a form of Mahayana Buddhism. Sutras important to Mahayana are generally important to Vajrayana, although Vajrayana adds some of their own (see Buddhist texts, list of sutras, Tibetan Buddhist canon). The importance of bodhisattvas and and a pantheon of deities in Mahayana carries over to Vajrayana, as well as the perspective that Buddhism is not just for monks but for laity too. Vajrayana amplifies certain apsects found only weakly in Mahayana, such as the use of the fearsome and macabre to frighten the uninitiated and convey important principles to the initiates.
History of Vajrayana
India
Vajrayana/Tantric Buddhism began in southern India in the early 4th century, developing alongside Tantric Hinduism. Nalanda University in northern India became a center for development of Vajrayana theory, although it is likely that university followed, rather than lead, Indian folk practices that contributed to tantrism. India would continue as the source of leading-edge Vajrayana practices for several centuries.
Vajrayana Buddhism had mostly died out in India by the 13th century, its practices merging with Tantric Hinduism, and both tantric religions experiencing pressure from the rising importance of Islam.
In the second half of the 20th century a sizeable number of Tibetan exiles fled the Communist Chinese to establish Tibetan Buddhist communities in northern India, particularly around Dharamsala. They remain the primary practitioners of Tantric Buddhism in India.
China
Vajrayana followed the same route into northern China as Buddhism itself, arriving from India via the Silk Road some time during the first half of the 7th century. It arrived just as Buddhism was reaching its zenith in China, receiving sanction from the emperors of the Tang Dynasty. The Tang capital at Chang'an (modern-day Xian) became an important center for Buddhist studies, and the latest Vajrayana ideas from India no doubt received great attention as monks returned to the capital after pilgrimmages to India (see Buddhism in China, Journey to the West).
Tibet and other Himalayan kingdoms
In 747 the Indian saint Padmasambhava traveled from Afghanistan to bring Vajrayana Buddhism to Tibet and Bhutan, at the request of the king of Tibet. This was the original transmission which anchors the lineage of the Nyingma school. During the 11th century and early 12th century a second important transmission occurred with the lineage of Tilopa, Naropa, Marpa, Milarepa, and Gampopa giving rise to the other schools of Tibetan Buddhism, namely Kagyupa, Kadampa, Sakyapa, and Gelukpa (the school of the Dalai Lama).
Japan
In 804, the Emperor Kammu of Japan sent the intrepid monk Kukai to the Tang capital at Chang'an to retrieve the latest Buddhist knowledge. Kukai absorbed the Vajrayana thinking and synthesized a version which he took back with him to Japan, where he founded the important Shingon school of Buddhism, a school which continues to this day.
Java
In the late 8th century, Indian models of Vajrayana traveled directly to the Indonesian island of Java where the huge temple complex at Borobudur was soon built. Vajrayana Buddhism would survive in Indonesia and Malaysia until eclipsed by Islam in the 13th century.
Mongolia
In the 13th century, long after the original wave of Vajrayana Buddhism had died out in China itself, the Tibetan lama Sakya Pakpa visited Kublai Khan, the emperor of Mongolia (who also hosted Marco Polo at the same time). In a competition between Christians, Moslems, and Buddhists held before the royal court, the Khan found Tibetan Buddhism the to be the most satisfactory and adopted it as his personal religion, although not requiring it of his subjects. Since Kublai Khan had just conquered China (establishing the Yuan Dynasty), with his adoption of the faith he led the way for the revival of Vajrayana Buddhism in China.
Vajrayana would decline in China and Mongolia with the fall of the Yuan Dynasty, replaced by Daoism, Confucianism, and Pure Land Buddhism. However, Mongolia would see yet another revivial of Vajrayana in the 17th century, with the establishment of ties between the Dalai Lama in Tibet and the remnants of the Mongol Empire. This revived the historic pattern of the spiritual leaders of Tibet acting as priests to the rulers of the Mongol empire. Tibetan Buddhism is still practiced as a folk religion in Mongolia despite more than 80 years of state-sponsored communism.