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The 18th century lasted from 1701 to 1800 in the Gregorian calendar , in accordance with the Anno Domini /Common Era numbering system.
However, historians sometimes specifically define the 18th century otherwise for the purposes of their work. For example, the "short" 18th century may be defined as 1715 -1789 , denoting the period of time between the death of Louis XIV of France and the start of the French Revolution with an emphasis on directly interconnected events. To historians who expand the century to include larger historical movements, the "long" 18th century may run from the Glorious Revolution of 1688 to the battle of Waterloo in 1815 or even later.
Storming of the Bastille, July 14 , 1789 , an iconic event of the French Revolution Washington crossing the Delaware, Dec. 25 , 1776 , an iconic event of the American Revolution Events
Peter the Great in the Battle of Poltava File:Europa 1700 en.jpg Europe on the eve of the War of the Spanish Succession (1700) John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough , English general.Tokugawa Yoshimune , Shogun of Japan.Qianlong Emperor Frederick II the Great , King of Prussia.The extinction of the Scottish clan system came with the defeat of the clansmen at the Battle of Culloden in 1746. The Death of General Wolfe George III , King of Great Britain.Rejtan and the Partitions of Poland George Washington Napoleon at the Bridge of the Arcole File:New ross.gif The Battle of New Ross took place in Ireland , during the Irish Rebellion of 1798 . Kamehameha I , King of the Hawaiian Islands Significant people
World leaders, politicians, military
See also: Founding Fathers of the United States
Ahmed III Queen Anne Marie Antoinette , Queen of France and Archduchess of Austria Benjamin Franklin Louis XVI Peter the Great Paul Revere Yeongjo , King of the Joseon Dynasty in Korea.John Adams , American statesmanSamuel Adams , American statesmanAhmad Shah Abdali , Afghan KingAhmed III , Sultan of the Ottoman EmpireHyder Ali , Ruler of Mysore Ethan Allen , American Revolutionary ArmyAnne , Queen of Great BritainMarie Antoinette , Austrian-born Queen of FranceAugustus III , Elector of Saxony, King of Poland, and Grand Duke of LithuaniaAurangzeb , Mughal EmperorBoromakot , King of Ayutthaya Boromaracha V , King of Ayutthaya William Cavendish , Anglo-Irish politicianJohn Carteret , Anglo-Irish politicianCatherine the Great , Tsaritsa of RussiaCharles III , King of Spain, Naples, and SicilyCharles VI , Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, King of Bohemia and HungaryCharles XII , King of Sweden, the Goths and the Wends;Charlotte Corday , French revolutionaryGeorges Danton , French revolutionary leaderFarrukhsiyar , Emperor of Mughal Ferdinand I , King of Naples, Sicily, and the Two Sicilies Benjamin Franklin , American leader, scientist and statesmanJuan Franscisco , Spanish naval officer and explorerAdolf Frederick , King of Sweden, the Goths and the WendsFrederick the Great , King of PrussiaGeorge I , King of Great Britain and IrelandGeorge II , King of Great Britain and IrelandGeorge III , King of Great Britain and IrelandRobert Gray , American revolutionary, merchant, and explorerGustav III , King of Sweden, the Goths and the WendsGyeongjong , King of Joseon DynastyAbdul Hamid I , Sultan of Ottoman EmpireAlexander Hamilton , American statesmanPatrick Henry , American statesmanEmperor Higashiyama , Emperor of JapanJohn Jay , American statesmanThomas Jefferson , American statesmanJeongjo , King of Joseon DynastyJohn Paul Jones , American naval commanderJoseph I , King of PortugalJoseph II , Austrian EmperorKangxi Emperor , Chinese EmperorKarim Khan , Shah of Iran and King of PersiaMarquis de Lafayette , Continental Army officerLouis XIV , King of FranceLouis XV , King of FranceLouis XVI , King of FranceLouis XVII , imprisoned King of France, never ruledJames Madison , American statesmanMadhavrao I , Peshwa/Prime Minister of Maratha EmpireMadhavrao I Scindia , Marathan leaderMahmud I , Sultan of Ottoman EmpireAlessandro Malaspina , Spanish explorerGeorge Mason , American statesmanMichikinikwa , Miami chief and warriorJosé Moñino y Redondo , Spanish statesmanLouis-Joseph de Montcalm , French officerMustafa III , Sultan of Ottoman EmpireNadir Shah , King of PersiaNakamikado , Emperor of JapanHoratio Nelson , British admiralNanasaheb , Peshwa/Prime Minister of Maratha EmpireShivappa Nayaka , King of Keladi NayakaOsman III , Sultan of Ottaman EmpirePeter I (Peter the Great ), Tsar of RussianPhilip V , King of SpainPontiac , Ottawa chief and warriorQianlong , Emperor of ChinaRajaram II of Satara , Monarch of the Maratha Confederacy Francis II Rákóczi , Prince of Hungary and Transylvania, revolutionary leaderTadeusz Rejtan , Polish politicianPaul Revere , American revolutionary leader and silversmithMaximilien Robespierre , French revolutionary leaderBetsy Ross , American flag makerShah Rukh of Persia , King of Persia.John Russell , Anglo-Irish politicianLionel Sackville , Anglo-Irish politicianSebastião de Melo , Prime Minister of PortugalChattrapati Shahu , Emperor of Maratha Empire Selim III , Sultan of Ottoman EmpireCharles Edward Stuart , English Jacobite exileSukjong , King of Joseon DynastyAlexander Suvorov , Russian military leaderMaria Theresa , Austrian EmpressTokugawa Ieharu , Japanese ShogunTokugawa Ienobu , Japanese ShogunTokugawa Ieshige , Japanese ShogunTokugawa Ietsugu , Japanese ShogunTokugawa Tsunayoshi , Japanese ShogunTokugawa Yoshimune , Japanese ShogunToussaint L'Ouverture , Haitian revolutionary leaderTúpac Amaru II , Peruvian revolutionaryGeorge Vancouver , British Captain and explorerRobert Walpole , Prime Minister of Great BritainGeorge Washington , American general and first President of the United StatesJames Wolfe , British officerYeongjo , King of Joseon DynastyShow business, theatre, entertainers
See also: Theatre Royal, Drury Lane ; Haymarket Theatre ; and Sichuan opera
David Garrick Barton Booth , actorColley Cibber , actor, poet, playwrightThomas Doggett , actorDavid Garrick , actorJohn Gay , English dramatist and poetCharles Johnson , English playwrightCharles Macklin , actorChikamatsu Monzaemon , Japanese dramatist, playwrightJohn O'Keeffee , Irish playwrightAnne Oldfield , English actressHannah Pritchard , English actressHester Santlow , English actress, ballerina, dancerKong Shangren , Chinese dramatist, poetRichard Brinsley Sheridan , Irish playwrightJohn Small , English cricketerEdward "Lumpy" Stevens , English cricketerRobert Wilks , English actorWang Yun , Chinese playwright, poetMusicians, composers
Main articles: List of Classical era composers and List of Baroque composers
Johann Sebastian Bach Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart Tomaso Albinoni , Italian composerSamuel Arnold , English composer and musicianNidhu Babu , Indian and Bengali musician and composerJohann Sebastian Bach , German composerCharles Burney , English musician and music historianFrançois Couperin , French composerWilliam Cowper , English hymnist and poetDede Efendi , Turkish/Ottoman composerChristoph Willibald Gluck , German composerFrancesco Geminiani , Italian violinist, composer, and music theorist.George Frideric Handel , German-English composerJoseph Haydn , Austrian composerHampartsoum Limondjian , Armenian/Ottoman composerKali Mirza , Bengali composerLeopold Mozart , Austrian composerWolfgang Amadeus Mozart , Austrian composerJohann Pachelbel , German composer, teacherFrançois-André Danican Philidor , French composer and chess masterJean-Philippe Rameau , French composerBharatchandra Ray , Bengali composer, musician, and poetSadarang , Hindustani composerDomenico Scarlatti , Italian composer.Antonio Stradivari , Italian violin makerAntonio Vivaldi , Italian composerIsaac Watts , English hymnistVisual artists, painters, sculptors, printmakers
Main articles: History of painting , Rococo , and Neoclassicism
William Blake File:Jean-Baptiste-Siméon Chardin.jpg Jean-Baptiste-Siméon Chardin Michel Benoist , French painter, architect, missionary in ChinaWilliam Blake , English artist and poetEdmé Bouchardon , French sculptorFrançois Boucher , French painterGiuseppe Castiglione , Italian painter, architect, missionary in ChinaJean-Baptiste-Siméon Chardin , French painterJohn Singleton Copley , American painterJacques-Louis David , French painterÉtienne Maurice Falconet , French sculptorJean-Honoré Fragonard , French painterThomas Gainsborough , English painterFrancisco de Goya , Spanish painterJean-Baptiste Greuze , French painterSuzuki Harunobu , Japanese woodblock printerWilliam Hogarth , English painter and engraverJean-Baptiste Lemoyne , French sculptor, student of his fatherJean-Louis Lemoyne , French sculptorRobert Le Lorrain , French sculptorYuan Mei , Chinese painter, poet, essayistAntoine Ignace Melling , French-German painter, architectGai Qi , Chinese painter, poetBartolomeo Rastrelli , Italian-born Russian architectJoshua Reynolds , English painterGilbert Stuart , American painterNishikawa Sukenobu , Japanese printmaker, teacherGiovanni Battista Tiepolo , Venetian painterJiang Tingxi , Chinese artist and scholarKitagawa Utamaro , Japanese printmaker and painterAntoine Watteau , French painterWriters, poets
Samuel Johnson Alexander Pope Voltaire Mary Wollstonecraft Jane Austen , English writerPierre Beaumarchais , French writerNicolas Boileau-Despréaux , French poet and literary criticJames Boswell , Scottish biographerFrances Burney , English novelistRobert Burns , Scottish poetGiacomo Casanova , Venetian adventurer, writer and womanizerPierre Choderlos de Laclos , French writerDaniel Defoe , English novelist and journalistLiang Desheng , Chinese poet and writerMaria Edgeworth , Anglo-Irish novelistHenry Fielding , English novelistJohann Wolfgang von Goethe , German writerOliver Goldsmith , Anglo-Irish writer, poet, children's writer, and playwrightThomas Gray , English poet, scholar, and educatorEliza Haywood , English writerWu Jingzi , Chinese writerSamuel Johnson , British writer, lexicographer, poet, and literary criticJohn Keats , British poet/writerFerenc Kazinczy , Hungarian writerCharlotte Lennox , English novelist and poetMatthew Lewis , English novelist and playwrightSadhak Kamalakanta , Indian poetHenry Mackenzie , Scottish novelistJean-Paul Marat , French journalistGaspar Melchor de Jovellanos , Spanish writerYuan Mei , Chinese poet, scholar and artistHonoré Mirabeau , French writer and politicianJohn Newbery , English children's literature publisherAlexander Pope , English poetAnn Radcliffe , English novelistSamuel Richardson , English novelistLi Ruzhen , Chinese novelistMarquis de Sade , French writer and philosopherRamprasad Sen , Bengali poet and singerFriedrich Schiller , German writerWalter Scott , Scottish novelest and poetChristopher Smart , English poet and actorRobert Southey , English poet and biographerHester Thrale , English memoiristCharlotte Turner Smith , English writerPu Songling , Chinese short story writerLaurence Sterne , Anglo-Irish writerJonathan Swift , Anglo-Irish satirist and Church of Ireland Dean Ueda Akinari , Japanese writerVoltaire , French writer and philosopherHorace Walpole , English writer and politicianMary Wollstonecraft , British writer and feministCao Xueqin , Chinese writerPhilosophers, theologians
Denis Diderot Pius VI Emanuel Swedenborg Arai Hakuseki , Japanese scholar, writer and politicianBenedict XIII , Roman Catholic PopeBenedict XIV , Roman Catholic PopeJeremy Bentham , English philosopher and reformerGeorge Berkeley , Irish empiricist philosopherEdmund Burke , British statesman and philosopherClement XI , Roman Catholic PopeClement XII , Roman Catholic PopeClement XIII , Roman Catholic PopeClement XIV , Roman Catholic PopeFrederick Cornwallis , Archbishop of CanterburyErasmus Darwin , English philosopher, poet and scientistDenis Diderot , French writer and philosopherWilliam Godwin , English philosopher and novelistAaron Halle-Wolfssohn , German writer, Jewish theologian, translator, and professorJohann Gottfried Herder , German philosopher, writer, and criticThomas Herring , Archbishop of CanterburyDavid Hume , Scottish philosopherMatthew Hutton , Archbishop of CanterburyInnocent XIII , Roman Catholic PopeImmanuel Kant , German philosopherKamo no Mabuchi , Japanese philosopherWilliam Law , English theologianAlphonsus Liguori , Italian bishop, founder of Redemptorists, SaintMoses Mendelssohn , German philosopherCharles de Secondat (Montesquieu) , French thinkerJohn Moore , Archbishop of CanterburyMotoori Norinaga , Japanese philosopher and scholarThomas Paine , English philosopherElihu Palmer , American deistThomas Percy , English bishop and editorJoseph Perl , German writer, Jewish theologian, and educatorPius VI , Roman Catholic PopeJohn Potter , Archbishop of CanterburyJean-Jacques Rousseau , French writer and philosopherThomas Secker , Archbishop of CanterburySugita Genpaku , Japanese scholar and translatorEmanuel Swedenborg , Swedish scientist, thinker and mysticThomas Tenison , Archbishop of CanterburyChristian Thomasius , German philosopher and juristBaal Shem Tov , Ukrainian rabbiMuhammad ibn Abd al Wahhab , Arab Islamic theologian and founder of WahhabismWilliam Wake , Archbishop of CanterburyJohn Wesley , English theologian, founder of MethodismNikolaus Ludwig von Zinzendorf , German religious writer and bishopScientists, researchers
Edward Jenner James Watt Maria Gaetana Agnesi , Italian mathematicianJean le Rond d'Alembert , French mathematician, physicist and encyclopedistJoseph Banks , English botanistLaura Bassi , Italian scientist, the first European female college teacherDaniel Bernoulli , Swiss mathematician and physicistAnders Celsius , Swedish astronomerAlexis Clairault , French mathematicianJames Cook , English navigator, explorer and cartographerEugenio Espejo , Ecuadorian scientistLeonhard Euler , Swiss mathematicianDaniel Gabriel Fahrenheit , German physicist and engineerGeorge Fordyce , Scottish physician and chemistCarl Friedrich Gauss , German mathematician, physicist and astronomerEdward Gibbon , English historianEdward Jenner , English inventor of vaccinationWilliam Jones , English philologistJoseph Louis Lagrange , Italian-French mathematician and physicistPierre Simon Laplace , French physicist and mathematicianAntoine Lavoisier , French chemistJohn Law , Scottish economistPan Lei , Chinese scholar and mathematicianAdrien-Marie Legendre , French mathematicianCarolus Linnaeus (Carl von Linné ), Swedish biologistMikhail Lomonosov , Russian scientistEdmond Malone , Irish literary scholarThomas Malthus , English economistJoseph Priestley , dissenting minister and chemistJohn Smeaton , civil engineer and physicistAdam Smith , Scottish economist and philosopherAntonio de Ulloa , Spanish scientist and explorerJames Watt , Scottish scientist and inventorJohn Whitehurst , English geologistDai Zhen , Chinese mathematician, geographer, phonologist and philosopherInventions, discoveries, introductions
Main articles: Timeline of invention § 18th century , and Timeline_of_scientific_discoveries § 18th_century
The Spinning Jenny The Chinese Putuo Zongcheng Temple of Chengde , completed in 1771, during the reign of the Qianlong Emperor . Literary achievements
Jean-Jacques Rousseau References
Anderson, M. S. (1979). Historians and the Eighteenth-Century Europe, 1715–1789 . Oxford University Press. ISBN 0198225482 OCLC 185538307 .
Ribeiro, Aileen (2002). Dress in Eighteenth-Century Europe 1715-1789 (revised edition) . Yale University Press. ISBN 0300091516 OCLC 186413657 .
Marshall, P. J. (Editor) (2001). The Oxford History of the British Empire: Volume II: The Eighteenth Century (Oxford History of the British Empire) . Oxford University Press, USA. ISBN 0199246777 OCLC 174866045 . {{cite book }}: |author= has generic name (help ), "Introduction" by P. J. Marshall, page 1
O'Gorman, Frank (1997). The Long Eighteenth Century: British Political and Social History 1688-1832 (The Arnold History of Britain Series) . A Hodder Arnold Publication. ISBN 0340567511 OCLC 243883533 .
"War of the Spanish Succession, 1701-1714" . Historyofwar.org. Retrieved 2009-04-25.Historic uk - heritage of britain accommodation guide (2007-05-03). "The history of Scotland - The Act of Union 1707" . Historic-uk.com. Retrieved 2009-04-25.
"Welcome to Encyclopædia Britannica's Guide to History" . Britannica.com. 1910-01-31. Retrieved 2009-04-25."Usman dan Fodio (Fulani leader)" . Britannica.com. Retrieved 2009-04-25."List of Wars of the Crimean Tatars" . Zum.de. Retrieved 2009-04-25."Len Milich: Anthropogenic Desertification vs 'Natural' Climate Trends" . Ag.arizona.edu. 1997-08-10. Retrieved 2009-04-25."A guide to Scottish clans" . Unique-cottages.co.uk. Retrieved 2009-04-25."Saudi Arabia - The Saud Family and Wahhabi Islam" . Countrystudies.us. Retrieved 2009-04-25."Sufism in the Caucasus" . Islamicsupremecouncil.org. Retrieved 2009-04-25."Yellow Fever Attacks Philadelphia, 1793" . EyeWitness to History . Retrieved 2007-06-22.Riedel S (2005). "Edward Jenner and the history of smallpox and vaccination" . Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent) . 18 (1): 21–5. PMID 16200144 .
^ Porter, Roy (Editor) (2003). The Cambridge History of Science, Volume 4: The Eighteenth Century (The Cambridge History of Science) . Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521572436 OCLC 123123201 . {{cite book }}: |author= has generic name (help ), "The Philosopher's Beard: Women and Gender in Science" by Londra Schiebinger, pages 184-210
Encyclopædia Britannica's Great Inventions , Encyclopædia Britannica
Decades and years
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