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| The '''Sumerian language''' of ancient ] (or, more accurately, ''Shumer'') became extinct and was forgotten until the ]. It does not have any known affinities to other ]s (though many theories, linking it to ], ], ] and many other languages exist). This distinguishes it from other languages of the area such as ], ], which also comprises ] and ], and ], which are ]. | The '''Sumerian language''' of ancient ] (or, more accurately, ''Shumer'') became extinct and was forgotten until the ]. It does not have any known affinities to other ]s (though many theories, linking it to ], ], ] and many other languages exist). This distinguishes it from other languages of the area such as ], ], which also comprises ] and ], and ], which are ]. | ||
| Sumerian was the first known written language. The script, called ], meaning "wedge-shaped", was later also used for ]. It was even adapted to ] like ] (which also had a ], as did the ]) and ], though the latter merely used the same instruments, and the letter shapes were unrelated. | Sumerian was the first known written language. The script, called ], meaning "wedge-shaped", was later also used for ]. It was even adapted to ] like ] (which also had a ], as did the ]) and ], though the latter merely used the same instruments, and the letter shapes were unrelated. | ||
Revision as of 00:53, 18 March 2004
The Sumerian language of ancient Sumer (or, more accurately, Shumer) became extinct and was forgotten until the 19th century. It does not have any known affinities to other languages (though many theories, linking it to Hungarian, Basque, Etruscan and many other languages exist). This distinguishes it from other languages of the area such as Hebrew, Akkadian, which also comprises Babylonian and Assyrian, and Aramaic, which are Semitic languages.
Sumerian was the first known written language. The script, called cuneiform, meaning "wedge-shaped", was later also used for Akkadian. It was even adapted to Indo-European languages like Hittite (which also had a hieroglyphic script, as did the Egyptians) and Old Persian, though the latter merely used the same instruments, and the letter shapes were unrelated.
The language is agglutinative, as opposed to modern isolating languages like Chinese, in which word parts appear separated. Sumerian made heavy use of compounding. For example, the words for big and man are compounded for the Sumerian word for king, "lugal".
Sumerian is an ergative language. This means, that des subject of a sentence, which obtains an direct object is in the so-called ergative case, which is marked with the postposition -e. The subject of an intransitive verb is "marked" with the absolutive, which isn´t been written: e.g. lugal-e e2 mu-dru3 "the king built the house";
lugal ba-gen "the king went".